Atmosphere

Research

14 pages, 4226 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Short-Term Aerial Pollutant Concentrations in a Southwestern China Pig-Fattening House

by Shihua Pu, Xiao Rong, Jiaming Zhu, Yaqiong Zeng, Jian Yue, TengTeeh Lim and Dingbiao Long

Atmosphere 2021, 12(1), 103; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos12010103 - 12 Jan 2021

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 3123

Abstract

Concentrations of critical aerial pollutants within animal farms are important to the health of animals and farm staff and can be reduced via manure management, ventilation control, and barn design. This study characterized measurements of ammonia (NH₃), total suspended particle (TSP), [...] Read more.

Concentrations of critical aerial pollutants within animal farms are important to the health of animals and farm staff and can be reduced via manure management, ventilation control, and barn design. This study characterized measurements of ammonia (NH₃), total suspended particle (TSP), and airborne microbial communities of a large-scale pig-fattening house, as well as their correlations with environmental variables in Southwestern China. Monitoring was conducted for 15 consecutive days during both August and January, at various locations inside the pig house. The concentrations of NH₃ and TSP averaged 3.22 and 0.55 mg m⁻³, respectively, while the average number of airborne microbial colonies was 3.91 log cfu m⁻³. The aerial pollutant concentrations displayed significant seasonal differences (p < 0.05). Specifically, concentrations in winter were significantly higher than those in summer (p < 0.05), and the 07:00 measurements were the highest among the three measurement times. The concentrations were significantly correlated with indoor temperature and relative humidity. In summer, TSP concentration was negatively correlated with temperature (correlation coefficient = −0.732), while NH₃ concentration was positively correlated with temperature (correlation coefficient = 0.58). In winter, TSP and NH₃ concentrations were negatively correlated with relative humidity (correlation coefficients = −0.739 and −0.713, respectively), while the airborne microbial colonies were not correlated with either humidity or temperature in summer or winter. These findings confirm that the aerial pollutant concentrations in a Southwestern China pig-fattening house exhibited significant seasonal and diurnal variations. Air quality can be improved by more precise ventilation control as observed by the correlation of concentrations with ventilation control, indoor temperature, and humidity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Livestock Odor and Air Quality)

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11 pages, 1269 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Mitigation of Gaseous Emissions from Stored Swine Manure with Biochar: Effect of Dose and Reapplication on a Pilot-Scale

by Baitong Chen, Jacek A. Koziel, Chumki Banik, Hantian Ma, Myeongseong Lee, Samuel C. O’Brien, Peiyang Li, Daniel S. Andersen, Andrzej Białowiec and Robert C. Brown

Atmosphere 2021, 12(1), 96; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos12010096 - 11 Jan 2021

Cited by 15 | Viewed by 3838

Abstract

Rural communities are affected by gaseous emissions from intensive livestock production. Practical mitigation technologies are needed to minimize emissions from stored manure and improve air quality inside barns. In our previous research, the one-time surficial application of biochar to swine manure significantly reduced [...] Read more.

Rural communities are affected by gaseous emissions from intensive livestock production. Practical mitigation technologies are needed to minimize emissions from stored manure and improve air quality inside barns. In our previous research, the one-time surficial application of biochar to swine manure significantly reduced emissions of NH₃ and phenol. We observed that the mitigation effect decreased with time during the 30-day trials. In this research, we hypothesized that bi-weekly reapplication of biochar could improve the mitigation effect on a wider range of odorous compounds using a larger scale and longer trials. The objective was to evaluate the effectiveness of biochar dose and reapplication on mitigation of targeted gases (NH₃, odorous, volatile organic compounds VOCs, odor, greenhouse gases (GHG)) from stored swine manure on a pilot-scale setup over 8-weeks. The bi-weekly reapplication of the lower biochar dose (2 kg/m²) showed much higher significant percentage reductions in emissions for NH₃ (33% without and 53% with reapplication) and skatole (42% without and 80% with reapplication), respectively. In addition, the reapplication resulted in the emergence of a statistical significance to the mitigation effect for all other targeted VOCs. Specifically, for indole, the percentage reduction improved from 38% (p = 0.47, without reapplication) to 78% (p = 0.018, with reapplication). For phenol, the percentage reduction improved from 28% (p = 0.71, without reapplication) to 89% (p = 0.005, with reapplication). For p-cresol, the percentage reduction improved from 31% (p = 0.86, without reapplication) to 74% (p = 0.028, with reapplication). For 4-ethyl phenol, the percentage emissions reduction improved from 66% (p = 0.44, without reapplication) to 87% (p = 0.007, with reapplication). The one-time 2 kg/m² and 4 kg/m² treatments showed similar effectiveness in mitigating all targeted gases, and no statistical difference was found between the dosages. The one-time treatments showed significant percentage reductions of 33% and 42% and 25% and 48% for NH₃ and skatole, respectively. The practical significance is that the higher (one-time) biochar dose may not necessarily result in improved performance over the 8-week manure storage, but the bi-weekly reapplication showed significant improvement in mitigating NH₃ and odorous VOCs. The lower dosages and the frequency of reapplication on the larger-scale should be explored to optimize biochar treatment and bring it closer to on-farm trials. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Livestock Odor and Air Quality)

