Atmosphere

16 pages, 6328 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Gas Transport Arising from the Decomposition of Methane Hydrates in the Sediments of the Arctic Shelf to the Atmosphere: Numerical Modeling

by Mariia Trimonova, Nikolay Baryshnikov and Sergey Turuntaev

Atmosphere 2025, 16(1), 9; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos16010009 - 26 Dec 2024

Viewed by 430

Abstract

This study investigates the transport of methane released from gas hydrate decomposition through sedimentary layers to quantify its flux into the atmosphere, a critical process given methane’s role as a major greenhouse gas. A novel methodology was developed to model two-phase, unsteady gas [...] Read more.

This study investigates the transport of methane released from gas hydrate decomposition through sedimentary layers to quantify its flux into the atmosphere, a critical process given methane’s role as a major greenhouse gas. A novel methodology was developed to model two-phase, unsteady gas flow in regions of hydrate decomposition, incorporating key factors such as relative permeability curves, capillary pressure, hydrostatics, and gas diffusion. Numerical simulations revealed that to achieve a gas front rise rate of 7 m/year, the gas accumulation rate must not exceed 10⁻⁸ kg/m³·s. At higher accumulation rates (10⁻⁶ kg/m³·s), gas diffusion has minimal impact on the saturation front movement, whereas at lower rates (10⁻⁸ kg/m³·s), diffusion significantly affects the front’s behavior. The study also established that the critical gas accumulation rate required to trigger sediment blowout in the hydrate decomposition zone is approximately 10⁻⁶ kg/m³·s, several orders of magnitude greater than typical bubble gas fluxes observed at the ocean surface. The proposed model improves the ability to predict the contribution of Arctic shelf methane hydrate decomposition to atmospheric methane concentrations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Atmospheric Techniques, Instruments, and Modeling)

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13 pages, 3943 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Investigating the Applicability of the Peak Density Thickness Parameter over the Equatorial Region

by Mohamed O. Shammat, Bodo W. Reinisch, Ivan Galkin, Philip J. Erickson, Jay A. Weitzen and William C. Rideout

Atmosphere 2025, 16(1), 10; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos16010010 - 26 Dec 2024

Viewed by 313

Abstract

The Peak Density Thickness (PDT) refers to a vertical region in the ionosphere encompassing the F2 peak, where electron density is at its maximum, and extending upward—maintaining a constant density—for a fixed altitude beyond this peak. This study builds on the previously established [...] Read more.

The Peak Density Thickness (PDT) refers to a vertical region in the ionosphere encompassing the F2 peak, where electron density is at its maximum, and extending upward—maintaining a constant density—for a fixed altitude beyond this peak. This study builds on the previously established PDT concept, initially explored at midlatitudes using data from Millstone Hill, by evaluating its applicability and effectiveness over equatorial latitudes using data from the Jicamarca Incoherent Scatter Radar (ISR) in Lima, Peru. A comprehensive analysis of electron density profiles measured by the Jicamarca ISR, spanning 1997 to 2020, was conducted using the Madrigal database to extract the PDT parameter for the F2 layer. Findings from the Jicamarca ISR indicate that the PDT parameter peaks around solar noon, aligning with observations from Millstone Hill. For selected case studies, the Vary-Chap topside model was employed to reconstruct the ionospheric profile above the F2 peak and PDT, demonstrating the model’s enhanced effectiveness when incorporating the PDT parameter over equatorial regions. This research confirms the presence of PDT in equatorial regions, consistent with its behavior at midlatitudes, and underscores the importance of PDT in refining predictive ionospheric models across different latitudes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue A Dynamical System for the Earth's Ionosphere—Space Weather through Complex System Science)

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12 pages, 3372 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Lightning Current Distribution of the First and Subsequent Strokes Based on the Lightning Location System: Survey in Yunnan Power Grid

by Yutang Ma, Hongchun Shu, Changxin Xiao, Gaohui Yang, Chengwei Xie, Mengmeng Zhu and Pulin Cao

Atmosphere 2025, 16(1), 15; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos16010015 - 26 Dec 2024

Viewed by 532

Abstract

Lightning is an electrical discharge phenomenon in the atmosphere caused by charge separation in clouds, which is divided into cloud-to-ground (CG) and cloud-to-cloud (CC) lightning. In recent years, research on the characteristics of multiple-stroke ground lightning and the amplitude of lightning currents has [...] Read more.

Lightning is an electrical discharge phenomenon in the atmosphere caused by charge separation in clouds, which is divided into cloud-to-ground (CG) and cloud-to-cloud (CC) lightning. In recent years, research on the characteristics of multiple-stroke ground lightning and the amplitude of lightning currents has attracted significant attention. The amplitude of lightning currents serves as fundamental data for lightning protection in power systems. Its accurate measurement is crucial for designing and safeguarding power systems. This paper obtains data from a lightning location system and analyzes the probability density distribution of lightning current amplitudes. It is found that the median of lightning currents gradually decreases with an increasing number of multiple strokes, and there is a trend in the change of lightning current steepness. As the number of strokes increases, the median value of amplitude distribution gradually decreases, while the steepness coefficient shows an increasing trend. These research findings contribute to a deeper understanding of the characteristics of lightning and provide important references for lightning prevention and disaster reduction. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Atmospheric Electricity (2nd Edition))

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24 pages, 5694 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Investigating the Temporal and Spatial Characteristics of Lower Atmospheric Ducts in the Arctic via Long-Term Numerical Simulations

by Jinyue Wang, Xiaofeng Zhao, Jing Zou, Pinglv Yang, Bo Wang, Shuai Yang, Zhijin Qiu, Zhiqian Li, Tong Hu and Miaomiao Song

Atmosphere 2025, 16(1), 11; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos16010011 - 26 Dec 2024

Viewed by 368

Abstract

In this study, a diagnostic model for lower atmospheric ducts was developed using the polar weather research and forecasting model. A five-year simulation was then conducted across the entire Arctic region to investigate the temporal and spatial characteristics of lower atmospheric ducts. The [...] Read more.

In this study, a diagnostic model for lower atmospheric ducts was developed using the polar weather research and forecasting model. A five-year simulation was then conducted across the entire Arctic region to investigate the temporal and spatial characteristics of lower atmospheric ducts. The model demonstrated excellent performance in simulating modified atmospheric refractivity, with root mean square errors ranging from 0 M to 5 M. The five-year simulation results revealed that duct occurrence rates across the Arctic region were all below 1% and exhibited a negative relationship with latitude. Regarding the difference between surface ducts and elevated ducts, a higher frequency of surface ducts was detected in the Arctic region. The height and thickness of surface ducts were generally lower than those of elevated ducts, but the strength of surface ducts was slightly greater. Regionally, surface ducts mainly occurred in the land areas surrounding the Arctic Ocean, while more elevated ducts were found in the North Atlantic Sea area. Additionally, a negative correlation was observed between the polar vortex indices and the characteristics of ducts, particularly for surface ducts. The ducts in Greenland were notably influenced by polar vortex activity, whereas the ducts in other regions, such as the Norwegian Sea and Kara Sea, were less affected. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Understanding Extreme Weather Events in the Anthropocene)

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21 pages, 6206 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Assessing Wildfire Risk in South Korea Under Climate Change Using the Maximum Entropy Model and Shared Socioeconomic Pathway Scenarios

by Jukyeong Choi and Heemun Chae

Atmosphere 2025, 16(1), 5; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos16010005 - 25 Dec 2024

Viewed by 427

Abstract

For effective management and prevention, wildfire risk prediction needs to consider the substantial impacts of climate change on wildfire patterns. This study analyzed the probability of wildfire occurrence in South Korea using the Maximum Entropy (MaxEnt) model and predicted future wildfire occurrence under [...] Read more.

For effective management and prevention, wildfire risk prediction needs to consider the substantial impacts of climate change on wildfire patterns. This study analyzed the probability of wildfire occurrence in South Korea using the Maximum Entropy (MaxEnt) model and predicted future wildfire occurrence under shared socioeconomic pathway (SSP) climate change scenarios. The model utilized historical fire occurrence data and was trained using 12 environmental variables encompassing climate, topography, vegetation, and socioeconomic factors. Future wildfire risk was predicted under the SSP2-4.5 and SSP5-8.5 scenarios for 2041–2060 and 2081–2100. Increased average temperature and solar radiation were key drivers of elevated wildfire risk, whereas increased precipitation and relative humidity reduced this risk. Under current conditions, 367,027 ha (6.52%) within the study area were classified as high-risk based on the MaxEnt model output (p > 0.6). Under both SSP scenarios, a decline in the at-risk area was observed over time. This study provides fundamental data for wildfire management and prevention strategies in South Korea and provides quantitative evidence on the potential impact of climate-related environmental changes on wildfires. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Climatology)

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15 pages, 1622 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Trends in the Occurrence of Compound Extremes of Temperature and Precipitation in Côte d’Ivoire

by Elisée Yapo Akobé, Adama Diawara, Fidèle Yoroba, Benjamin K. Kouassi, Assi Louis Martial Yapo, Ibrahima Diba, Kouakou Kouadio, Dro T. Tiémoko, Dianikoura Ibrahim Koné and Arona Diedhiou

Atmosphere 2025, 16(1), 3; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos16010003 - 24 Dec 2024

Viewed by 395

Abstract

The aim of this study is to characterize the compound extremes of rainfall and temperature in Côte d’Ivoire. For this purpose, we analyzed the outputs of fourteen (14) climate models from the CORDEX-Africa project. Results show an increase (approximately 4.3 °C) in the [...] Read more.

The aim of this study is to characterize the compound extremes of rainfall and temperature in Côte d’Ivoire. For this purpose, we analyzed the outputs of fourteen (14) climate models from the CORDEX-Africa project. Results show an increase (approximately 4.3 °C) in the surface temperature and a decrease (5.90%) of the mean rainfall in the near (2036–2065) and far futures (2071–2100) over Côte d’Ivoire during the January–February–March (JFM) period. The analysis of the compound extremes of the wet/warm type highlights an increase in the frequency of this climatic hazard in the northern and central parts of the country during the January–March (JFM) season in the near and far futures. The dry/warm mode will increase in the central and southern parts of the country in the near future and in the whole country in the far future. These increases in compound extremes could lead to an increase in droughts and natural disasters across the country and could have a negative impact on socio-economic activities, such as transportation and agricultural production. This work could provide decision support for political decision-makers in formulating future public policies for managing agricultural production, food security, and natural disasters. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Meteorology)

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13 pages, 10017 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Estimation of Nitrous Oxide Emissions from Agricultural Sources and Characterization of Spatial and Temporal Changes in Anhui Province (China)

by Zhou Ye, Yujuan Sun, Xianglin Zhang and Youzhi Yao

Atmosphere 2024, 15(12), 1538; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos15121538 - 22 Dec 2024

Viewed by 491

Abstract

To evaluate the estimation and spatiotemporal variation characteristics of nitrous oxide emissions from agricultural sources in Anhui Province, the nitrous oxide emissions generated during crop cultivation and manure management were assessed based on the recommended methods in the “Guidelines for Provincial Greenhouse Gas [...] Read more.

To evaluate the estimation and spatiotemporal variation characteristics of nitrous oxide emissions from agricultural sources in Anhui Province, the nitrous oxide emissions generated during crop cultivation and manure management were assessed based on the recommended methods in the “Guidelines for Provincial Greenhouse Gas Inventories” and official statistical data. The results showed that the overall emission of nitrous oxide from agricultural land showed a downward trend, reaching a valley value in 2019 with an emission of 2.83 × 10⁴ tons. The annual average emissions of nitrous oxide from agricultural land and manure management account for 80.98% and 19.02% of the total annual average emissions of nitrous oxide from agricultural activities in Anhui Province, respectively. Both agricultural land emissions and livestock manure management show a trend of nitrous oxide emissions decreasing from the northern region of Anhui > central region of Anhui > southern region of Anhui. In this paper, we explored and discussed the intrinsic driving factors behind the spatiotemporal changes in nitrous oxide emissions, and analyzed the potential for future emission reductions. It is suggested that the emissions of nitrous oxide from agricultural sources can be reduced through measures such as reasonable nitrogen application, adjustment of aquaculture structures, and the improvement of manure treatment methods, providing a theoretical reference for the estimation of greenhouse gas emissions from agricultural sources. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Air Quality)

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20 pages, 288 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

The Impacts of Environmental Assessment and Public Appeal on Air Quality: Evidence from the Chinese Provinces

by Zhi Li, Wen Wang and Zuo Zhang

Atmosphere 2024, 15(12), 1539; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos15121539 - 22 Dec 2024

Viewed by 528

Abstract

Local governments excessively pursued an economic growth-oriented incentive system while neglecting air pollution control for a long time in China. The impacts of environmental assessment and public appeal could potentially promote environmental governance, thus reducing air pollution. Based on panel data of 30 [...] Read more.

