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The Role of Maritime Transport, Ports and Shipyards on Air...
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The Role of Maritime Transport, Ports and Shipyards on Air Quality and Other Environmental Components

A special issue of Atmosphere (ISSN 2073-4433). This special issue belongs to the section "Air Quality".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 October 2022) | Viewed by 17281

Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Anita Lewandowska

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Marine Chemistry and Environmental Protection Department, Faculty of Oceanography and Geography, University of Gdańsk, 81-378 Gdynia, Poland
Interests: aerosols; bioaerosols; air quality; toxic substances; urban air; indoor air; deposition
Dr. Sagnik Dey

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Centre for Atmospheric Sciences and Centre of Excellence for Research on Clean Air (CERCA), IIT Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016, India
Interests: air pollution and its impact on climate; aerosol-cloud-climate interaction; remote sensing of Earth’s environment; health impacts of air pollution and climate change
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Emissions from the marine transport sector significantly contribute to global air pollution and are responsible for air quality degradation in coastal zones. Shipping activities in port areas and in the seas, especially those of a shelf character, generate many negative impacts on climate and human health. The negative role of ports and shipyards on the quality of water and sediment in their immediate vicinity should not be forgotten, either. Given the continuous growth of ship traffic and the geographical expansion of waterways and ports, much effort has already been made, e.g., through introducing international regulations, aimed at reducing emission from marine transport to the atmosphere. That is why, at present, it seems to be necessary, more than ever before, to evaluate the environmental impact of emission from ships as well as daily ports and shipyards activities on air quality and its further consequences for the environment. 

We welcome papers dealing with research focusing on:

  • Air quality in ports and shipyards;
  • Distribution of pollutants emitted in shipyards and ports to remote areas;
  • Fluxes of substances of maritime transport origin introduced with wet and dry deposition into the coastal regions;
  • Determining the role of emissions from maritime transport and daily activities carried out in ports and shipyards on the quality of water and port sediments and the functioning of the organisms living in them;
  • Establishing whether the introduced legal regulations have started to bring beneficial effects for the natural environment.

Prof. Dr. Anita Lewandowska 
Dr. Sagnik Dey
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

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Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Atmosphere is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2400 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • ports
  • shipyards
  • ship emissions
  • air quality
  • chemical tracers of port activity and shipping emissions
  • water and port sediment pollution
  • impact on living organisms
  • solutions for the future

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Published Papers (6 papers)