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17 pages, 710 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Mitigation of Gaseous Emissions from Swine Manure with the Surficial Application of Biochars

by Zhanibek Meiirkhanuly, Jacek A. Koziel, Baitong Chen, Andrzej Białowiec, Myeongseong Lee, Jisoo Wi, Chumki Banik, Robert C. Brown and Santanu Bakshi

Atmosphere 2020, 11(11), 1179; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos11111179 - 1 Nov 2020

Cited by 23 | Viewed by 4679

Abstract

Environmental impact associated with odor and gaseous emissions from animal manure is one of the challenges for communities, farmers, and regulatory agencies. Microbe-based manure additives treatments are marketed and used by farmers for mitigation of emissions. However, their performance is difficult to assess [...] Read more.

Environmental impact associated with odor and gaseous emissions from animal manure is one of the challenges for communities, farmers, and regulatory agencies. Microbe-based manure additives treatments are marketed and used by farmers for mitigation of emissions. However, their performance is difficult to assess objectively. Thus, comprehensive, practical, and low-cost treatments are still in demand. We have been advancing such treatments based on physicochemical principles. The objective of this research was to test the effect of the surficial application of a thin layer (¼ inches; 6.3 mm) of biochar on the mitigation of gaseous emissions (as the percent reduction, % R) from swine manure. Two types of biochar were tested: highly alkaline and porous (HAP) biochar made from corn stover and red oak (RO), both with different pH and morphology. Three 30-day trials were conducted with a layer of HAP and RO (2.0 & 1.65 kg∙m⁻², respectively) applied on manure surface, and emissions of ammonia (NH₃), hydrogen sulfide (H₂S), greenhouse gases (GHG), and odorous volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were measured. The manure and biochar type and properties had an impact on the mitigation effect and its duration. RO significantly reduced NH₃ (19–39%) and p-cresol (66–78%). H₂S was mitigated (16~23%), but not significantly for all trials. The phenolic VOCs had relatively high % R in most trials but not significantly for all trials. HAP reduced NH₃ (4~21%) and H₂S (2~22%), but not significantly for all trials. Significant % R for p-cresol (91~97%) and skatole (74~95%) were observed for all trials. The % R for phenol and indole ranged from (60~99%) and (29~94%) but was not significant for all trials. The impact on GHGs, isobutyric acid, and the odor was mixed with some mitigation and generation effects. However, larger-scale experiments are needed to understand how biochar properties and the dose and frequency of application can be optimized to mitigate odor and gaseous emissions from swine manure. The lessons learned can also be applicable to surficial biochar treatment of gaseous emissions from other waste and area sources. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Livestock Odor and Air Quality)

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16 pages, 2563 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Ammonia Emissions from Differing Manure Storage Facilities at Two Midwestern Free-Stall Dairies

by Richard H. Grant and Matthew T. Boehm

Atmosphere 2020, 11(10), 1108; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos11101108 - 16 Oct 2020

Cited by 14 | Viewed by 2653

Abstract

Dairies contribute a major portion of agricultural ammonia emissions in the United States. Emissions were monitored over two years from an anaerobic lagoon receiving manure from cows in the milking parlor and holding area in Indiana (IN), USA and a storage basin receiving [...] Read more.