Local governments excessively pursued an economic growth-oriented incentive system while neglecting air pollution control for a long time in China. The impacts of environmental assessment and public appeal could potentially promote environmental governance, thus reducing air pollution. Based on panel data of 30 Chinese provinces from 2003 to 2021, we obtain results using the OLS and GLS methods indicating that environmental assessment and public appeal significantly impact both local environmental governance investments and environmental legislation, with environmental legislation having a more significant effect. Compared to environmental letters and visits, environmental proposals from NPC (National People’s Congress) deputies and CPPCC (Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference) members, as well as public online environmental concerns, have more significant positive impacts on environmental governance. Environmental governance can indeed reduce air pollution and is also affected by the personal characteristics of the officials. Officials who are in their second term or have transferred from other provinces are more willing to implement environmental governance. Older officials and those with higher education are also inclined towards environmental governance. Compared to provincial governors, the results are more significant for CCP (China’s Communist Party) secretaries. We also further perform a series of robustness tests and find that the effect still exists. The presented results provide valuable insights for the optimization of the roles of environmental assessment and public participation, contributing to reforming the environmental governance system in China. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Air Quality)

23 pages, 9787 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Monitoring Ionospheric and Atmospheric Conditions During the 2023 Kahramanmaraş Earthquake Period

by Serkan Doğanalp and İrem Köz

Atmosphere 2024, 15(12), 1542; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos15121542 - 22 Dec 2024

Viewed by 723

Abstract

Recent advancements have led to a growing prevalence of studies examining ionospheric and atmospheric anomalies as potential precursors to earthquakes. In this context, the study involved analyzing variations in ionospheric total electron content (TEC), investigating anomalies, assessing space weather conditions, and examining changes [...] Read more.

Recent advancements have led to a growing prevalence of studies examining ionospheric and atmospheric anomalies as potential precursors to earthquakes. In this context, the study involved analyzing variations in ionospheric total electron content (TEC), investigating anomalies, assessing space weather conditions, and examining changes in atmospheric parameters to evaluate potential precursors and post-seismic effects related to the Mw 7.7 and Mw 7.6 earthquakes that struck Kahramanmaraş consecutively in 2023. To compute the total electron content (TEC) values, data from 29 GNSS receivers covering a period of approximately 49 days were processed. In addition, since identical code signals were not available among all receiver stations, the study conducted an analysis of TEC estimations applying different GPS codes. To analyze space weather conditions, which are considered the main source of changes in the ionosphere, variations in sunspot number, solar activity index, magnetic activity indices (Kp and Dst), and geomagnetic field components were examined across the relevant period. To assess the potential presence of a distinct relationship between seismic activity at the Earth’s surface and ionospheric conditions, atmospheric parameters including temperature, relative humidity, and pressure were meticulously monitored and evaluated. As a result of the study, it was determined that TEC anomalies that could be evaluated as earthquake precursors independent of space weather conditions were observed starting from the 3rd day before the earthquake, and high positive TEC anomalies occurred immediately after the earthquakes. In atmospheric parameters, the change in behavior, particularly in temperature value, 10 days before the earthquake, is noteworthy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Observations and Analysis of Upper Atmosphere)

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24 pages, 7431 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Cyclone Classification over the South Atlantic Ocean in Centenary Reanalysis

by Eduardo Traversi de Cai Conrado, Rosmeri Porfírio da Rocha, Michelle Simões Reboita and Andressa Andrade Cardoso

Atmosphere 2024, 15(12), 1533; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos15121533 - 21 Dec 2024

Viewed by 673

Abstract

Since the beginning of the satellite era, only three tropical cyclones have been recorded over the South Atlantic Ocean. To investigate the potential occurrence of such systems since the 1900s, ERA20C, a centennial reanalysis, was utilised. This study first evaluates the performance of [...] Read more.

Since the beginning of the satellite era, only three tropical cyclones have been recorded over the South Atlantic Ocean. To investigate the potential occurrence of such systems since the 1900s, ERA20C, a centennial reanalysis, was utilised. This study first evaluates the performance of ERA20C in reproducing the climatology of all cyclone types over the southwestern South Atlantic Ocean by comparing it with a modern reanalysis (ERA5) for the period 1979–2010. Despite its simpler construction, ERA20C is able to reproduce key climatological features, such as frequency, location, seasonality, intensity, and thermal structure of cyclones similar to ERA5. Then, the Cyclone Phase Space (CPS) methodology was applied to determine the thermal structure at each time step for every cyclone between 1900 and 2010 in ERA20C. The cyclones were then categorised into different types (extratropical, subtropical, and tropical), and systems exhibiting a warm core at their initial time step were classified as tropical cyclogenesis. Between 1900 and 2010, 96 cases of tropical cyclogenesis were identified over the South Atlantic. Additionally, throughout the lifetime of all cyclones, a total of 1838 time steps exhibited a tropical structure, indicating that cyclones can acquire a warm core at different stages of their lifecycle. The coasts of southeastern and southern sectors of northeast Brazil emerged as the most favourable for cyclones with tropical structures during their lifecycle. The findings of this study highlight the occurrence of tropical cyclones in the South Atlantic prior to the satellite era, providing a foundation for future research into the physical mechanisms that enabled these events. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cyclones: Types and Phase Transitions)

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12 pages, 2736 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Impact of Nanoparticles as an Air Pollutant on Angulin-1/Lipolysis-Stimulated Lipoprotein Receptor in Asthma

by DaYeon Hwang, Min-Hyeok An, Pureun-Haneul Lee, Jung-Hyun Kim, Yunha Nam, Shinhee Park, Ae-Rin Baek and An-Soo Jang

Atmosphere 2024, 15(12), 1532; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos15121532 - 20 Dec 2024

Viewed by 532

Abstract

Background: The tricellular tight junction protein angulin-1/lipolysis-stimulated lipoprotein receptor (LSR) is linked to numerous signal transduction pathways that govern gene expression, epithelial cell function, and morphogenesis. The effect of titanium dioxide (TiO₂) on LSR and asthma remains unknown. The objective of [...] Read more.

Background: The tricellular tight junction protein angulin-1/lipolysis-stimulated lipoprotein receptor (LSR) is linked to numerous signal transduction pathways that govern gene expression, epithelial cell function, and morphogenesis. The effect of titanium dioxide (TiO₂) on LSR and asthma remains unknown. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the impact of TiO₂ on LSR expression in asthma. Methods: A TiO₂-induced animal model of asthma was established using BALB/c mice and cell lines using normal human bronchial epithelial (NHBE) lung cells and we examined LSR, RAGE, and TGFβ expression using this model. Additionally, we analyzed plasma-LSR concentrations and their correlation with clinical variables in asthma patients and control subjects. Results: The LSR concentrations in patients with asthma were lower compared to controls, and were correlated with lung function and inflammatory cell ratio. In NHBE cells treated with Derp1, LSR protein expression was reduced and changed by exposure to TiO₂, whereas TGFβ expression was increased and changed. In mouse lungs, LSR expression was significantly reduced in OVA mice and changed in OVA/TiO₂ mice. Conclusion: Circulating LSR levels were decreased and correlated with clinical variables in patients with asthma, and they were influenced by TiO₂ exposure in mice, suggesting the potential involvement of LSR in asthma pathogenesis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Research on Air Pollution and Human Exposures)

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19 pages, 7527 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Satellite Signatures of Pre-Seismic Atmospheric Anomalies of 6 February 2023 Türkiye Earthquakes

by Maria Zoran, Dan Savastru and Marina Tautan

Atmosphere 2024, 15(12), 1514; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos15121514 - 18 Dec 2024

Viewed by 549

Abstract

Time series satellite data, coupled with available ground-based observations, enable geophysicists to survey earthquake precursors in areas of strong geotectonic activity. This paper is focused on pre-seismic atmospheric disturbances resulting from the stress accumulated during the seismogenic process related to the 6 February [...] Read more.

Time series satellite data, coupled with available ground-based observations, enable geophysicists to survey earthquake precursors in areas of strong geotectonic activity. This paper is focused on pre-seismic atmospheric disturbances resulting from the stress accumulated during the seismogenic process related to the 6 February 2023 Kahramanmaras doublet earthquake sequence in Türkiye. We investigated the pre- and post-seismic anomalies of multiple precursors of different spatiotemporal patterns from MODIS Terra/Aqua and NOAA-AVHRR satellite data (air temperature at 2 m height—AT, air relative humidity—RH, and air pressure—AP, surface outgoing long-wave radiation—OLR, and land surface temperature—LST). Pre-seismic recorded anomalies of AT within seven months and OLR within one month before the main shocks suggested the existence of the preparatory process of the Kahramanmaras doublet earthquake. The 8-Day LST_Day and LST_night data evidenced pre-seismic and post-seismic thermal anomalies for both the Pazarcik and Elbistan earthquakes. The results of this study highlight that the spatiotemporal evolution of earthquake precursors can be important information for updating the seismic hazard in geotectonic active areas. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ionospheric Sounding for Identification of Pre-seismic Activity)

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23 pages, 11421 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Simulation and Assessment of Episodic Dust Storms in Eastern Saudi Arabia Using HYSPLIT Trajectory Model and Satellite Observations

by Abdulrahman Suhail Alzaid, Ismail Anil and Omer Aga

Atmosphere 2024, 15(12), 1515; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos15121515 - 18 Dec 2024

Viewed by 690

Abstract

The “dust belt” region extending from the western Sahara to the Gobi Desert frequently generates severe dust storms that cause hazardous air quality and disrupt daily activities. Dust storm management systems with proactive mitigation strategies can minimize the detrimental impacts of dust storms. [...] Read more.

The “dust belt” region extending from the western Sahara to the Gobi Desert frequently generates severe dust storms that cause hazardous air quality and disrupt daily activities. Dust storm management systems with proactive mitigation strategies can minimize the detrimental impacts of dust storms. This study applies the HYSPLIT model to simulate dust storms in Saudi Arabia, specifically targeting the eastern region. The study’s main objective is to calibrate and validate the model’s dust storm prediction module for the eastern region of Saudi Arabia. The validated HYSPLIT model, with optimized parameters such as threshold friction velocity, particle release rate, and dry deposition velocity from model calibration studies, showed a strong linear correlation between measured and predicted values. It achieved an R² of 0.9965, indicating excellent model accuracy. The main findings of the source apportionment approach, employing air particle backward trajectories and frequency analyses, indicated that the northern regions, specifically Iraq and Syria, were the primary sources of the severe dust storms observed in the receptor area. The outcomes of this study will be a reference for future research aimed at improving dust storm management systems and selecting sites for tree-planting campaigns under the “Saudi & Middle East Green Initiatives”. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Atmospheric Techniques, Instruments, and Modeling)

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11 pages, 1757 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

High-Altitude Discharges and Whistlers of Volcanic Thunderstorms

by Evgeniy I. Malkin, Boris M. Shevtsov, Nina V. Cherneva, Evgeniy A. Kazakov and János Lichtenberger

Atmosphere 2024, 15(12), 1503; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos15121503 - 17 Dec 2024

Viewed by 508

Abstract

The results of the observations of atmospherics and whistlers initiated by high-altitude electrical discharges that occurred during the eruption of the Kamchatka volcanoes (Bezymianny and Shiveluch (Russia)) on 7 and 10 April 2023 are presented. Recording of atmospherics and associated whistlers was carried [...] Read more.

