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Wind-Wave Interaction
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Wind-Wave Interaction

A special issue of Atmosphere (ISSN 2073-4433). This special issue belongs to the section "Biosphere/Hydrosphere/Land–Atmosphere Interactions".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 August 2019) | Viewed by 19243

Special Issue Editor

Prof. Dr. Dmitry Chalikov

E-Mail
Guest Editor
P.P.Shirshov Institute of Oceanology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
Interests: numerical modelling of surface waves; boundary layer above and below waves
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

‘…it is the force of wind that makes the waves so great.’ (Homer, Iliad, Edition of 2000)  

The origin of sea waves was already understood by people more than two thousand years ago. However, the basic properties of wind–wave interaction processes that are valid over a wide range of wind speeds and wave sizes have not yet been determined in full on a solid basis. The most persistent demands for the development of calculation methods for a wind–wave interaction process have produced wave prediction technology. Spectral models are unable to improve the method of calculation of wind input, since this term competes with dissipation terms, which is even less investigated. Meanwhile, a success of the wind–wave forecast depends completely on the accurate input and output of energy.

Currently it is believed that the input energy to waves in some spectral interval is a linear function of the energy contained in this interval with a coefficientdepending on a ratio of normal to a wave crest value of wind velocity and phase speed . In fact, this rule follows from a linear Miles theory (Miles, 1955). Even using such a simple scheme causes considerable difficulties, since the function  is only known qualitatively.

The main wind–wave interaction mechanisms are concentrated very close to the moving interface, making it extremely difficult to carry out direct experimental measurements in the sea, especially under high wind. Most of the measurements are performed at levels higher than the wave crests, in fact, at heights where the difference between Wave Boundary Layer (WBL) and conventional Boundary Layer (BL) is not too large. The technical problems connected with taking measurements where they are actually required, i.e., very close to the surface, suggest that an adequate experimental solution may not be possible. Even laboratory data have to be often considered as qualitative, because of the problems associated with scaling and the small sizes of laboratory tanks.

The wind–wave interaction is a part of a more general problem of boundary layers in the air and water, separated by a moving interface. In order to accurately describe the interaction between wind and waves, it is necessary to obtain detailed information on: (1) the physics of wave drag and exchange by momentum, kinetic energy, heat and passive substances; (2) the spectral shape of a wind–wave interaction parameter and its asymptotic behavior both at high frequencies (a spectral tail) and low frequencies (long and fast waves); (3) its dependence on wave energy, stratification and gustiness; (4) its directional distribution; (5) a range of applicability for the quasi-linear representation of wind input; (6) the physics and statistics of wave breaking and its dependence on wave spectrum and wind. More generally, the modeling of the air–sea interaction processes also requires additional information on: (1) the influence of surface waves on the turbulent exchange of momentum, heat, mass and passive substances between the air and water; (2) the role of surface waves in the dynamics of WBL, the mixed layer (ML) and the upper thermocline (UT).

Тhe following topics are preferable:

 - Analyses of nature and laboratory experimental investigations of boundary layers above and below the wave interface.

 - The results of theoretical investigations and the numerical modeling of 1-D, 2-D and 3-D waves and boundary layers above and below wave interfaces.

References:

Homer (750BC-650BC), Iliad (2000) The Project Gutenberg Etext of The Iliad, by Homer
translated by Samuel Butler
Miles JW (1957) On the generation of surface waves by shear flows. J. Fluid Mech. 3, 185

Prof. Dr. Dmitry Chalikov
Guest Editor

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Published Papers (4 papers)