Dairies contribute a major portion of agricultural ammonia emissions in the United States. Emissions were monitored over two years from an anaerobic lagoon receiving manure from cows in the milking parlor and holding area in Indiana (IN), USA and a storage basin receiving manure from cows in barns as well as the milking parlor and holding area in Wisconsin (WI), USA. Emissions were monitored using open-path tunable diode lasers, sonic anemometers, and two emission models. The mean annual daily emissions at the WI storage basins (30 µg m⁻² s⁻¹) was nearly equal to that at the IN lagoon (27 µg m⁻² s⁻¹). The mean annual daily ammonia (NH₃) emissions on a per animal basis were greater at the WI basins (33 g NH₃ hd⁻¹ d⁻¹; 26 g NH₃ AU⁻¹ d⁻¹) (hd = animal; AU = 500 kg animal mass) than at the IN lagoon (9 g NH₃ hd⁻¹ d⁻¹; 7 g NH₃ AU⁻¹ d⁻¹). Emissions from both storage systems were highest in the summer, lowest in the winter, and similar during the spring and fall. Emissions were strongly correlated with air temperature and weakly correlated with wind conditions. Greater emissions at the WI basins appeared to be related primarily to the characteristics of the stored manure. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Livestock Odor and Air Quality)

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16 pages, 3516 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Ammonia Emission Characteristics of a Mechanically Ventilated Swine Finishing Facility in Korea

by Gwanggon Jo, Taehwan Ha, Yu Na Jang, Okhwa Hwang, Siyoung Seo, Saem Ee Woo, Sojin Lee, Dahye Kim and Minwoong Jung

Atmosphere 2020, 11(10), 1088; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos11101088 - 13 Oct 2020

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 3546

Abstract

In this study, we aimed to determine the ammonia emission characteristics through analysis of ammonia concentration, ventilation rate, temperature, and relative humidity pattern in a mechanically ventilated swine finishing facility in Korea. Three pig rooms with similar environmental conditions were selected for repeated [...] Read more.

In this study, we aimed to determine the ammonia emission characteristics through analysis of ammonia concentration, ventilation rate, temperature, and relative humidity pattern in a mechanically ventilated swine finishing facility in Korea. Three pig rooms with similar environmental conditions were selected for repeated experimentation (Rooms A–C). Ammonia concentrations were measured using a photoacoustic gas monitor, and ventilation volume was estimated by applying the least error statistical model to supplement the missing data after measurement at several operation rates using a wind tunnel-based method. The mean ammonia concentrations were 4.19 ppm, and the ventilation rates were 24.9 m³ h⁻¹ pig⁻¹. Ammonia emissions were calculated within the range of 0.40–5.01, 0.25–4.16, and 0.37–5.68 g d⁻¹ pig⁻¹ for Room A, Room B, and Room C, respectively. Ammonia concentration and ventilation rate showed a weak negative correlation (r = −0.13). Ammonia emissions were more markedly affected by ammonia concentration (r = 0.88) than ventilation rate (r = 0.31). This indicates that ammonia concentration reduction can be effective in reducing ammonia emissions. The mean daily ammonia emissions, which increased exponentially over the finishing periods, were calculated as 1.78, 1.57, and 1.70 g d⁻¹ pig⁻¹ for Room A, Room B, and Room C, respectively (average 1.68 g d⁻¹ pig⁻¹). Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Livestock Odor and Air Quality)

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18 pages, 3299 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Ammonia Emissions from a Western Open-Lot Dairy

by Richard H. Grant, Matthew T. Boehm and G. Robert Hagevoort

Atmosphere 2020, 11(9), 913; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos11090913 - 27 Aug 2020

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2798

Abstract

Manure on dairies is the second largest agricultural source of ammonia emissions. Ammonia (NH₃) emissions were measured at a 3400-cow open-lot dairy in Texas using a backward Lagrangian Stochastic model in combination with measurements from long-path tunable diode lasers and on-site [...] Read more.

Manure on dairies is the second largest agricultural source of ammonia emissions. Ammonia (NH₃) emissions were measured at a 3400-cow open-lot dairy in Texas using a backward Lagrangian Stochastic model in combination with measurements from long-path tunable diode lasers and on-site sonic anemometers. Measurements were made for multiple weeks at a time for most seasons over two years. Both 30-min and daily average emissions were influenced by air temperature consistent with a van ’t Hoff equation. Emissions were also linearly related to saturation vapor density deficit. The influence of temperature on NH₃ solubility, expressed by the van ’t Hoff temperature correction function, decreased as the water vapor deficit increased. The mean annual daily NH₃ emissions at the farm was estimated at 82 g NH₃ d⁻¹ per animal (105 g NH₃ AU⁻¹ d⁻¹, 1 AU = 500 kg) with mean emission during the summer of 124 g NH₃ d⁻¹ per animal (159 g NH₃ AU⁻¹ d⁻¹). A distinct diurnal pattern in NH₃ emissions was consistent with diurnal patterns in wind speed, saturation vapor density deficit and air temperature. The mean daytime emissions were twice the mean nighttime emissions. Additional studies are needed to evaluate the frequency of high emission days during the summer. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Livestock Odor and Air Quality)