The results of the observations of atmospherics and whistlers initiated by high-altitude electrical discharges that occurred during the eruption of the Kamchatka volcanoes (Bezymianny and Shiveluch (Russia)) on 7 and 10 April 2023 are presented. Recording of atmospherics and associated whistlers was carried out by a VLF (very low frequencies) radio direction finder. Two-hop whistlers were identified by dispersion coefficient, which corresponded to the double passage of the signal from Kamchatka to Australia and back. The heights of the electric discharges were determined by means of interferograms of direct and reflected from the ionosphere radiofrequency atmospherics. The high-altitude distribution of an electric discharge is obtained, the penetration of which into the ionosphere is responsible for the generation of whistlers. The characteristics of volcanic electrical discharges and whistlers can be used to estimate the height of an explosive eruption. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Atmospheric Electricity (2nd Edition))

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29 pages, 3942 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Evidence and Explanation for the 2023 Global Warming Anomaly

by Roger N. Jones

Atmosphere 2024, 15(12), 1507; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos15121507 - 17 Dec 2024

Viewed by 3647

Abstract

In 2023, the rapid increase in global temperature of around 0.25 °C caught the scientific community by surprise. Its cause has been investigated largely by exploring variations on a long-term trend, with little success. Building on previous work, this paper proposes an alternative [...] Read more.

In 2023, the rapid increase in global temperature of around 0.25 °C caught the scientific community by surprise. Its cause has been investigated largely by exploring variations on a long-term trend, with little success. Building on previous work, this paper proposes an alternative explanation—on decadal timescales, observed temperature shows a complex, nonlinear response to forcing, stepping through a series of steady-state regimes. The 2023 event is nominated as the latest in the sequence. Step changes in historical and modeled global mean surface temperatures (GMSTs) were detected using the bivariate test. Each time series was then separated into gradual (trends) and rapid components (shifts) and tested using probative criteria. For sea surface, global and land surface temperatures from the NOAA Global Surface Temperature Dataset V6.0 1880–2022, the rapid component of total warming was 94% of 0.72 °C, 78% of 1.16 °C and 74% of 1.93 °C, respectively. These changes are too large to support the gradual warming hypothesis. The recent warming was initiated in March 2023 by sea surface temperatures (SSTs) in the southern hemisphere, followed by an El Niño signal further north. Global temperatures followed, then land. A preceding regime shift in 2014 and subsequent steady-state 2015–2022 was also initiated and sustained by SSTs. Analysis of the top 100 m annual average ocean temperature from 1955 shows that it forms distinct regimes, providing a substantial ‘heat bank’ that sustains the changes overhead. Regime shifts are also produced by climate models. Archived data show these shifts emerged with coupling of the ocean and atmosphere. Comparing shifts and trends with equilibrium climate sensitivity (ECS) in an ensemble of 94 CMIP5 RCP4.5 models 2006–2095 showed that shifts had 2.9 times the influence on ECS than trends. Factors affecting this relationship include ocean structure, initialization times, physical parameters and model skill. Single model runs with skill ≥75 showed that shifts were 6.0 times more influential than trends. These findings show that the dominant warming mechanism is the sudden release of heat from the ocean rather than gradual warming in the atmosphere. The model ensemble predicted all regime changes since the 1970s within ±1 year, including 2023. The next shift is projected for 2036, but current emissions are tracking higher than projected by RCP4.5. Understanding what these changes mean for the estimation of current and future climate risks is an urgent task. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Climatology)

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22 pages, 7255 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Evaluating Ionospheric Total Electron Content (TEC) Variations as Precursors to Seismic Activity: Insights from the 2024 Noto Peninsula and Nichinan Earthquakes of Japan

by Karan Nayak, Rosendo Romero-Andrade, Gopal Sharma, Charbeth López-Urías, Manuel Edwiges Trejo-Soto and Ana Isela Vidal-Vega

Atmosphere 2024, 15(12), 1492; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos15121492 - 14 Dec 2024

Viewed by 1082

Abstract

This study provides a comprehensive investigation into ionospheric perturbations associated with the Mw 7.5 earthquake on the Noto Peninsula in January 2024, utilizing data from the International GNSS Service (IGS) network. Focusing on Total Electron Content (TEC), the analysis incorporates spatial mapping and [...] Read more.

This study provides a comprehensive investigation into ionospheric perturbations associated with the Mw 7.5 earthquake on the Noto Peninsula in January 2024, utilizing data from the International GNSS Service (IGS) network. Focusing on Total Electron Content (TEC), the analysis incorporates spatial mapping and temporal pattern assessments over a 30-day period before the earthquake. The time series for TEC at the closest station to the epicenter, USUD, reveals a localized decline, with a significant negative anomaly exceeding 5 TECU observed 22 and 23 days before the earthquake, highlighting the potential of TEC variations as seismic precursors. Similar patterns were observed at a nearby station, MIZU, strengthening the case for a seismogenic origin. Positive anomalies were linked to intense space weather episodes, while the most notable negative anomalies occurred under geomagnetically calm conditions, further supporting their seismic association. Using Kriging interpolation, the anomaly zone was shown to closely align with the earthquake’s epicenter. To assess the consistency of TEC anomalies in different seismic events, the study also examines the Mw 7.1 Nichinan earthquake in August 2024. The results reveal a prominent negative anomaly, reinforcing the reliability of TEC depletions in seismic precursor detection. Additionally, spatial correlation analysis of Pearson correlation across both events demonstrates that TEC coherence diminishes with increasing distance, with pronounced correlation decay beyond 1000–1600 km. This spatial decay, consistent with Dobrovolsky’s earthquake preparation area, strengthens the association between TEC anomalies and seismic activity. This research highlights the complex relationship between ionospheric anomalies and seismic events, underscoring the value of TEC analysis as tool for earthquake precursor detection. The findings significantly enhance our understanding of ionospheric dynamics related to seismic events, advocating for a comprehensive, multi-station approach in future earthquake prediction efforts. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electromagnetic Observations and Their Applications in Earthquake Research)

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14 pages, 3274 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Reconstructed Phase Space of Tropical Cyclone Activity in the North Atlantic Basin for Determining the Predictability of the System

by Sarah M. Weaver, Christopher A. Steward, Jason J. Senter, Sarah S. Balkissoon and Anthony R. Lupo

Atmosphere 2024, 15(12), 1488; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos15121488 - 12 Dec 2024

Viewed by 770

Abstract

Tropical cyclone prediction is often described as chaotic and unpredictable on time scales that cross into stochastic regimes. Predictions are bounded by the depth of understanding and the limitations of the physical dynamics that govern them. Slight changes in global atmospheric and oceanic [...] Read more.

Tropical cyclone prediction is often described as chaotic and unpredictable on time scales that cross into stochastic regimes. Predictions are bounded by the depth of understanding and the limitations of the physical dynamics that govern them. Slight changes in global atmospheric and oceanic conditions may significantly alter tropical cyclone genesis regions and intensity. The purpose of this paper is to characterize the predictability of seasonal storm characteristics in the North Atlantic basin by utilizing the Largest Lyapunov Exponent and Takens’ Theorem, which is rarely used in weather or climatological analysis. This is conducted for a post-weather satellite era (1960–2022). Based on the accumulated cyclone energy (ACE) time series in the North Atlantic basin, cyclone activity can be described as predictable at certain timescales. Insight and understanding into this coupled non-linear system through an analysis of time delay, embedded dimension, and Lyapunov exponent-reconstructed phase space have provided critical information for the system’s predictability. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Tropical Cyclone Prediction: Observation, Simulation, and Verification)

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19 pages, 906 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Forecasting of Local Lightning Using Spatial–Channel-Enhanced Recurrent Convolutional Neural Network

by Wei Zhou, Jinliang Li, Hongjie Wang, Donglai Zhang and Xupeng Wang

Atmosphere 2024, 15(12), 1478; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos15121478 - 11 Dec 2024

Viewed by 702

Abstract

Lightning is a hazardous weather phenomenon, characterized by sudden occurrences and complex local distributions. It poses significant challenges for accurate forecasting, which is crucial for public safety and economic stability. Deep learning methods are often better than traditional numerical weather prediction (NWP) models [...] Read more.

Lightning is a hazardous weather phenomenon, characterized by sudden occurrences and complex local distributions. It poses significant challenges for accurate forecasting, which is crucial for public safety and economic stability. Deep learning methods are often better than traditional numerical weather prediction (NWP) models at capturing the spatiotemporal predictors of lightning events. However, these methods struggle to integrate predictors from diverse data sources, which leads to lower accuracy and interpretability. To address these challenges, the Multi-Scale Spatial–Channel-Enhanced Recurrent Convolutional Neural Network (SCE-RCNN) is proposed to improve forecasting accuracy and timeliness by utilizing multi-source data and enhanced attention mechanisms. The proposed model incorporates a multi-scale spatial–channel attention module and a cross-scale fusion module, which facilitates the integration of data from diverse sources. The multi-scale spatial–channel attention module utilizes a multi-scale convolutional network to extract spatial features at different spatial scales and employs a spatial–channel attention mechanism to focus on the most relevant regions for lightning prediction. Experimental results show that the SCE-RCNN model achieved a critical success index (CSI) of 0.83, a probability of detection (POD) of 0.991, and a false alarm rate (FAR) reduced to 0.351, outperforming conventional deep learning models across multiple prediction metrics. This research provides reliable lightning forecasts to support real-time decision-making, making significant contributions to aviation safety, outdoor event planning, and disaster risk management. The model’s high accuracy and low false alarm rate highlight its value in both academic research and practical applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Challenge of Weather and Climate Prediction)

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20 pages, 477 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Children’s Exposure to Volatile Organic Compounds: A Comparative Analysis of Assessments in Households, Schools, and Indoor Swimming Pools

by Marta Fonseca Gabriel, Fátima Felgueiras and Manuel Feliciano

Atmosphere 2024, 15(12), 1471; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos15121471 - 9 Dec 2024

Viewed by 594

Abstract

Chemical pollution is an increasing worldwide concern, with children being especially vulnerable to the harmful effects of air pollution. This study aimed to characterize the mixture of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) present in indoor air across residential, educational, and recreational settings. It analyzed [...] Read more.

Chemical pollution is an increasing worldwide concern, with children being especially vulnerable to the harmful effects of air pollution. This study aimed to characterize the mixture of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) present in indoor air across residential, educational, and recreational settings. It analyzed data on VOC concentrations from previous sampling campaigns conducted in households with children, primary schools, and indoor swimming pools (70 buildings, 151 indoor spaces) in northern Portugal. The findings reveal the co-occurrence of 16 VOCs (1,2,4-trimethylbenzene, benzene, ethylbenzene, m/o/p-xylenes, styrene, toluene, tetrachloroethylene, 2-ethylhexanol, butanol, acetophenone, ethyl acetate, benzaldehyde, decanal, nonanal, 1-methoxy-2-propanol and limonene) across all three settings, primarily associated to emissions from building materials and detergents. However, distinct patterns were also observed in the VOCs detected across the three indoor environments: in homes, the predominant VOCs were primarily released from cleaning and fragranced products; in schools, from ammonia-based cleaners and occupant activities; and in swimming pools, the predominant airborne chemicals were disinfection by-products resulting from the chemical dynamics associated with water disinfection. Overall, the findings highlight the need for additional research to deepen our understanding of the risks posed by combined exposure to multiple indoor air chemicals for children. These results also underscore the importance of developing and enforcing regulations to monitor VOC levels in environments frequented by children and implementing preventive measures to minimize their exposure to harmful chemicals. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Enhancing Indoor Air Quality: Monitoring, Analysis and Assessment)

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21 pages, 3865 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Magnetosphere–Ionosphere Conjugate Harang Discontinuity and Sub-Auroral Polarization Streams (SAPS) Phenomena Observed by Multipoint Satellites

by Ildiko Horvath and Brian C. Lovell

Atmosphere 2024, 15(12), 1462; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos15121462 - 7 Dec 2024

Viewed by 590

Abstract

It is well understood that near midnight, the Harang Discontinuity separates the auroral duskside eastward electrojet (EEJ) and dawnside westward electrojet (WEJ) and associated plasma flows driven by enhanced magnetospheric convections via Magnetosphere–Ionosphere (M–I) coupling. There are conflicting reports regarding the significance of [...] Read more.