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Research

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21 pages, 5847 KiB  
Article
Sea Port SO2 Atmospheric Emissions Influence on Air Quality and Exposure at Veracruz, Mexico
by Gilberto Fuentes García, Rodolfo Sosa Echeverría, Agustín García Reynoso, José María Baldasano Recio, Víctor Magaña Rueda, Armando Retama Hernández and Jonathan D. W. Kahl
Atmosphere 2022, 13(12), 1950; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos13121950 - 23 Nov 2022
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2429
Abstract
In this work, we identify the current atmospheric sulfur dioxide emissions of the Veracruz port, an important Mexican seaport experiencing rapid growth, and its influence on the surrounding areas. Sulfur dioxide emissions based on port activity, as well as meteorology and air quality [...] Read more.
In this work, we identify the current atmospheric sulfur dioxide emissions of the Veracruz port, an important Mexican seaport experiencing rapid growth, and its influence on the surrounding areas. Sulfur dioxide emissions based on port activity, as well as meteorology and air quality simulations, are used to assess the impact. It was found that using marine fuel with low sulfur content reduces emissions by 88%. Atmospheric emission estimates based on the bottom-up methodology range from 3 to 7 Mg/year and can negatively impact air quality up to 3 km downwind. After evaluating different characteristics of vessels in CALPUFF, it was found that maximum sulfur dioxide concentrations ranging between 50 and 88 µg/m3 for a 24-h average occurred 500 m from the port. During 2019, five days had unsatisfactory air quality. The combination of a shallow planetary boundary layer, low wind speed, and large atmospheric emissions significantly degraded local air quality. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Role of Maritime Transport, Ports and Shipyards on Air Quality and Other Environmental Components)
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19 pages, 10475 KiB  
Article
Extreme Value Analysis of NOx Air Pollution in the Winter Seaport of Varna
by Yordan Garbatov, Petar Georgiev and Ivet Fuchedzhieva
Atmosphere 2022, 13(11), 1921; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos13111921 - 18 Nov 2022
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1885
Abstract
The work studies extreme pollution events and their return period in the winter seaport of Varna, providing information for decision-makers, government agencies and civil society on how the intensity of shipping traffic may impact the air pollution in the vicinity of the port. [...] Read more.
The work studies extreme pollution events and their return period in the winter seaport of Varna, providing information for decision-makers, government agencies and civil society on how the intensity of shipping traffic may impact the air pollution in the vicinity of the port. Extreme value analysis employing the Weibull distribution is applied to investigate air pollution and the probability of higher concentrations of oxides of nitrogen (NOx) generated by ships while queuing in the winter seaport. Potential cleaning of the air pollution generated by the anchored ships is introduced to meet the acceptable level of air pollution concentrations in coastal zones. The employed ship pollution cleaning and overall ship service costs are minimised to satisfy cleaner environmental conditions. The developed approach is adopted to analyse the air pollution of a port without a monitoring system to control and prevent pollution and with limited information on ship traffic and air pollution. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Role of Maritime Transport, Ports and Shipyards on Air Quality and Other Environmental Components)
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14 pages, 1637 KiB  
Article
Analysis of the Carbon Intensity of Container Shipping on Trunk Routes: Referring to the Decarbonization Trajectory of the Poseidon Principle
by Hui-Huang Tai, Yun-Hua Chang, Chin-Wei Chang and Yu-Meng Wang
Atmosphere 2022, 13(10), 1580; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos13101580 - 27 Sep 2022
Viewed by 2412
Abstract
Container shipping industries are highly capital intensive. If shipping carriers want to execute international shipping financing, they must follow the IMO emission reduction targets and meet the decarbonization trajectory of the Poseidon Principle (PP). This article used an activity-based model to calculate container [...] Read more.
Container shipping industries are highly capital intensive. If shipping carriers want to execute international shipping financing, they must follow the IMO emission reduction targets and meet the decarbonization trajectory of the Poseidon Principle (PP). This article used an activity-based model to calculate container shipping industry carbon emissions. It was found that the carbon intensity per unit for each ship was decreased because of the upsizing of container vessels and route deployment based on the alliance strategy. On the Asia–Europe (A/E) trunk route, as the ship size increased from 11,300 to 24,000 TEU, the results showed that the carbon intensity ranged from 6.48 to 3.06 g/ton-nm. It is also proven that the mega-container deployment on the A/E trunk route followed the decarbonization trajectory proposed by PP, while the Asia–Pacific trunk route was not fully in line with the trajectory of EEOI/AER. It is worth noting that starting from 2020, due to the COVID-19 pandemic, shipping companies deployed a higher number of small-size vessels to boost revenues, resulting in more pollutants produced and a mismatch of the trajectory proposed by PP. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Role of Maritime Transport, Ports and Shipyards on Air Quality and Other Environmental Components)
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16 pages, 5712 KiB  
Article
Air Pollution and Economic Impact from Ships Operating in the Port of Varna
by Yordan Garbatov and Petar Georgiev
Atmosphere 2022, 13(9), 1526; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos13091526 - 19 Sep 2022
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2510
Abstract
The present work develops a multidisciplinary approach for evaluating the air pollution and economic impact from ships operating in the port of Varna. The work collects and analyses automatic identification system (AIS) data of the arriving and queuing dry cargo ships in the [...] Read more.
The present work develops a multidisciplinary approach for evaluating the air pollution and economic impact from ships operating in the port of Varna. The work collects and analyses automatic identification system (AIS) data of the arriving and queuing dry cargo ships in the seaport of Varna in identifying the statistical descriptors of the length of the ships, gross tonnage (GT), and ship engine power. The queueing theory (QT) is employed to analyse the ship operations in a single queue and is processed by three parallel terminals, satisfying the port regulations. The Gaussian dispersion model (GDM) is adopted to predict the pollution concentration from ships arriving at the seaport, queuing, approaching, waiting, processing at the berth, and departing. The gas emission is estimated as a function of the ship movement trajectory, and the time duration at any stage is defined by QT for the most critical surrounding areas, considering the wind speed, as well as horizontal and vertical dispersion as a function of the location of the ship, accounting for the effective emission height, weather conditions, and speed. To mitigate the potential impact on health, the gas emissions of oxides of nitrogen (NOx), sulphur dioxide (SO2), and air-borne particles (PM10) generated by ships during the queuing and port operation are evaluated. Potential cleaning measures for any ship are implemented to satisfy the maximum allowable concentrations (MAC) in surrounding areas. The implemented ship pollution cleaning measures and overall ship and terminal operating costs are minimised to identify the most efficient berth operation. The developed approach is flexible and can be used for any particular conditions for ships operating in ports. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Role of Maritime Transport, Ports and Shipyards on Air Quality and Other Environmental Components)
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24 pages, 8378 KiB  
Article
The Use of the Novel Optical Method SEZO AM (WiRan Ltd.) for Measurements of Particulate Matter (PM10–2.5) in Port Areas-Case Study for Port of Gdynia (Poland)
by Martyna Malinowska, Anita U. Lewandowska, Maciej Król, Borys Lange and Michalina Bielawska
Atmosphere 2022, 13(4), 590; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos13040590 - 6 Apr 2022
Viewed by 1952
Abstract
From 1 March to 30 April and from 1 August to 30 September 2021, comparative studies of PM2.5 and PM10 concentrations were carried out in Gdynia. For intercalibration, a device was used that operates based on non-reference methodologies and without proven equivalence to [...] Read more.
From 1 March to 30 April and from 1 August to 30 September 2021, comparative studies of PM2.5 and PM10 concentrations were carried out in Gdynia. For intercalibration, a device was used that operates based on non-reference methodologies and without proven equivalence to the reference methodology (SEZO AM, WIRAN), and an EDM 180 analyzer (GRIMM) with certificates and approvals (US-EPA, UK-MCERTS, CN-CMA) was used. The aim of this research is to determine whether the SEZO AM device could be used in port areas for continuous PM2.5 and PM10 concentrations measurements. Two campaigns of two months allowed us to see a good agreement of the results achieved with both methods. The concordance of the results obtained from the SEZO AM and the EDM 180 methods amounted to between 78% and 94% for the PM2.5 and between 70% and 75% for the PM10. The comparison of two SEZO AM devices to a higher-class TSI OPS3330 reference in a measurement dust chamber showed a fit between 79% and 86% for the PM2.5 and between 81% and 86% for the PM10. This indicates the possibility of using this analyzer to measure the concentrations of PM2.5 and PM10 in the port atmosphere in which they were carried out. The preliminary analysis of meteorological parameters shows that the main potential impact on the concentration of the analyzed dust fractions measured by the SEZO AM method was relative humidity. The determination of the correction factor for the PM2.5 and PM10 concentrations and adding an inlet external cover contributed to a two-fold reduction in the analysis error and good concordance of the results, at a level of 93% for PM2.5 and 91% for PM10, without discarding any data. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Role of Maritime Transport, Ports and Shipyards on Air Quality and Other Environmental Components)
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Review