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14 pages, 674 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Influence of the Mineral–Microbial Deodorizing Preparation on Ammonia Emission and Growth Performance in Turkey Production

by Remigiusz Gałęcki, Michał Dąbrowski, Tadeusz Bakuła, Kazimierz Obremski, Mirosław Baranowski, Adriana Nowak and Beata Gutarowska

Atmosphere 2020, 11(7), 743; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos11070743 - 13 Jul 2020

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2958

Abstract

In our previous in vitro research and also in laying hen production, attempts were made to minimise ammonia emissions in poultry houses with the use of Deodoric^® biopreparation. The objective of the present research was to evaluate the influence of the Deodoric [...] Read more.

In our previous in vitro research and also in laying hen production, attempts were made to minimise ammonia emissions in poultry houses with the use of Deodoric^® biopreparation. The objective of the present research was to evaluate the influence of the Deodoric^® on ammonia (NH₃) emission and turkey growth performance in a semi-industrial production system. Significant differences in NH₃ emission (p-value < 0.001), body weight (p-value < 0.001) and relative humidity (p-value < 0.001) were observed between the control group (C) and the experimental group (E) where Deodoric® was applied. In group C, an increase in ammonia concentration in air could have contributed to a decrease in the body weight of turkeys, but the above correlation was not observed in group E. In the control group, a relatively strong correlation between NH₃ emission and temperature (p-value = 0.0009; r = 0.74) and moderate correlations between NH₃ emission vs. relative humidity (p-value = 0.01; r = 0.59), air speed (p-value = 0.015; r = 0.60) and cooling (p-value = 0.005; r = 0.66) were noted. Studied correlations were not observed in group E. The preparation did not affect microbial levels in manure or body samples. Throughout the experiment, significant differences in the number of mesophilic bacteria (for the model: F = 46.14, p-value = 0.09; for mesophilic microorganisms: F = 3.29, p-value = 0.045) and Campylobacter spp. (for the model: F = 24.96, p-value = 0.008; for Campylobacter spp.: F = 0.25, p-value = 0.64) were not observed between group C and group E. The administration of Deodoric^® to manure decreased NH₃ concentration in the air and increased weight gains in the experimental group of turkeys relative to group C. Preparation may be applied in poultry farms to improve poultry farming conditions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Livestock Odor and Air Quality)

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19 pages, 5160 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Treated Manure Conditions on Ammonia and Hydrogen Sulfide Emissions from a Swine Finishing Barn Equipped with Semicontinuous Pit Recharge System in Summer

by Jisoo Wi, Seunghun Lee, Eunjong Kim, Myeongseong Lee, Jacek A. Koziel and Heekwon Ahn

Atmosphere 2020, 11(7), 713; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos11070713 - 3 Jul 2020

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 4452

Abstract

Gaseous emissions from animal production systems affect the local and regional air quality. Proven farm-scale mitigation technologies are needed to lower these emissions and to provide management practices that are feasible and sustainable. In this research, we evaluate the performance of a unique [...] Read more.

Gaseous emissions from animal production systems affect the local and regional air quality. Proven farm-scale mitigation technologies are needed to lower these emissions and to provide management practices that are feasible and sustainable. In this research, we evaluate the performance of a unique approach that simultaneously mitigates emissions and improves air quality inside a barn equipped with a manure pit recharge system. Specifically, we tested the effects of summertime feeding rations (used by farmers to cope with animal heat stress) and manure management. To date, the pit recharge system has been proven to be effective in mitigating both ammonia (NH₃; approximately 53%) and hydrogen sulfide (H₂S; approximately 84%) emissions during mild climate conditions. However, its performance during the hot season with a high crude protein diet and high nitrogen loading into the pit manure recharge system is unknown. Therefore, we compared the emissions and indoor air quality of the rooms (240 pigs, ~80 kg each) equipped with a conventional slurry and pit recharge system. The main findings highlight the importance and impact of seasonal variation and diet and manure management practices. We observed 31% greater NH₃ emissions from the pit recharge system (33.7 ± 1.4 g·head⁻¹·day⁻¹) compared with a conventional slurry system (25.9 ± 2.4 g·head⁻¹·day⁻¹). Additionally, the NH₃ concentration inside the barn was higher (by 24%) in the pit recharge system compared with the control. On the other hand, H₂S emissions were 55% lower in the pit recharge system (628 ± 47 mg·head⁻¹·day⁻¹) compared with a conventional slurry pit (1400 ± 132 mg·head⁻¹·day⁻¹). Additionally, the H₂S concentration inside the barn was lower (by 54%) in the pit recharge system compared with the control. The characteristics of the pit recharge liquid (i.e., aerobically treated manure), such as the total nitrogen (TN) and ammonium N (NH₄-N) contents, contributed to the higher NH₃ emissions from the pit recharge system in summer. However, their influence on H₂S emissions had a relatively low impact, i.e., emissions were still reduced, similarly as they were in mild climate conditions. Overall, it is necessary to consider a seasonal diet and manure management practices when evaluating emissions and indoor air quality. Further research on minimizing the seasonal nitrogen loading and optimizing pit recharge manure characteristics is warranted. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Livestock Odor and Air Quality)