It is well understood that near midnight, the Harang Discontinuity separates the auroral duskside eastward electrojet (EEJ) and dawnside westward electrojet (WEJ) and associated plasma flows driven by enhanced magnetospheric convections via Magnetosphere–Ionosphere (M–I) coupling. There are conflicting reports regarding the significance of Region1 (R1) and R2 currents and the enhancement of Sub-Auroral Polarization Streams (SAPS) in the Harang region. We investigate the M–I conjugate Harang and SAPS phenomena using multipoint satellite observations. Results show the inner-magnetosphere (1) Harang region at midnight (between the plasmapause and the closed/open field-line boundary) with (2) a strong SAPS electric field (E_X ≈ 30 mV/m; in magnitude) in a fast-time voltage generator (VG_FT) near the plasmapause and the topside ionosphere (3) Harang Discontinuity (where R1 and R2 currents flow along) with (4) an enhanced SAPS flow (~1800 m/s) in the underlying VG_FT system (requiring no R2 currents). From these (1–4) findings we conclude (i) the significance of both R1 and R2 currents in the observed M–I conjugate Harang phenomenon’s development, (ii) the different development of the reversing EEJ–WEJ compared to the regular auroral EEJ and WEJ in the topside ionosphere R1–R2 system, and (iii) the R2 currents’ absence in the enhanced SAPS flow newly formed in the VG_FT system. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Coupling between Plasmasphere and Upper Atmosphere)

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12 pages, 3040 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Role of QBO and MJO in Sudden Stratospheric Warmings: A Case Study

by Eswaraiah Sunkara, Kyong-Hwan Seo, Chalachew Kindie Mengist, Madineni Venkat Ratnam, Kondapalli Niranjan Kumar and Gasti Venkata Chalapathi

Atmosphere 2024, 15(12), 1458; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos15121458 - 5 Dec 2024

Viewed by 763

Abstract

The impact of the quasi-biennial oscillation (QBO) and Madden–Julian oscillation (MJO) on the dynamics of major sudden stratospheric warmings (SSWs) observed in the winters of 2018, 2019, and 2021 is investigated. Using data from the MERRA-2 reanalysis, we analyze the daily mean variability [...] Read more.

The impact of the quasi-biennial oscillation (QBO) and Madden–Julian oscillation (MJO) on the dynamics of major sudden stratospheric warmings (SSWs) observed in the winters of 2018, 2019, and 2021 is investigated. Using data from the MERRA-2 reanalysis, we analyze the daily mean variability of critical atmospheric parameters at the 10 hPa level, including zonal mean polar cap temperature, zonal mean zonal wind, and the amplitudes of planetary waves 1 and 2. The results reveal dramatic increases in polar cap temperature and significant wind reversals during the SSW events, particularly in 2018. The analysis of planetary wave (PW) amplitudes demonstrates intensified wave activity coinciding with the onset of SSWs, underscoring the pivotal role of PWs in these stratospheric disruptions. Further examination of outgoing long-wave radiation (OLR) anomalies highlights the influence of QBO phases on tropical convection patterns. During westerly QBO (w-QBO) phases, enhanced convective activity is observed in the western Pacific, whereas the easterly QBO (e-QBO) phase shifts convection patterns to the maritime continent and central Pacific. This modulation by QBO phases influences the MJO’s role during SSWs, affecting tropical and extra-tropical weather patterns. The day-altitude variability of upward heat flux reveals distinct spatiotemporal patterns, with pronounced warming in the polar regions and mixed heat flux patterns in low latitudes. The differences observed between the SSWs of 2017–2018 and 2018–2019 are likely related to the varying QBO phases, emphasizing the complexity of heat flux dynamics during these events. The northern annular mode (NAM) index analysis shows varied responses to SSWs, with stronger negative anomalies observed during the e-QBO phase compared to the w-QBO phases. This variability highlights the significant role of the QBO in shaping the stratospheric and tropospheric responses to SSWs, impacting surface weather patterns and the persistence of stratospheric anomalies. Overall, the study demonstrates the intricate interactions between stratospheric dynamics, QBO, and MJO during major SSW events, providing insights into the broader implications of these atmospheric phenomena on global weather patterns. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Climatology)

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14 pages, 2109 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Monitoring Indoor Air Quality in Classrooms Using Low-Cost Sensors: Does the Perception of Teachers Match Reality?

by Nuno Canha, Carolina Correia, Sergio Mendez, Carla A. Gamelas and Miguel Felizardo

Atmosphere 2024, 15(12), 1450; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos15121450 - 1 Dec 2024

Viewed by 960

Abstract

This study intended to understand whether teachers’ perceptions of indoor air quality (IAQ) during classes aligned with the real levels of air pollutants and comfort parameters. For this purpose, an IAQ monitoring survey based on low-cost sensors using a multi-parameter approach was carried [...] Read more.

This study intended to understand whether teachers’ perceptions of indoor air quality (IAQ) during classes aligned with the real levels of air pollutants and comfort parameters. For this purpose, an IAQ monitoring survey based on low-cost sensors using a multi-parameter approach was carried out in nine classrooms (a total of 171 monitored classes) in a Portuguese school. In each monitored class, the perception of IAQ reported by the teacher was assessed using a scale from 1 (very bad IAQ) to 10 (very good IAQ). Several exceedances regarding national legislation were found, with temperature being the parameter with a higher percentage of exceedance in all the studied classrooms (46%), followed by PM₁₀ (32%), and then CO₂ (27%). Temperature was found to be the only environmental parameter that was significantly associated with lower IAQ perception reported by the teachers, highlighting that typical pollutants such as CO₂ (which can be identified as stuffy air) did not contribute to the teachers’ perceptions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Indoor Air Quality Control)

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17 pages, 1884 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Indoor Air Quality in a Museum Storage Room: Conservation Issues Induced in Plastic Objects

by Maria Catrambone, Marianna Cappellina, Francesca Olivini, Elena Possenti, Ilaria Saccani and Antonio Sansonetti

Atmosphere 2024, 15(12), 1409; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos15121409 - 23 Nov 2024

Viewed by 592

Abstract

This study focuses on assessing the indoor air quality in a storage room (SR) belonging to Museo Nazionale Scienza e Tecnologia Leonardo da Vinci in Milan (MUST), covering pollutants originating from outdoor sources and emissions from historical plastic objects made from cellulose acetate [...] Read more.

This study focuses on assessing the indoor air quality in a storage room (SR) belonging to Museo Nazionale Scienza e Tecnologia Leonardo da Vinci in Milan (MUST), covering pollutants originating from outdoor sources and emissions from historical plastic objects made from cellulose acetate (CA), cellulose nitrate (CN), and urea–formaldehyde (UF) stored in metal cabinets. The concentrations of SO₂ (sulphur dioxide), NO₂ (nitrogen dioxide), NOx (nitrogen oxides), HONO (nitrous acid), HNO₃ (nitric acid), O₃ (ozone), NH₃ (ammonia), CH₃COOH (acetic acid), and HCOOH (formic acid) were determined. The concentrations of SO₂, O₃, and NOx measured inside the metal cabinets were consistently lower compared to the other sampling sites. This result was expected due to their reactivity and the lack of internal sources. The SR and metal cabinets showed similar concentrations of NO and NO₂, except for CA, where a high NO concentration was detected. The interaction between the CA surfaces and NO₂ altered the distribution of NO and NO₂, leading to a significant increase in NO. The presence of HNO₃ potentially led to the formation of ammonium nitrate, as confirmed by ER-FTIR measurements. High levels of HONO and HNO₃ in CN and NH₃ in the UF indicate object deterioration, while elevated concentrations of CH₃COOH in CA and HCOOH in the SR suggest specific degradation pathways for cellulose acetate and other organic materials, respectively. These results could direct conservators towards the most appropriate practical actions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Air Quality)

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19 pages, 6484 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Simulated Impacts of Thundercloud Charge Distributions on Sprite Halos Using a 3D Quasi-Electrostatic Field Model

by Jinbo Zhang, Jiawei Niu, Zhibin Xie, Yajun Wang, Xiaolong Li and Qilin Zhang

Atmosphere 2024, 15(11), 1395; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos15111395 - 19 Nov 2024

Viewed by 620

Abstract

Sprite halos are transient luminous phenomena in the lower ionosphere triggered by tropospheric lightning. The effect of removed charge distributions on sprite halos has not been sufficiently discussed. A three-dimensional (3D) quasi-electrostatic (QES) field model was developed in this paper, including the ionospheric [...] Read more.

Sprite halos are transient luminous phenomena in the lower ionosphere triggered by tropospheric lightning. The effect of removed charge distributions on sprite halos has not been sufficiently discussed. A three-dimensional (3D) quasi-electrostatic (QES) field model was developed in this paper, including the ionospheric nonlinear effect and optical emissions. Simulation results show that, for a total charge of 150 C removed within 1 ms with different spatial distributions, higher altitudes of charge removal lead to stronger electric fields and increase sprite halos’ emission intensities. The non-axisymmetric horizontal distribution of charge affects mesospheric electric fields, and the corresponding scales and intensities of emissions vary with observation orientations. Considering the tilted dipole charge structure due to wind shear, the generated electric field and the corresponding position of sprite halos shift accordingly with the tropospheric removed charge, providing an explanation for the horizontal displacement between sprite halos and the parent lightning. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Impact of Thunderstorms on the Upper Atmosphere)

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29 pages, 6251 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Spatial and Temporal Patterns of Trace Element Deposition in Urban Thessaloniki: A Syntrichia Moss Biomonitoring Study

by Themistoklis Sfetsas, Sopio Ghoghoberidze, Panagiotis Karnoutsos, Vassilis Tziakas, Marios Karagiovanidis and Dimitrios Katsantonis

Atmosphere 2024, 15(11), 1378; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos15111378 - 15 Nov 2024

Viewed by 647

Abstract

Urban air pollution, especially from heavy metal (HM) contamination, poses significant risks to human health and environmental sustainability. This study investigates the spatial and temporal distribution of HM contamination in Thessaloniki, Greece, using Syntrichia moss as a bioindicator to inform urban environmental management [...] Read more.

Urban air pollution, especially from heavy metal (HM) contamination, poses significant risks to human health and environmental sustainability. This study investigates the spatial and temporal distribution of HM contamination in Thessaloniki, Greece, using Syntrichia moss as a bioindicator to inform urban environmental management strategies. Moss samples were collected from 16 locations representing diverse urban activity zones (motorway, industrial, city center, airport) in March, May, and July 2024. The concentrations of 12 HMs (Al, Sb, As, Ba, Cd, Cr, Co, Cu, Pb, Ni, V, and Zn) were analyzed using ICP-MS, and the contamination factors were calculated relative to controlled moss samples. The results revealed significant spatial variation, with elevated levels of As, Cd, Cr, Pb, and Zn, particularly in high-traffic and industrial zones, exceeding the background levels by up to severe and extreme contamination categories. Temporal trends showed decreases in Al, Ba, and Ni from March to July 2024, while Cr and Cu increased, suggesting seasonally varying sources. Multivariate analyses further distinguished the contamination patterns, implicating traffic and industrial activities as key contributors. Syntrichia effectively captures HM contamination variability, demonstrating its value as a cost-effective bioindicator. These findings provide critical data that can guide urban planners in developing targeted pollution mitigation strategies, ensuring compliance with the European Green Deal’s Zero Pollution Action Plan. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Air Pollution in Urban and Regional Level: Sources, Sinks and Transportation (3rd Edition))

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21 pages, 6001 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Enhancing Fine Aerosol Simulations in the Remote Atmosphere with Machine Learning

by Mingxinyu Lu and Chloe Yuchao Gao

Atmosphere 2024, 15(11), 1356; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos15111356 - 12 Nov 2024

Viewed by 692

Abstract

Global aerosol models often underestimate the mass concentration of aerosols in the remote troposphere, as evidenced by aircraft measurements. This study leveraged data from the NASA Atmospheric Tomography Mission (ATom), which provides remote aerosol concentrations, to refine algorithms for simulating these concentrations. Using [...] Read more.