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22 pages, 7812 KiB  
Review
Environmental Viability Analysis of Connected European Inland–Marine Waterways and Their Services in View of Climate Change
by Sándor A. Némethy, Anna Ternell, Lennart Bornmalm, Bosse Lagerqvist and László Szemethy
Atmosphere 2022, 13(6), 951; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos13060951 - 10 Jun 2022
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 4629
Abstract
Inland waterways and their connections to marine transport systems constitute a substantial resource for the establishment of green infrastructures, flood prevention, and environmental conservation. However, these developments have numerous inherent environmental hazards such as water and air pollution, a loss of habitats, increased [...] Read more.
Inland waterways and their connections to marine transport systems constitute a substantial resource for the establishment of green infrastructures, flood prevention, and environmental conservation. However, these developments have numerous inherent environmental hazards such as water and air pollution, a loss of habitats, increased coastal erosion, the transfer of invasive species between connected watercourses and lakes, and the transport of pollutants through watercourses to coastal areas. Climate change may aggravate these environmental problems through changing temperatures, reduced precipitation, enhancing the adverse impact of excess nutrient discharge, and the entry of invasive species. In this study, we analyse the main European inland waterway corridors and their branches to assess the ecological viability of a pan-European inland waterway network. The environmental viability of such network depends on the right assessment of ecosystem services and protection of biodiversity. A model structure for landscape conservation, green infrastructure development, water replenishment, and ecosystem reconstruction is proposed, considering a sustainable combination of multimodal inland waterway and rail transport. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Role of Maritime Transport, Ports and Shipyards on Air Quality and Other Environmental Components)
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