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15 pages, 222 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Reflections on Odor Management for Animal Feeding Operations

by Kevin Janni

Atmosphere 2020, 11(5), 453; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos11050453 - 30 Apr 2020

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 5195

Abstract

Most animal feeding operation owners recognize that they need to manage odors from their operations as part of their social relationship with their neighbors and local community. That was not always the case. Odors, whether pleasant or unpleasant, can evoke strong emotions and [...] Read more.

Most animal feeding operation owners recognize that they need to manage odors from their operations as part of their social relationship with their neighbors and local community. That was not always the case. Odors, whether pleasant or unpleasant, can evoke strong emotions and physiological responses. Odors from animal feeding operations are normally considered unpleasant and offensive if strong smelling and smelled often or for long periods of time. Animal feeding operation owners need to be aware of their odor emissions and the impacts the odors have on their neighbors and community. Good neighbor relations and effective communications can help identify odor problems and communicate what is being done to manage them. Odor management research and education includes odor basics, key processes including generation, emissions and dispersion, impacts, community and neighbor relations, and numerous mitigation practices. Animal feeding operation owners considering practices to reduce odor emissions or their impacts need to weigh the costs, expected effectiveness, and how the practice fits into the overall operation. Policymakers need science-based information to make informed decisions that balance the concerns and needs of neighbors and the community and the businesswomen and men that own and operate the animal feeding operations. This paper provides a broad overview of animal feeding operation odors and odor management. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Livestock Odor and Air Quality)

30 pages, 8900 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of UV-A Light Treatment on Ammonia, Hydrogen Sulfide, Greenhouse Gases, and Ozone in Simulated Poultry Barn Conditions

by Myeongseong Lee, Jisoo Wi, Jacek A. Koziel, Heekwon Ahn, Peiyang Li, Baitong Chen, Zhanibek Meiirkhanuly, Chumki Banik and William Jenks

Atmosphere 2020, 11(3), 283; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos11030283 - 14 Mar 2020

Cited by 32 | Viewed by 6302

Abstract

Gaseous emissions, a side effect of livestock and poultry production, need to be mitigated to improve sustainability. Emissions of ammonia (NH₃), hydrogen sulfide (H₂S), greenhouse gases (GHGs), and odorous volatile organic compounds (VOCs) have a detrimental effect on the [...] Read more.

Gaseous emissions, a side effect of livestock and poultry production, need to be mitigated to improve sustainability. Emissions of ammonia (NH₃), hydrogen sulfide (H₂S), greenhouse gases (GHGs), and odorous volatile organic compounds (VOCs) have a detrimental effect on the environment, climate, and quality of life in rural communities. We are building on previous research to bring advanced oxidation technologies from the lab to the farm. To date, we have shown that ultraviolet A (UV-A) has the potential to mitigate selected odorous gases and GHGs in the context of swine production. Much less research on emissions mitigation has been conducted in the context of poultry production. Thus, the study objective was to investigate whether the UV-A can mitigate NH₃, H₂S, GHGs, and O₃ in the simulated poultry barn environment. The effects of several variables were tested: the presence of photocatalyst, relative humidity, treatment time, and dust accumulation under two different light intensities (facilitated with fluorescent and light-emitting diode, LED, lamps). The results provide evidence that photocatalysis with TiO₂ coating and UV-A light can reduce gas concentrations of NH₃, CO₂, N₂O, and O₃, without a significant effect on H₂S and CH₄. The particular % reduction depends on the presence of photocatalysts, relative humidity (RH), light type (intensity), treatment time, and dust accumulation on the photocatalyst surface. In the case of NH₃, the reduction varied from 2.6–18.7% and was affected by RH and light intensity. The % reduction of NH₃ was the highest at 12% RH and increased with treatment time and light intensity. The % reduction of NH₃ decreased with the accumulation of poultry dust. The % reduction for H₂S had no statistical difference under any experimental conditions. The proposed treatment of NH₃ and H₂S was evaluated for a potential impact on important ambient air quality parameters, the possibility of simultaneously mitigating or generating GHGs. There was no statistically significant change in CH₄ concentrations under any experimental conditions. CO₂ was reduced at 3.8%–4.4%. N₂O and O₃ concentrations were reduced by both direct photolysis and photocatalysis, with the latter having greater % reductions. As much as 6.9–12.2% of the statistically-significant mitigation of N₂O was observed. The % reduction for O₃ ranged from 12.4–48.4%. The results warrant scaling up to a pilot-scale where the technology could be evaluated with economic analyses. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Livestock Odor and Air Quality)