Global aerosol models often underestimate the mass concentration of aerosols in the remote troposphere, as evidenced by aircraft measurements. This study leveraged data from the NASA Atmospheric Tomography Mission (ATom), which provides remote aerosol concentrations, to refine algorithms for simulating these concentrations. Using the GEOS-Chem model, we simulate five fine aerosol types and enhance the simulation results using five machine-learning algorithms: Random Forest, XGBoost, SVM, KNN, and LightGBM, and compare the performance of these algorithms. Additionally, we evaluate the refinement effect of algorithms based on decision trees on a validation dataset. The results demonstrate that GEOS-Chem generally underestimated aerosol mass concentration. Among the tested algorithms, algorithms based on decision trees, particularly the Random Forest algorithm and the LightGBM algorithm, exhibited a superior performance, significantly improving prediction accuracy and computational efficiency in both the training and testing phases, as well as on the validation dataset. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Land Surface Processes: Modeling and Observation)

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15 pages, 4075 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Impact of Meteorological Conditions on Overhead Transmission Line Outages in Lithuania

by Egidijus Rimkus, Edvinas Stonevičius, Indrė Gečaitė, Viktorija Mačiulytė and Donatas Valiukas

Atmosphere 2024, 15(11), 1349; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos15111349 - 10 Nov 2024

Viewed by 753

Abstract

This study investigates the impact of meteorological conditions on unplanned outages of overhead transmission lines (OHTL) in Lithuania’s 0.4–35 kV power grid from January 2013 to March 2023. Data from the Lithuanian electricity distribution network operator and the Lithuanian Hydrometeorological Service were integrated [...] Read more.

This study investigates the impact of meteorological conditions on unplanned outages of overhead transmission lines (OHTL) in Lithuania’s 0.4–35 kV power grid from January 2013 to March 2023. Data from the Lithuanian electricity distribution network operator and the Lithuanian Hydrometeorological Service were integrated to attribute outage events with weather conditions. A Bayesian change point analysis identified thresholds for these meteorological factors, indicating points at which the probability of outages increases sharply. The analysis reveals that wind gust speeds, particularly those exceeding 21 m/s, are significant predictors of increased outage rates. Precipitation also plays a critical role, with a 15-fold increase in the relative number of outages observed when 3 h accumulated rainfall exceeds 32 mm, and a more than 50-fold increase for 12 h snowfall exceeding 22 mm. This study underscores the substantial contribution of lightning discharges to the number of outages. In forested areas, the influence of meteorological conditions is more significant. Furthermore, the research emphasizes that combined meteorological factors, such as strong winds accompanied by rain or snow, significantly increase the risk of outages, particularly in these forested regions. These findings emphasize the need for enhanced infrastructure resilience and targeted preventive measures to mitigate the impact of extreme weather events on Lithuania’s power grid. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Meteorology)

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18 pages, 3347 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Water CO₂ Emission Monitoring in a Romanian Peri-Urban Wetland to Enhance GHG Reporting

by György Deák, Natalia Enache, Lucian Laslo, Monica Matei, Madalina Georgiana Boboc and Cristina Ileana Covaliu Mierla

Atmosphere 2024, 15(11), 1345; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos15111345 - 9 Nov 2024

Viewed by 615

Abstract

This study emphasises the complexity of carbon dioxide (CO₂) emission dynamics by conducting a wetland case study along the Dambovita River. Our evaluation highlights the importance of considering spatial variability, meteorological parameters and water quality parameters. The variations in CO₂ [...] Read more.

This study emphasises the complexity of carbon dioxide (CO₂) emission dynamics by conducting a wetland case study along the Dambovita River. Our evaluation highlights the importance of considering spatial variability, meteorological parameters and water quality parameters. The variations in CO₂ emissions have been monitored using two complementary methods: a closed static chamber and a closed dynamic chamber. The closed dynamic chamber method has the highest level of confidence. The statistical results of correlations facilitated the validation of the closed static chamber method and its independent use in wetland ecosystems. Also, our findings revealed distinct patterns in emissions across locations that are influenced by parameters such as pH, redox potential (ORP), chlorophyll, dissolved oxygen concentration (DO), and temperature for the water–atmosphere interface. These results contribute to the understanding of the carbon cycle in wetlands and contribute to the improvement of greenhouse gas (GHG) reporting by obtaining data with a high level of confidence, regarding the role of wetland ecosystems in the carbon cycle. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Air Pollution Control)

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16 pages, 5064 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Impacts of Forecast Time and Verification Area Setting on the Targeted Observation of Typhoon

by Jiaqi Kang, Jianxia Guo, Jia Wang and Chao Zhang

Atmosphere 2024, 15(11), 1335; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos15111335 - 7 Nov 2024

Viewed by 547

Abstract

The results of the identification of sensitive areas are affected by the forecast time and verification area settings in targeted observations. Understanding this setting issue is important for improving the effectiveness of the identification of sensitive areas in real-time field campaigns. To determine [...] Read more.

The results of the identification of sensitive areas are affected by the forecast time and verification area settings in targeted observations. Understanding this setting issue is important for improving the effectiveness of the identification of sensitive areas in real-time field campaigns. To determine this, a series of experiments were carried out based on the Ensemble Transform Sensitivity (ETS) method, and the results are as follows: (1) First, Observation System Simulation Experiments (OSSEs) were conducted to assimilate simulated dropsondes in sensitive areas (SENS) or non-sensitive areas (OTHR). The results showed that the SENS experiment improved forecasts of typhoon intensity, track, precipitation score, and RMSE of forecast elements. However, the OTHR experiment only improved the forecast in some aspects and even had negative effects on other aspects. This indicates that the sensitive areas identified by the ETS method are effective. (2) Different forecast time experiments were carried out. There were significant differences between the sensitive areas of fixed verification times and variable targeted observation times, indicating that the sensitive areas changed greatly with time. In the field campaign, it was necessary to calculate the sensitive area for multiple times in advance and to design or adjust the observation scheme according to the time. (3) Finally, comparative experiments of position deviation and size change in the verification area were carried out. It was found that for a big deviation, too large or too small a verification area will result in significant differences in the sensitive areas. Based on the study in this article, a verification area size of about 6° × 6° is recommended; this can not only accommodate the position deviation of the verification area from the typhoon center caused by forecast errors, but also does not contain too much noise unrelated to typhoons, which may affect the accuracy of identification of sensitive areas. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Data Assimilation for Predicting Hurricane, Typhoon and Storm (2nd Edition))

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13 pages, 6096 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Enhanced Forecasting of Global Ionospheric Vertical Total Electron Content Maps Using Deep Learning Methods

by Yang Lin, Hanxian Fang, Die Duan, Hongtao Huang, Chao Xiao and Ganming Ren

Atmosphere 2024, 15(11), 1319; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos15111319 - 2 Nov 2024

Viewed by 790

Abstract

The ionospheric state holds significant implications for satellite navigation, radio communication, and space weather; however, precise forecasting of the ionosphere remains a formidable challenge. To improve the accuracy of traditional forecasting models, we developed an enhancement model based on the CODE and IRI [...] Read more.

The ionospheric state holds significant implications for satellite navigation, radio communication, and space weather; however, precise forecasting of the ionosphere remains a formidable challenge. To improve the accuracy of traditional forecasting models, we developed an enhancement model based on the CODE and IRI forecasting methods, termed the Global Ionospheric Maps Forecast Enhancement Model (GIMs-FEM). The results indicated that by extracting the GIM features from existing forecasts and incorporating additional proxies for geomagnetic and solar activity, the GIMs-FEM provided stable and reliable forecasting outcomes. Compared to the original forecasting models, the overall model error was reduced by approximately 15–17% on the test dataset. Furthermore, we analyzed the model’s performance under different solar activity conditions and seasons. Additionally, the RMSE for the C1pg model ranged from 0.98 TECu in the solar minimum year (2019) to 6.91 TECu in the solar maximum year (2014), while the enhanced GIMs (C1pg) model ranged from 0.91 to 5.75 TECu, respectively. Under varying solar activity conditions, the RMSE of GIMs-FEM for C1pg (C2pg) ranged from 0.98 to 6.91 TECu (0.96 to 7.26 TECu). Seasonally, the GIMs-FEM model performed best in the summer, with the lowest RMSE of 1.9 TECu, and showed the highest error in the autumn, with an RMSE of 2.52 TECu. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced GNSS for Ionospheric Sounding and Disturbances Monitoring)

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11 pages, 2959 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Different Effects of a Super Storm on Atmospheric Electric Fields at Different Latitudes

by Wen Li, Zhibin Sun, Tao Chen, Zhaoai Yan, Jing Luo, Qingchen Xu and Zhongsong Ma

Atmosphere 2024, 15(11), 1314; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos15111314 - 31 Oct 2024

Viewed by 1088

Abstract

Geomagnetic storms have a significant impact on Earth’s magnetosphere and ionosphere, as well as on the global atmospheric circuit. This study focuses on investigating the anomalous variations in the vertical atmospheric electric field at eight mid-latitude and low-latitude stations during a mega-geomagnetic storm [...] Read more.

Geomagnetic storms have a significant impact on Earth’s magnetosphere and ionosphere, as well as on the global atmospheric circuit. This study focuses on investigating the anomalous variations in the vertical atmospheric electric field at eight mid-latitude and low-latitude stations during a mega-geomagnetic storm on 24 April 2023. The majority of stations observed vertical atmospheric electric field increases, while only three nearby stations exhibited vertical atmospheric electric field decreases. The analysis revealed that vertical atmospheric electric field changes ranged from 19 to 370 V/m, and the time differences between extreme vertical atmospheric electric field values and the minimum Dst value ranged from 0 to 5.3 h. Other response patterns to this super magnetic storm at different latitudes are summarized, and the physical mechanisms of different effects of magnetic storms on the electric fields of stations at different latitudes are also discussed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Upper Atmosphere)

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19 pages, 3238 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

The Prospects of Controlling Open Burning of Crop Residues in Thailand: A Quantitative Assessment of Implementation Barriers and Costs

by Kaoru Akahoshi, Eric Zusman, Tatsuya Hanaoka, Nguyen Thi Kim Oanh, Lai Nguyen Huy, Supat Wangwongwatana, Piyarattana Homyok, Christopher S. Malley, Tomoki Hirayama, Yurie Goto, Kazumasa Kawashima and Markus Amann

Atmosphere 2024, 15(11), 1309; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos15111309 - 30 Oct 2024

Viewed by 1309

Abstract

The open burning of agricultural crop residues poses a sizable threat to Southeast Asia’s near-term prosperity and long-term sustainability. Though Southeast Asia’s policymakers have adopted burning bans and other solutions to curb this threat, few studies have systematically assessed their implementation prospects. This [...] Read more.

The open burning of agricultural crop residues poses a sizable threat to Southeast Asia’s near-term prosperity and long-term sustainability. Though Southeast Asia’s policymakers have adopted burning bans and other solutions to curb this threat, few studies have systematically assessed their implementation prospects. This study offers a novel data-driven assessment of those prospects in Thailand. More concretely, it estimates how much economic, technological, institutional, and social barriers could slow the implementation of burning restrictions featured in Thailand’s PM_2.5 control plan. This study finds that institutional/social barriers delay implementation more than technical/economic barriers, resulting in about twice the level of PM_2.5 emissions relative to an effectively implemented policy scenario over a 10- to 20-year period. This study also demonstrates that the costs of overcoming social/institutional barriers are approximately 14 million US dollars annually over a ten-year period. This figure is equivalent to about a 70% increase on the 21 million US dollars planned for controlling burning in 2026 in Thailand. The approach employed in this study—though not free of imperfections—can also be used for finer-grained comparison of the barriers/costs of managing different crop residues in Thailand and beyond. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Air Pollution Control)

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27 pages, 12462 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Long-Term Teleconnections Between Global Circulation Patterns and Interannual Variability of Surface Air Temperature over Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

by Abdullkarim K. Almaashi, Hosny M. Hasanean and Abdulhaleem H. Labban

Atmosphere 2024, 15(11), 1310; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos15111310 - 30 Oct 2024

Viewed by 671

Abstract

Surface air temperature (SAT) variability is investigated for advancing our understanding of the climate patterns over the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA). SAT variability reveals significant warming trends, particularly from 1994 onward, as demonstrated by nonlinear and linear trend analysis. This warming is [...] Read more.

Surface air temperature (SAT) variability is investigated for advancing our understanding of the climate patterns over the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA). SAT variability reveals significant warming trends, particularly from 1994 onward, as demonstrated by nonlinear and linear trend analysis. This warming is linked to global climate patterns, which serve as significant indicators for studying the effects of climate change on surface air temperature patterns across the KSA. The empirical orthogonal function (EOF) method is employed for analyzing SAT due to its effectiveness in extracting dominant patterns of variability during the winter (DJF) and summer (JJA) seasons. The first mode (EOF1) for both seasons shows positive variability across the KSA, explaining more than 45% of the variance. The second mode (EOF2) indicates negative variability in central and northern regions. The third mode (EOF3) describes positive variability but with lower variance over time. PC1 is used to describe the physical mechanism of SAT variability and correlations with global sea surface temperature (SST). The physical mechanism shows that the variability in Mediterranean troughs during the winter season and high pressure over the Indian Ocean and central Asia controls SAT variability over the KSA. The correlation coefficients (CCs) were calculated during the winter and summer season between the SAT of the KSA and six teleconnection indices, El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO), Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD), Atlantic Meridional Mode (AMM), Pacific Warm Pool (PWP), North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO), and Tropical North Atlantic (TNA) SST for the period from 1994 to 2022. ENSO shifts from positive to negative correlations with SAT from winter to summer. IOD shows a diminished correlation with SAT due to the absence of upper air dynamics. PWP consistently enhances surface warming in both seasons through upper air convergence during both seasons. AMM and NAO have a non-significant impact on SAT; however, TNA contributes warming over central and northern parts during winter and summer seasons. The seasonal SAT variations emphasize the significant role of ENSO, PWP, and TNA across the seasons. The findings of this study can be helpful for seasonal predictability in the KSA. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Climatology)

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19 pages, 1677 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Reliability Assessment of PM2.5 Concentration Monitoring Data: A Case Study of China

by Hongyan Duan, Wenfu Yue and Weidong Li

Atmosphere 2024, 15(11), 1303; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos15111303 - 29 Oct 2024

Viewed by 727

Abstract

This study systematically evaluates the reliability of PM2.5 monitoring data across major urban areas, utilizing a comprehensive dataset covering 283 cities in China over a seven-year period. By using Benford’s Law, robust regression analysis, and various machine learning methods, such as Gradient Boosting [...] Read more.

This study systematically evaluates the reliability of PM2.5 monitoring data across major urban areas, utilizing a comprehensive dataset covering 283 cities in China over a seven-year period. By using Benford’s Law, robust regression analysis, and various machine learning methods, such as Gradient Boosting Trees and Random Forests, the overall reliability of China’s PM2.5 monitoring data is high. These models effectively captured complex patterns and detected anomalies related to both natural environmental and socioeconomic factors, as well as potential data manipulation. Based on the integrated models, the proportion of anomalies in PM2.5 concentration monitoring data across 283 cities in China from 2015 to 2022 was less than 2%, which strongly indicates the overall reliability of China’s PM2.5 concentration monitoring data. Additionally, machine learning models provided a ranking of the importance of different variables affecting PM2.5 concentrations, offering a scientific basis for understanding the driving factors behind the data. The three variables that have the greatest impact on PM2.5 concentrations are population density, average temperature, and relative humidity. By comparing with other related studies, we further validated our findings. Overall, this study provides new methods and perspectives for understanding and evaluating the reliability of PM2.5 data in China, laying a solid foundation for future research. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Air Quality)

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13 pages, 1209 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Classifying Seismic Events Linked to Solar Activity: A Retrospective LSTM Approach Using Proton Density

by Aizhan Altaibek, Marat Nurtas, Zhumabek Zhantayev, Beibit Zhumabayev and Ayazhan Kumarkhanova

Atmosphere 2024, 15(11), 1290; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos15111290 - 27 Oct 2024

Viewed by 1954

Abstract

The influence of solar activity on seismic activity is a subject of debate. Previous studies have shown that there is sometimes a correlation and sometimes a contradiction between solar activity maxima and large earthquakes. Long-term memory neural network is used to study the [...] Read more.

The influence of solar activity on seismic activity is a subject of debate. Previous studies have shown that there is sometimes a correlation and sometimes a contradiction between solar activity maxima and large earthquakes. Long-term memory neural network is used to study the relationship between solar activity and seismic activity. This study emphasizes retrospective classification rather than direct prediction, refining the LSTM architecture to maximize classification accuracy and processing data from the Solar and Heliospheric Observatory and the U.S. Geological Survey earthquake catalogs. A declustering technique is used to select large seismic events and weighted learning corrects for class imbalances. The LSTM model accurately classified earthquakes (84.47%) and proton density variations. The results support the theory that solar activity, in particular proton density, can anticipate earthquake events. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ionospheric Sounding for Identification of Pre-seismic Activity)

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12 pages, 2384 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Preliminary Study of Air Pollution and Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes: A Mendelian Randomization Study

by Chunhan Shan, Liwen Chen, Huayan Mo, Xin Chen, Chen Han, Fangbiao Tao and Hui Gao

Atmosphere 2024, 15(11), 1285; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos15111285 - 27 Oct 2024

Viewed by 874

Abstract

The chief aim of this research is to investigate the causality of air pollutants and adverse pregnancy outcomes. Two-sample Mendelian randomization was conducted, employing genetic variants connected with air pollution as instrumental variables. Sixteen adverse pregnancy outcomes were extracted as the main outcome [...] Read more.

The chief aim of this research is to investigate the causality of air pollutants and adverse pregnancy outcomes. Two-sample Mendelian randomization was conducted, employing genetic variants connected with air pollution as instrumental variables. Sixteen adverse pregnancy outcomes were extracted as the main outcome measures from the genome-wide association study (GWAS). The inverse-variance weighted (IVW) method was conducted as the primary analysis method. This study found that there were causal association between NO₂ and pre-eclampsia (weighted median: OR = 1.30, 95% CI = [1.03–1.64], p = 0.029) and between PM2.5 and placental abruption (IVW: OR = 10.94, 95% CI = [1.28–93.45], p = 0.029). There were potential causal relationships between NO₂ and gestational hypertension (IVW: OR = 1.14, 95% CI = [0.99–1.30], p = 0.060); NO₂ and placental abruption (IVW: OR = 1.97, 95% CI = [0.90–4.28], p = 0.089); NOx and fetal growth restriction (IVW: OR = 0.06, 95% CI = [0.99–1.12], p = 0.089); PM2.5 and slow fetal growth and fetal malnutrition (MR–Egger: OR = 54,240.95, 95% CI = [2.08–1,411,757,729.46], p = 0.059); PM10 and hyperemesis gravidarum (MR–Egger: OR = 0.12, 95% CI = [0.02–0.97], p = 0.086); PM10 and preterm birth (weighted median: OR = 1.60, 95% CI = [0.95–2.70], p = 0.075); and PM10 and spontaneous abortion (weighted median: OR = 1.60, 95% CI = [0.95–2.70], p = 0.075). There was no pleiotropy, but there was some heterogeneity. In conclusion, air pollution has a causal effect on several adverse pregnancy outcomes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Research on Air Pollution and Human Exposures)

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16 pages, 2739 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Temperature and Ozone Response to Different Forcing in the Lower Troposphere and Stratosphere

by Margarita Usacheva, Eugene Rozanov, Vladimir Zubov and Sergei Smyshlyaev

Atmosphere 2024, 15(11), 1289; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos15111289 - 27 Oct 2024

Viewed by 1582

Abstract

To evaluate the contributions of different forcings to the temperature and atmospheric composition changes between 1980 and 2020, we exploited the chemistry-climate model (CCM) SOCOLv3. The study examined ozone content and atmospheric temperature response to (1) ozone-depleting substances; (2) greenhouse gas concentrations, ocean [...] Read more.

To evaluate the contributions of different forcings to the temperature and atmospheric composition changes between 1980 and 2020, we exploited the chemistry-climate model (CCM) SOCOLv3. The study examined ozone content and atmospheric temperature response to (1) ozone-depleting substances; (2) greenhouse gas concentrations, ocean surface temperature, and sea ice coverage; (3) solar irradiance; and (4) stratospheric aerosol loading and, separately, (5) greenhouse gas concentrations, (6) ocean surface temperature and sea ice coverage, and (7) NO_x surface emissions. To evaluate the impacts of specific factors, we performed model runs driven by each factor (1–7) variability as well as a reference experiment that accounted for the influence of all factors simultaneously. We identified the relative contribution of different factors to the evolution of the temperature and ozone content of the lower troposphere and stratosphere from 1980 to 2020. The model results were in good agreement with the reanalyses (MERRA2 and ERA5). We showed that stratospheric ozone depletion before the Montreal Protocol introduction and partial recovery after that were chiefly driven by ODS. Stratospheric aerosol from major volcanic eruptions caused only short-term (up to 5 years) ozone decline. Increased greenhouse gas emissions dominate the ongoing long-term stratospheric cooling as well as tropospheric and surface warming. Solar irradiance contributed to short-term fluctuations but had a minimal long-term impact. Furthermore, our analysis of the solar signal in the tropical stratosphere underscores the complex interplay of solar radiation with volcanic, oceanic, and atmospheric factors, revealing significant altitudinal distributions of temperature and ozone responses to solar activity. Our findings advocate further innovative methodologies to take into account the nonlinearity of the atmospheric processes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ozone Evolution in the Past and Future (2nd Edition))

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21 pages, 5730 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Sources and Variability of Greenhouse Gases over Greece

by Aikaterini Bougiatioti, Nikos Gialesakis, Yannis Sarafidis, Maria I. Gini, Marios Mermigkas, Panayiotis Kalkavouras, Sebastian Mirasgedis, Michel Ramonet, Clement Narbaud, Morgan Lopez, Dimitris Balis, Konstantinos Eleftheriadis, Maria Kanakidou and Nikolaos Mihalopoulos

Atmosphere 2024, 15(11), 1288; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos15111288 - 27 Oct 2024

Viewed by 1618

Abstract

This study provides an overview of the atmospheric drivers of climate change over Greece (Eastern Mediterranean), focusing on greenhouse gases (GHG: carbon dioxide, CO₂; methane, CH₄; etc.). CO₂ in Greece is mostly produced by energy production, followed by [...] Read more.

This study provides an overview of the atmospheric drivers of climate change over Greece (Eastern Mediterranean), focusing on greenhouse gases (GHG: carbon dioxide, CO₂; methane, CH₄; etc.). CO₂ in Greece is mostly produced by energy production, followed by transport, construction, and industry. Waste management is the largest anthropogenic source of methane, accounting for 47% of total CH₄ emissions, surpassing emissions from the agricultural sector in 2017, while the energy sector accounts for the remaining 10.5%. In situ simultaneous observations of GHG concentrations in Greece conducted at three sites with different topologies (urban background; Athens, regional background; Finokalia and free troposphere; and Helmos) during the last 5 years (2019–2023) showed increasing trends of the order of 2.2 ppm·yr⁻¹ and ~15 ppb·yr⁻¹ for CO₂ and CH₄, respectively, in line with the global trends. These increasing trends were found from both ground-based and satellite-based remote-sensing observations. Finally, during the lockdown period due to the COVID-19 global pandemic, a 58% reduction in CO₂ levels was observed in the urban background site of Athens after subtracting the regional background levels from Finokalia, while the respective reduction in CH₄ was of only the order of 15%, highlighting differences in emission sources. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Drivers and Impacts of Climate Change Over the Eastern Mediterranean)

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18 pages, 3256 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Spatiotemporal Distribution of Mercury in Tree Rings and Soils Within Forests Surrounding Coal-Fired Power Plants

by Eugene Ha, Ikhyun Kim, Heemun Chae, Sangsin Lee, Youngsang Ahn and Byoungkoo Choi

Atmosphere 2024, 15(11), 1287; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos15111287 - 27 Oct 2024

Viewed by 1151

Abstract

The release of mercury (Hg) from coal-fired power plants (CPPs) into local ecosystems poses substantial environmental and health hazards. This study was conducted in Chungcheong-nam-do, South Korea, a region featuring over half of the country’s coal power facilities, to estimate the impacts of [...] Read more.