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14 pages, 1266 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of a New Manure Amendment on Ammonia Emissions from Poultry Litter

by Kelsey Anderson, Philip A. Moore, Jr., Jerry Martin and Amanda J. Ashworth

Atmosphere 2020, 11(3), 257; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos11030257 - 5 Mar 2020

Cited by 14 | Viewed by 4553

Abstract

Treating manure with aluminum sulfate (alum) is a best management practice (BMP) which reduces ammonia (NH₃) emissions and phosphorus (P) runoff from poultry litter. However, the price of alum has increased markedly in recent years, creating a need for less expensive [...] Read more.

Treating manure with aluminum sulfate (alum) is a best management practice (BMP) which reduces ammonia (NH₃) emissions and phosphorus (P) runoff from poultry litter. However, the price of alum has increased markedly in recent years, creating a need for less expensive products to control NH₃ volatilization. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of a new litter amendment made from alum mud, bauxite, and sulfuric acid (alum mud litter amendment or AMLA) on NH₃ emissions, litter chemistry, and poultry production in a pen trial. Three separate flocks of 1000 broilers were used for this study. The first flock of birds was used to produce the poultry litter needed for the experiment. The second and third flocks of birds were allocated to 20 pens in a randomized block design with four replicates of five treatments: (1) control, (2) 49 kg AMLA/100 m² incorporated, (3) 98 kg AMLA/100 m² incorporated, (4) 98 kg AMLA/100 m² surface applied, and (5) 98 kg alum/100 m² incorporated. Ammonia flux measurements and litter samples were collected from each pen at day 0, 7, 14, 21, 28, 35, and 42. The average litter pH for both flocks was higher in untreated litter (7.92) compared to incorporating alum (7.32) or AMLA (7.18). The two flocks’ average NH₄-N concentrations at day 42 were 38% and 30% higher for the high rates of incorporated alum and AMLA compared to the untreated litter. Compared with untreated litter, AMLA reduced overall NH₃ emissions by 27% to 52% which was not significantly different from reductions in emissions by alum (35%). Alum mud litter amendment reduced cumulative NH₃ losses from litter as much as, and in some cases more than, alum applied at the same rate. These data indicate that AMLA, which can be manufactured for lower price than alum, is an effective alternative litter amendment for reducing NH₃ emissions from poultry litter. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Livestock Odor and Air Quality)

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15 pages, 3231 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Comparison of Hydrogen Sulfide Concentrations and Odor Annoyance Frequency Predictions Downwind from Livestock Facilities

by Suraiya Akter and Erin L. Cortus

Atmosphere 2020, 11(3), 249; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos11030249 - 2 Mar 2020

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 3025

Abstract

Estimating and measuring the occurrence of a sensation, odor, around livestock facilities is challenging. This research compares the estimated frequency of odor nuisance with measured hydrogen sulfide (H₂S) concentrations at various distances around a swine and a dairy operation, and discusses [...] Read more.