The release of mercury (Hg) from coal-fired power plants (CPPs) into local ecosystems poses substantial environmental and health hazards. This study was conducted in Chungcheong-nam-do, South Korea, a region featuring over half of the country’s coal power facilities, to estimate the impacts of CPPs on Hg distribution in forest ecosystems. By analyzing Hg concentrations in pine tree rings and soil at 21 locations around CPPs and comparing them to control sites and industrial zones, we present a nuanced understanding of the effects of CPPs on Hg concentration. The analysis of Hg concentrations in tree rings showed a significant decrease in Hg levels as the distance from the power plants increased, suggesting that CPPs primarily influence Hg distribution in trees within a 25 km radius. In contrast, soil Hg concentrations did not exhibit a clear trend. This may reflect the limitations of this study in accounting for the physicochemical properties of the soil at each sampling site. Nevertheless, the Potential Ecological Risk Index for soil Hg contamination indicated a higher risk rating within a 1 km radius of the CPPs compared to other locations. Hg concentrations in tree rings have shown a steady decline since the 1970s, suggesting the positive effects of air pollution regulations. This also highlights the value of tree core samples as effective tools for monitoring historical Hg pollution. Furthermore, the higher historical concentrations of Hg in tree rings imply that trees may have acted as sinks for atmospheric Hg in the past. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Industrial Emissions: Characteristics, Impacts and Control)

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28 pages, 13000 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Dropsonde Data Impact on Rain Forecasts in Taiwan Under Southwesterly Flow Conditions with Observing System Simulation Experiments

by Fang-Ching Chien and Yen-Chao Chiu

Atmosphere 2024, 15(11), 1272; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos15111272 - 24 Oct 2024

Viewed by 633

Abstract

This paper conducts an observing system simulation experiment (OSSE) to assess the impact of assimilating traditional sounding and surface data, along with dropsonde observations over the northern South China Sea (SCS) on heavy rain forecasts in Taiwan. Utilizing the hybrid ensemble transform Kalman [...] Read more.

This paper conducts an observing system simulation experiment (OSSE) to assess the impact of assimilating traditional sounding and surface data, along with dropsonde observations over the northern South China Sea (SCS) on heavy rain forecasts in Taiwan. Utilizing the hybrid ensemble transform Kalman filter (ETKF) and the three-dimensional variational (3DVAR) data assimilation (DA) system, this study focuses on an extreme precipitation event near Taiwan on 22 May 2020. The event was mainly influenced by strong southwesterly flow associated with an eastward-moving southwest vortex (SWV) from South China to the north of Taiwan. A nature run (NR) serves as the basis, generating virtual observations for radiosonde, surface, and dropsonde data. Three experiments—NODA (no DA), CTL (traditional observation DA), and T5D24 (additional dropsonde DA)—are configured for comparative analyses. The NODA experiment shows premature and weaker precipitation events across all regions compared with NR. The CTL experiment improved upon NODA’s forecasting capabilities, albeit with delayed onset but prolonged precipitation duration, particularly noticeable in southern Taiwan. The inclusion of dropsonde DA in the T5D24 experiment further enhanced precipitation forecasting, aligning more closely with NR, particularly in southern Taiwan. Investigations of DA impact reveal that assimilating traditional observations significantly enhances the SWV structure and wind fields, as well as the location of frontal systems, with improvements persisting for 40 to 65 h. However, low-level moisture field enhancements are moderate, leading to insufficient precipitation forecasts in southern Taiwan. Additional dropsonde DA over the northern SCS further refines low-level moisture and wind fields over the northern SCS, as well as the occurrence of frontal systems, extending positive impacts beyond 35 h and thus improving the rain forecast. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Meteorology)

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13 pages, 1053 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Assessing the Impact of Climate Change on Methane Emissions from Rice Production Systems in Southern India

by Boomiraj Kovilpillai, Gayathri Jawahar Jothi, Diogenes L. Antille, Prabu P. Chidambaram, Senani Karunaratne, Arti Bhatia, Mohan Kumar Shanmugam, Musie Rose, Senthilraja Kandasamy, Selvakumar Selvaraj, Mohammed Mainuddin, Guruanand Chandrasekeran, Sangeetha Piriya Ramasamy and Geethalakshmi Vellingiri

Atmosphere 2024, 15(11), 1270; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos15111270 - 24 Oct 2024

Viewed by 3746

Abstract

The impact of climate change on methane (CH₄) emissions from rice production systems in the Coimbatore region (Tamil Nadu, India) was studied by leveraging field experiments across two main treatments and four sub-treatments in a split-plot design. Utilizing the closed-chamber method [...] Read more.

The impact of climate change on methane (CH₄) emissions from rice production systems in the Coimbatore region (Tamil Nadu, India) was studied by leveraging field experiments across two main treatments and four sub-treatments in a split-plot design. Utilizing the closed-chamber method for gas collection and gas chromatography analysis, this study identified significant differences in CH₄ emissions between conventional cultivation methods and the system of rice intensification (henceforth SRI). Over two growing seasons, conventional cultivation methods reported higher CH₄ emissions (range: from 36.9 to 59.3 kg CH₄ ha⁻¹ season⁻¹) compared with SRI (range: from 2.2 to 12.8 kg CH₄ ha⁻¹ season⁻¹). Experimental data were subsequently used to guide parametrization and validation of the DeNitrification–DeComposition (DNDC) model. The validation of the model showed good agreement between the measured and modeled data, as denoted by the statistical tests performed, which included CRM (0.09), D-index (0.99), RMSE (7.16), EF (0.96), and R² (0.92). The validated model was then used to develop future CH₄ emissions projections under various shared socio-economic pathways (henceforth SSPs) for the mid- (2021–2050) and late (2051–2080) century. The analysis revealed a potential increase in CH₄ emissions for the simulated scenarios, which was dependent on specific soil and irrigation management practices. Conventional cultivation produced the highest CH₄ emissions, but it was shown that they could be reduced if the current practice was replaced by minimal flooding or through irrigation with alternating wetting and drying cycles. Emissions were predicted to rise until SSP 370, with a marginal increase in SSP 585 thereafter. The findings of this work underscored an urgency to develop climate-smart location-specific mitigation strategies focused on simultaneously improving current water and nutrient management practices. The use of methanotrophs to reduce CH₄ production from rice systems should be considered in future work. This research also highlighted the critical interaction that exists between agricultural practices and climate change, and emphasized the need to implement adaptive crop management strategies that can sustain productivity and mitigate the environmental impacts of rice-based systems in southern India. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Greenhouse Gas Emission: Sources, Monitoring and Control (2nd Edition))

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17 pages, 10792 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Precipitation Retrieval from FY-3G/MWRI-RM Based on SMOTE-LGBM

by Yanfang Lv, Lanjie Zhang, Wen Fan and Yibo Zhang

Atmosphere 2024, 15(11), 1268; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos15111268 - 23 Oct 2024

Viewed by 595

Abstract

Using the FY-3G/MWRI-RM observations, this paper proposes a precipitation retrieval method that combines the Synthetic Minority Over-sampling Technique with Light Gradient Boosting Machine (SMOTE-LGBM) and analyzes the impact of MWRI-RM channel settings on precipitation retrieval. The SMOTE-LGBM-based model consists of two LGBM models [...] Read more.

Using the FY-3G/MWRI-RM observations, this paper proposes a precipitation retrieval method that combines the Synthetic Minority Over-sampling Technique with Light Gradient Boosting Machine (SMOTE-LGBM) and analyzes the impact of MWRI-RM channel settings on precipitation retrieval. The SMOTE-LGBM-based model consists of two LGBM models for precipitation identification and estimation, respectively. The SMOTE method is used to address the imbalance between precipitation and non-precipitation samples. Using the Integrated Multi-Satellite Retrievals for the Global Precipitation Measurement (IMERG) product as a reference, we validate the retrieved precipitation by the SMOTE-LGBM-based model with an independent testing dataset. The critical success indexes are 0.483 and 0.526, and the Pearson correlation coefficients are 0.611 and 0.645 for the ocean and land regions, respectively. The spatial distributions of the retrieved and IMERG accumulated precipitation in the testing dataset are similar. In addition, we visualize and analyze the cases of Meiyu and two typhoons. The results indicate that the SMOTE-LGBM-based model effectively represents the spatial distribution characteristics of precipitation and achieves high agreement with IMERG precipitation products. Overall, the SMOTE-LGBM-based model successfully retrieves precipitation from MWRI-RM and provides accurate precipitation products for FY-3G/MWRI-RM for the first time. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Precipitation Monitoring and Databases)

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21 pages, 5031 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Influence of Large Eddy Generation Mechanisms on the Turbulent Flux Transport in the Unstable Atmosphere Boundary Layer

by Ye Wang, Changxing Lan, Dan Zheng, Lei Li and Baomin Wang

Atmosphere 2024, 15(11), 1266; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos15111266 - 22 Oct 2024

Viewed by 812

Abstract

The turbulent transport dissimilarity between momentum and scalars and the transport similarity among scalars have been widely investigated in unstable atmospheric boundary layers (ABLs). Although buoyancy and mechanically driven turbulence, along with variations in scalar sources and sinks, are recognized as key factors [...] Read more.

The turbulent transport dissimilarity between momentum and scalars and the transport similarity among scalars have been widely investigated in unstable atmospheric boundary layers (ABLs). Although buoyancy and mechanically driven turbulence, along with variations in scalar sources and sinks, are recognized as key factors influencing transport similarity, the specific roles of local thermal plume-generated and nonlocal bulk shear-generated large eddies under varying stability conditions are less explored. This study utilized over four years of eddy covariance data sampled 50 m above a complex suburban canopy to characterize the influence of buoyancy and wind shear on flux transport similarity in an unstable ABL. The time threshold

τ

method was applied to detect large coherent events, with wind shear enhancing their intensity, while buoyancy primarily affected the ejection–sweep asymmetry of scalars. The dynamics between buoyancy and wind shear were analyzed through separate momentum, heat, and joint transport events. The results show that strong wind shear enhances nonlocal large eddies, reducing momentum–heat transport similarity, whereas strong buoyancy supports localized turbulence. As stability varies, the shift between nonlocal and local eddies alters the trends in co-transport duration and intensity, revealing distinct patterns in the water vapor intensity from that of the sensible heat owing to local sources and sinks. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Meteorology)

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15 pages, 3766 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Mechanisms Underlying the Changes in Sporadic E Layers During Sudden Stratospheric Warming

by Haiyang Zheng, Hanxian Fang, Chao Xiao, Hongtao Huang, Die Duan and Ganming Ren

Atmosphere 2024, 15(10), 1258; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos15101258 - 21 Oct 2024

Viewed by 880

Abstract

During sudden stratospheric warming (SSW) events, significant modifications occur, not only in the neutral atmosphere, but also in the ionosphere. Specifically, sporadic E layers in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere regions significantly disrupt satellite communication. Although research has frequently focused on ionospheric alterations [...] Read more.

During sudden stratospheric warming (SSW) events, significant modifications occur, not only in the neutral atmosphere, but also in the ionosphere. Specifically, sporadic E layers in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere regions significantly disrupt satellite communication. Although research has frequently focused on ionospheric alterations during SSW events, detailed studies on sporadic E layers remain limited. Examining these variations during SSW events could enhance our understanding of the interaction mechanisms between the ionosphere and the neutral atmosphere, and provide insights into the patterns of sporadic E layer alterations. This study analyzed the behavior of sporadic E layers during the 2008/2009 winter SSW period using data from three Japanese stations and satellite observations. The principal findings included the following: (1) The enhancement in the critical frequency of the sporadic E layers was most notable following the transition from easterly to westerly winds at 60° N at a 10 hPa altitude, accompanied by quasi 6-day and quasi 16-day oscillations in frequency. (2) The daily average zonal and meridional wind speeds in the MLT region also exhibited quasi 6-day and quasi 16-day oscillations, aligning with the observed periodicities in the critical frequency of the sporadic E layers. (3) Planetary waves were shown to modulate the amplitude of diurnal and semidiurnal tides, influencing the sporadic E layers. Furthermore, a wavelet analysis of foEs data with a time resolution of 0.25 h demonstrated that planetary waves also modulate the frequency of diurnal tides, thereby affecting the sporadic E layers. This research contributes to a deeper understanding of the formation mechanisms and prediction of sporadic E layer behavior. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ionospheric Irregularity)

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18 pages, 5442 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Pollutant Dispersion of Aircraft Exhaust Gas during the Landing and Takeoff Cycle with Improved Gaussian Diffusion Model

by Junli Yang, Likun Li, Xiaoyu Zheng, Hang Liu, Fengming Li and Yi Xiao

Atmosphere 2024, 15(10), 1256; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos15101256 - 21 Oct 2024

Viewed by 1079

Abstract

Evaluating aviation emissions and examining the dispersion properties of contaminants are crucial for understanding atmospheric pollution. To assess the pollutant emissions and dispersion of aircraft during the landing and takeoff (LTO) cycle, and address air pollution surrounding the airport resulting from flight operations, [...] Read more.