Estimating and measuring the occurrence of a sensation, odor, around livestock facilities is challenging. This research compares the estimated frequency of odor nuisance with measured hydrogen sulfide (H₂S) concentrations at various distances around a swine and a dairy operation, and discusses the results based on time of day, weather conditions, distance, and topography. The estimated odor annoyance-free and odor annoyance frequencies were based on a publically available calculator of odor impact derived from average odor emission rates, historical, and regional weather patterns, and dispersion modeling. Continuous monitoring of H₂S was by single point monitors (SPM) at locations around the operations. Time-weighted average H₂S concentrations were less than 10 ppb for odor annoyance-free frequencies, and less than 10 to at least 73 ppb for odor-annoyance frequencies. Verifying a proxy odor indicator can help update odor annoyance models and respond to site-specific concerns for existing facilities. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Livestock Odor and Air Quality)

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5 pages, 544 KiB

Open AccessCommunication

Suitability of Different Filling Materials for a Biofilter at a Broiler Fattening Facility in Terms of Ammonia and Odour Reduction

by Carolina Strohmaier, Manuel S. Krommweh and Wolfgang Büscher

Atmosphere 2020, 11(1), 13; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos11010013 - 21 Dec 2019

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2456

Abstract

A two-stage exhaust air treatment system installed at a broiler fattening facility with 40,000 animals was investigated. The facility’s exhaust air was treated first by use of a chemo-scrubber (stage 1) and afterwards by a vertical biofilter (stage 2). The biofilter was equipped [...] Read more.

A two-stage exhaust air treatment system installed at a broiler fattening facility with 40,000 animals was investigated. The facility’s exhaust air was treated first by use of a chemo-scrubber (stage 1) and afterwards by a vertical biofilter (stage 2). The biofilter was equipped with root wood and honeycombed paper pad layers (half/half) to enable a direct comparison of both filter materials’ suitability. Odour samples were taken on site and afterwards analysed at an olfactometry laboratory. Ammonia concentration values were collected continuously using a photoacoustic multi-gas monitor. High mitigation performance was achieved with both filter materials, with the honeycombed paper pad layer being less susceptible to fungal growth than the root wood filter. Cellulose seems to be a proper alternative for use in biofilters, but further research is needed to estimate the long-term stability of this material. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Livestock Odor and Air Quality)

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10 pages, 734 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Influence of the Mineral-Microbial Preparation on Ammonia Concentration and Productivity in Laying Hens Houses

by Remigiusz Gałęcki, Michał Dąbrowski, Tadeusz Bakuła, Kazimierz Obremski, Adriana Nowak and Beata Gutarowska

Atmosphere 2019, 10(12), 751; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos10120751 - 28 Nov 2019

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2426

Abstract

The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of the biopreparation Deodoric^® on ammonia (NH₃) concentration, performance, and hygiene standards in laying hen (ROSS-308) production. Statistically significant differences in NH₃ concentration and the body weight of laying [...] Read more.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of the biopreparation Deodoric^® on ammonia (NH₃) concentration, performance, and hygiene standards in laying hen (ROSS-308) production. Statistically significant differences in NH₃ concentration and the body weight of laying hens were observed between the control group (C) and the experimental group (E) where Deodoric^® was applied at the set dose. In the control group, an increase in NH₃ concentration could have contributed to the decrease in the body weight of laying hens, egg production, and % hen day egg production, whereas no such correlations were observed in the experimental group. A moderate linear correlation between NH₃ concentration vs. humidity (r = 0.68), air flow (r = 0.48) and weakly linear correlation between NH₃ concentration and age of birds (r = 0.27) was noted in group C. In group E, NH₃ concentration vs. temperature (r = 0.27) and humidity (r = 0.14) were weakly correlated. Statistical analysis of changes in the microbial counts isolated from manure revealed a significant decrease of mesophilic microorganisms on day 28 decrease of Campylobacter spp. days 14 and 84 in group E. However, for the entire experimental model no statistically significant changes in the number of Campylobacter spp. and mesophilic bacteria were found. The tested preparation did not cause changes in the microbial composition of tissue swabs. Deodoric^® contributes to animal welfare by reducing the ammonia concentrations in poultry houses. It is also recommended for use in poultry farms to improve animal health and performance and to generate benefits for producers. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Livestock Odor and Air Quality)

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11 pages, 1089 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Characterization of Volatile Organic Compound (VOC) Emissions from Swine Manure Biogas Digestate Storage

by Yu Zhang, Zhiping Zhu, Yunhao Zheng, Yongxing Chen, Fubin Yin, Wanqin Zhang, Hongmin Dong and Hongwei Xin

Atmosphere 2019, 10(7), 411; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos10070411 - 18 Jul 2019

Cited by 17 | Viewed by 6364

Abstract

Livestock manure is one of the major sources of volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions; however, characteristics of VOCs emitted from biogas digestate (BD) storage, which is a common manure practice, remain unclear. The objective of this study was to characterize VOC emissions during [...] Read more.