Evaluating aviation emissions and examining the dispersion properties of contaminants are crucial for understanding atmospheric pollution. To assess the pollutant emissions and dispersion of aircraft during the landing and takeoff (LTO) cycle, and address air pollution surrounding the airport resulting from flight operations, this study evaluated emissions throughout the LTO phase based on Quick Access Recorder (QAR) data in conjunction with the first-order approximation method. An improved Gaussian diffusion model for mobile point sources was employed to examine the diffusion characteristics of contaminants. Additionally, CFD calculation outcomes for various exhaust velocities and wind speeds were utilized to validate the trustworthiness of the improved Gaussian model. The discussion also encompasses the influence of diffusion time, wind direction, wind speed, temperature gradient, and particle deposition on the concentration distribution of contaminants. The findings indicated that the Gaussian diffusion model aligned with the results of the CFD calculations. The diffusion distribution of contaminants around airports varies over time and is significantly influenced by atmospheric environmental factors, including wind direction, wind speed, and atmospheric stability. Specifically, a change in wind direction from 0° to 45° caused a shift of approximately 1000 m in the contaminant’s center. An increase in wind speed from 3 m/s to 5 m/s led to a decrease in concentration by about 15%. Furthermore, a transition in atmospheric stability from category ‘a’ (very unstable) to ‘f’ (very stable) resulted in a two-order-of-magnitude increase in contaminant concentrations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Air Pollution Control)

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20 pages, 9945 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Analysis of the Meteorological Conditions and Atmospheric Numerical Simulation of an Aircraft Icing Accident

by Haoya Liu, Shurui Peng, Rong Fang, Yaohui Li, Lian Duan, Ten Wang, Chengyan Mao and Zisheng Lin

Atmosphere 2024, 15(10), 1222; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos15101222 - 14 Oct 2024

Viewed by 1199

Abstract

With the rapid development of the general aviation industry in China, the influence of high-impact aeronautical weather events, such as aircraft icing, on flight safety has become more and more prominent. On 1 March 2021, an aircraft conducting weather modification operations crashed over [...] Read more.

With the rapid development of the general aviation industry in China, the influence of high-impact aeronautical weather events, such as aircraft icing, on flight safety has become more and more prominent. On 1 March 2021, an aircraft conducting weather modification operations crashed over Ji’an City, due to severe icing. Using multi-source meteorological observations and atmospheric numerical simulations, we analyzed the meteorological causes of this icing accident. The results indicate that a cold front formed in northwestern China and then moved southward, which is the main weather system in the icing area. Based on the icing index, we conducted an analysis of the temperature, relative humidity, cloud liquid water path, effective particle radius, and vertical flow field, it was found that aircraft icing occurred behind the ground front, where warm-moist airflows rose along the front to result in a rapid increase of water vapor in 600–500 hPa. The increase of water vapor, in conjunction with low temperature, led to the formation of a cold stratiform cloud system. In this cloud system, there were a large number of large cloud droplets. In addition, the frontal inversion increased the atmospheric stability, allowing cloud droplets to accumulate in the low-temperature region and forming meteorological conditions conducive to icing. The Weather Research and Forecasting model was employed to provide a detailed description of the formation process of the atmospheric conditions conducive to icing, such as the uplifting motion along the front and supercooled water. Based on a real case, we investigated the formation process of icing-inducing meteorological conditions under the influence of a front in detail in this study and verified the capability of a numerical model to simulate the meteorological environment of frontal icing, in order to provide a valuable reference for meteorological early warnings and forecasts for general aviation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advance in Transportation Meteorology (2nd Edition))

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12 pages, 1241 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Influence of Acetylene Concentration on N₂O and N₂ Emissions from an Intensive Vegetable Soil under Anoxic and Oxic Conditions

by Wenchao Cao, Runzhi Zhang, Yanqing Li, Haoqin Pan, Fei Zhao, Cuicui Wang, Shuo Xin, Dong Li, Ziyu Gao and Yajing Wang

Atmosphere 2024, 15(10), 1206; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos15101206 - 9 Oct 2024

Viewed by 719

Abstract

Acetylene (C₂H₂) is often employed to assess soil total denitrification (N₂O + N₂) due to its ease of implementation. However, this technique underestimates soil denitrification in soils with low nutrient contents, particularly those supporting grain [...] Read more.

Acetylene (C₂H₂) is often employed to assess soil total denitrification (N₂O + N₂) due to its ease of implementation. However, this technique underestimates soil denitrification in soils with low nutrient contents, particularly those supporting grain yields. To our knowledge, there are limited studies that have specifically investigated the impact of C₂H₂ on nutrient-rich vegetable soils, especially concerning the emissions of N₂ and N₂O and the nitrogenous gas product ratio (i.e., N₂O/(N₂O + N₂)). In this study, we conducted both anoxic and oxic incubations at various C₂H₂ concentrations (0%, 0.01%, and 10%, v/v) and utilized a robotized sampling and analysis system to quantify soil N₂, N₂O, and CO₂ emissions. Our findings revealed that the cumulative N₂O production in soil treated with 10%C₂H₂ was significantly lower than that in soil treated with 0.01%C₂H₂ and soil without C₂H₂. Contrarily, high concentrations of C₂H₂ (10%, v/v) led to increased N₂ production. Similar trends were observed under oxic conditions, where 10%C₂H₂ concentration did not enhance N₂O production but markedly increased N₂ and CO₂ emissions. Moreover, the N₂O/(N₂O + N₂) product ratio was notably higher in soils treated with 0%C₂H₂ compared to the 10%C₂H₂ treatment under anoxic conditions. These findings indicate that high concentrations of acetylene could facilitate the reduction of N₂O to N₂ and lead to underestimated soil total denitrification in vegetable soil, regardless of anoxic or oxic conditions. This discovery underscores the drawbacks when employing high concentrations of acetylene to evaluate actual total denitrification in intensive greenhouse vegetable soils, highlighting the necessity for further investigation into alternative methodologies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Gas Emissions in Agriculture)

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21 pages, 24451 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

A Quick Look at the Atmospheric Circulation Leading to Extreme Weather Phenomena on a Continental Scale

by Flavio Tiago Couto, Stergios Kartsios, Matthieu Lacroix and Hugo Nunes Andrade

Atmosphere 2024, 15(10), 1205; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos15101205 - 9 Oct 2024

Viewed by 1308

Abstract

The study delves into the primary large-scale atmospheric features contributing to extreme weather events across Europe during early September 2023. The period was examined using a dataset composed by the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) analysis and satellite imagery. In early [...] Read more.

The study delves into the primary large-scale atmospheric features contributing to extreme weather events across Europe during early September 2023. The period was examined using a dataset composed by the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) analysis and satellite imagery. In early September 2023, an omega blocking pattern led to the development of a low-pressure system over the Iberian Peninsula producing heavy precipitation and flooding over Spain and acting as a mechanism for a mineral dust outbreak. A second low-pressure system developed over Greece. Extreme precipitation was recorded across Greece, Turkey, and Bulgaria as the system gradually shifted southward over the Mediterranean. The system earned the name “Storm Daniel” as it acquired subtropical characteristics. It caused floods over Libya and its associated circulation favoured the transport of mineral dust over Northern Egypt as it moved eastward. Meanwhile, the high-pressure blocking system associated with the omega pattern induced heatwave temperatures in countries further north. This period was compared with the large-scale circulation observed in mid-September 2020, when severe weather also affected the Mediterranean region. However, the weather systems were not directly connected by the large-scale circulation, as shown in September 2023. Although mesoscale conditions are relevant to formation and intensification of some atmospheric phenomena, the establishment of an omega blocking pattern in early September 2023 showed how large-scale atmospheric dynamics can produce abnormal weather conditions on a continental scale over several days. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Understanding Extreme Weather Events in the Anthropocene)

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16 pages, 2712 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Population-Level Exposure to PM_2.5, NO₂, Greenness (NDVI), Accessible Greenspace, Road Noise, and Rail Noise in England

by Sophia Garkov, Lorraine Dearden and Ai Milojevic

Atmosphere 2024, 15(10), 1197; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos15101197 - 8 Oct 2024

Viewed by 1141

Abstract

Air pollution, greenspace and noise are interrelated environmental factors with the potential to influence human health outcomes. Research has measured these exposures in diverse ways across the globe, but no study has yet performed a country-wide analysis of air pollution, greenspace, and noise [...] Read more.

Air pollution, greenspace and noise are interrelated environmental factors with the potential to influence human health outcomes. Research has measured these exposures in diverse ways across the globe, but no study has yet performed a country-wide analysis of air pollution, greenspace, and noise in England. This study examined cross-sectional PM_2.5, NO₂, greenness, accessible greenspace, road noise, and rail noise exposure data at all residential postcodes in England (n = 1,227,681). Restricted cubic spline models were fitted between each environmental exposure and a measure of socioeconomic status, the Index of Multiple Deprivation (IMD) rank. Population-weighted exposures by IMD deciles, urbanicity, and region were subsequently estimated. Restricted cubic spline models were also fitted between greenness and each other environmental exposure in the study. The results show some evidence of inequalities in exposure to air pollutants, greenspace, and noise across England. Notably, there is a socioeconomic gradient in greenness, NO₂, PM_2.5, and road noise in London. In addition, NO₂, PM_2.5, and road noise exposure decrease as greenness increases in urban areas. Concerningly, almost all air pollution estimates in our study exceed international health guidelines. Further research is needed to elucidate the socioeconomic patterns and health impacts of air pollution, greenspace, and noise over time. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Research on Air Pollution and Human Exposures)

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15 pages, 6006 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Exploring the Configurational Relationships between Urban Heat Island Patterns and the Built Environment: A Case Study of Beijing

by Jing Xu, Yihui Liu and Jianfei Cao

Atmosphere 2024, 15(10), 1200; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos15101200 - 8 Oct 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1411

Abstract

The spatial heterogeneity of land surface temperature (LST) within cities is profoundly influenced by the built environment. Although significant progress has been made in the study of the urban thermal environment, there is still a lack of research on how the pattern and [...] Read more.

The spatial heterogeneity of land surface temperature (LST) within cities is profoundly influenced by the built environment. Although significant progress has been made in the study of the urban thermal environment, there is still a lack of research on how the pattern and structural layout of the built environment affects the thermal environment. In this study, we take the Fifth Ring Road of Beijing as an example, invert the urban LST on the basis of multisource spatial data, characterize the built environment, and use k-means cluster analysis to investigate the main influencing factors of the LST in different functional areas and building patterns within the city, as well as the spatial relationship between the built environment and the urban LST. The results show the following: (1) The urban heat island (UHI) effect occurs to varying degrees over a large part of the study area, and these UHI areas are mainly concentrated in the southwestern part of the city, forming a large contiguous area between the second and fifth ring roads. (2) Class 1 is dominated by transport blocks, Class 3 is dominated by commercial blocks, and Class 5 is dominated by green space blocks, with a clustering index of 0.38. (3) The high-density, high-height class (HH-Class 2) has a greater number of blocks distributed in a ring shape around the periphery of the second ring road. The high-density, low-height class (HL-Class 2) has a relatively small number of blocks but a relatively large area, and the largest blocks are located in the western part of the study area. (4) In the HH and HL building patterns, extreme heat scenarios often occur; from the perspective of functional areas, the probability of extreme heat in the transport block is much higher than that of other functional areas, and except for the HH scenario, the green space functional area plays a very important role in reducing the temperature. This study explores the characteristics of the built environment that influence the urban LST from the perspective of different urban functional zones in cities to provide decision support for quantitative territorial spatial planning, optimization, and management. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Potential of the Built Environment in Climate-Related Challenges (2nd Edition))

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