Livestock manure is one of the major sources of volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions; however, characteristics of VOCs emitted from biogas digestate (BD) storage, which is a common manure practice, remain unclear. The objective of this study was to characterize VOC emissions during BD storage through the dynamic emission vessel method, to identify the VOC emissions that have potential odor and/or toxic effects. The results revealed the detection of 49 VOCs with seven classes, whose total concentration varied from 171.35 to 523.71 μg m⁻³. The key classes of the 49 VOCs included Oxygenated VOCs (OVOCs), olefins and halogenated hydrocarbons. The top four compositions, accounting for 74.38% of total VOCs (TVOCs), included ethanol, propylene, acetone and 2-butanone. The top four odorous VOCs, accounting for only 5.15% of the TVOCs, were toluene, carbon disulfide, ethyl acetate and methyl sulfide, with the concentration ranging from 13.25 to 18.06 μg m⁻³. Finally, 11 main hazardous air pollutant VOCs, accounting for 32.77% of the TVOCs, were propylene, 2-butanone, toluene, methyl methacrylate, etc., with the concentration ranging from 81.05 to 116.96 μg m⁻³. Results could contribute to filling the knowledge gaps in the characteristics of VOC emissions from biogas digestate (BD), and provide a basis for exploring mitigation strategies on odor and hazardous air pollutions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Livestock Odor and Air Quality)

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13 pages, 3684 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Ammonia Emissions Measured Using Two Different GasFinder Open-Path Lasers

by Hambaliou Baldé, Andrew VanderZaag, Ward Smith and Raymond L. Desjardins

Atmosphere 2019, 10(5), 261; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos10050261 - 10 May 2019

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 3494

Abstract

The challenges of accurately measuring in situ ammonia (NH₃) losses from agricultural systems are well known. Using an open path laser coupled with a backward Lagrangian stochastic dispersion model is a promising approach for quantifying both point- and area-sources; however, this [...] Read more.

The challenges of accurately measuring in situ ammonia (NH₃) losses from agricultural systems are well known. Using an open path laser coupled with a backward Lagrangian stochastic dispersion model is a promising approach for quantifying both point- and area-sources; however, this approach requires the open path laser to detect low NH₃ concentrations and small concentration differences. In this study, we compared the new GasFinder3 open path laser (Boreal laser Inc., Edmonton, Canada) with the GasFinder2 sensor, the previous version. The study took place at two locations: an outdoor open-air manure compost site, and a field of wheat stubble which was fertilized with urea ammonium nitrate. Results showed the two lasers reported similar concentrations during three days of measurements at the compost site, but differed at the field site, where concentrations were close to the minimum detection limit. The GasFinder3 had a lower standard deviation under all conditions, especially with low wind speed and high relative humidity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Livestock Odor and Air Quality)

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18 pages, 5724 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluation of Semi-Continuous Pit Manure Recharge System Performance on Mitigation of Ammonia and Hydrogen Sulfide Emissions from a Swine Finishing Barn

by Jisoo Wi, Seunghun Lee, Eunjong Kim, Myeongseong Lee, Jacek A. Koziel and Heekwon Ahn

Atmosphere 2019, 10(4), 170; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos10040170 - 30 Mar 2019

Cited by 32 | Viewed by 10233

Abstract

In this research, for the first time, we present the evaluation of a semi-continuous pit manure recharge system on the mitigation of ammonia (NH₃) and hydrogen sulfide (H₂S) emissions from a swine finisher barn. The pit recharge system is [...] Read more.

In this research, for the first time, we present the evaluation of a semi-continuous pit manure recharge system on the mitigation of ammonia (NH₃) and hydrogen sulfide (H₂S) emissions from a swine finisher barn. The pit recharge system is practiced on many swine farms in the Republic of Korea, primarily for improving air quality in the barn. It consists of an integrated waste management system where the fraction of stored manure is pumped out (10× of the daily production of manure, 3× a day); solids are separated and composted, while the aerobically treated liquid fraction is then returned to the pit. We compared emissions from two 240-pig rooms, one equipped with a pit recharge system, and the other operating a conventional slurry pit under the slatted floor. Mean reduction of NH₃ and H₂S emissions were 49 ± 6% and 82 ± 7%, respectively, over 14 days of measurements. The removal efficiency of H₂S was higher than NH₃, likely because the pH of aerobically treated liquid manure remained slightly above 8. More work is warranted to assess the N balance in this system and the emissions of odor and greenhouse gasses (GHGs). It is also expected that it will be possible to control the NH₃ and H₂S removal rates by controlling the nitrification level of the liquid manure in the aerobic treatment system. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Livestock Odor and Air Quality)

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