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Research

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30 pages, 4520 KiB  
Article
Parameterization of Wave Boundary Layer
by Dmitry Chalikov and Alexander V. Babanin
Atmosphere 2019, 10(11), 686; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos10110686 - 7 Nov 2019
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 3404
Abstract
It is known that drag coefficient varies in broad limits depending on wind velocity and wave age as well as on wave spectrum and some other parameters. All those effects produce large scatter of the drag coefficient, so, the data is plotted as [...] Read more.
It is known that drag coefficient varies in broad limits depending on wind velocity and wave age as well as on wave spectrum and some other parameters. All those effects produce large scatter of the drag coefficient, so, the data is plotted as a function of wind velocity forming a cloud of points with no distinct regularities. Such uncertainty can be overcome by the implementation of the WBL model instead of the calculations of drag with different formulas. The paper is devoted to the formulation of the Wave Boundary Layer (WBL) model for the parameterization of the ocean-atmosphere interactions in coupled ocean-atmosphere models and wave prediction models. The equations explicitly take into account the vertical flux of momentum generated by the wave-produced fluctuations of pressure, velocity and stresses (WPMF). Their surface values are calculated with the use of the spectral beta-functions whose expression was obtained by means of the 2-D simulation of the WBL. Hence, the model directly connects the properties of the WBL with an arbitrary wave spectrum. The spectral and direct wave modeling should also take into account the momentum flux to a subgrid part of the spectrum. The parameterization of this effect in the present paper is formulated in terms of wind and cut-off frequency of the spectrum. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Wind-Wave Interaction)
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32 pages, 2572 KiB  
Article
Wind Stress in the Coastal Zone: Observations from a Buoy in Southwestern Norway
by Martin Flügge, Mostafa Bakhoday-Paskyabi, Joachim Reuder and Omar El Guernaoui
Atmosphere 2019, 10(9), 491; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos10090491 - 26 Aug 2019
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 4764
Abstract
Several studies have focused on the investigation of the wind stress in open ocean conditions where coastal processes were negligible. However, the direction and magnitude of the wind stress vector in coastal areas are still not fully known due to the low number [...] Read more.
Several studies have focused on the investigation of the wind stress in open ocean conditions where coastal processes were negligible. However, the direction and magnitude of the wind stress vector in coastal areas are still not fully known due to the low number of available measurement datasets. Here, we present new observations of the wind stress magnitude and its deviation from the mean wind direction. The data were recorded from a surface buoy during a five-day measurement campaign in southwestern Norway and cover wind speeds up to 10 m s−1 and significant wave heights up to 3.5 m in a coastal area with a steeply sloping sea floor. The adjustment of the wind stress vector due to changes in the wind and the wave conditions is illustrated and discussed by means of seven sample cases associated with both wind-following swell, cross-swell and counter-swell conditions. For this purpose, the stress vector computed in the sonic anemometer’s orthogonal coordinate system is projected into a non-orthogonal wind-swell coordinate system with its components aligned with: (1) the local wind-generated waves propagating in the wind direction; and (2) the swell wave direction. The wind stress direction was found to deviate from the wind direction by more than 20° for 46% of the recorded wind-following swell and cross-swell cases and for 54% of the counter-swell cases. The wind stress magnitude was observed to approach zero during the counter-swell period, which suggest a decoupling between the sea surface and the atmospheric surface layer. This was further investigated by means of an idealized Large Eddy Simulation results. The results in this study provide additional experimental evidence that the wind stress direction in coastal areas with a steeply sloping sea floor is influenced by the swell waves, the wave age and the wave steepness when the wind blows from undisturbed open ocean directions. For landward wind directions, the influence of the land boundary layer can, possibly in combination with atmospheric stability, adjust the magnitude and direction of the wind stress. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Wind-Wave Interaction)
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15 pages, 2340 KiB  
Article
Large-Eddy Simulations of Oil Droplet Aerosol Transport in the Marine Atmospheric Boundary Layer
by Meng Li, Ze Zhao, Yajat Pandya, Giacomo Valerio Iungo and Di Yang
Atmosphere 2019, 10(8), 459; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos10080459 - 12 Aug 2019
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 5030
Abstract
In this study, a hybrid large-eddy simulation (LES) model is developed and applied to simulate the transport of oil droplet aerosols in wind over progressive water waves. The LES model employs a hybrid spectral and finite difference method for simulating the wind turbulence [...] Read more.
In this study, a hybrid large-eddy simulation (LES) model is developed and applied to simulate the transport of oil droplet aerosols in wind over progressive water waves. The LES model employs a hybrid spectral and finite difference method for simulating the wind turbulence and a bounded finite-volume method for modeling the oil aerosol transport. Using a wave-following coordinate system and computational grid, the LES model captures the turbulent flow and oil aerosol fields in the region adjacent to the unsteady wave surface. A flat-surface case with prescribed roughness (representing a pure wind-sea) and a wavy-surface case with regular plane progressive 100 m long waves (representing long-crest long-wavelength ocean swells) are considered to illustrate the capability of the LES model and study the effects of long progressive waves on the transport of oil droplet aerosols with four different droplet diameters. The simulation results and statistical analysis reveal enhanced suspension of oil droplets in wind turbulence due to strong disturbance from the long progressive waves. The spatial distribution of the aerosol concentration also exhibits considerable streamwise variations that correlate with the phase of the long progressive waves. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Wind-Wave Interaction)
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Review

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54 pages, 21822 KiB  
Review
On Evolution of Young Wind Waves in Time and Space
by Lev Shemer
Atmosphere 2019, 10(9), 562; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos10090562 - 19 Sep 2019
Cited by 25 | Viewed by 4671
Abstract
The mechanisms governing the evolution of the wind-wave field in time and in space are not yet fully understood. Various theoretical approaches have been offered to model wind-wave generation. To examine their validity, detailed and accurate experiments under controlled conditions have to be [...] Read more.
The mechanisms governing the evolution of the wind-wave field in time and in space are not yet fully understood. Various theoretical approaches have been offered to model wind-wave generation. To examine their validity, detailed and accurate experiments under controlled conditions have to be carried out. Since it is next to impossible to get the required control of the governing parameters and to accumulate detailed data in field experiments, laboratory studies are needed. Extensive previously unavailable results on the spatial and temporal variation of wind waves accumulated in our laboratory under a variety of wind-forcing conditions and using diverse measuring techniques are reviewed. The spatial characteristics of the wind-wave field were determined using stereo video imaging. The turbulent airflow above wind waves was investigated using an X-hot film. The wave field under steady wind forcing as well as evolving from rest under impulsive loading was studied. An extensive discussion of the various aspects of wind waves is presented from a single consistent viewpoint. The advantages of the stochastic approach suggested by Phillips over the deterministic theory of wind-wave generation introduced by Miles are demonstrated. Essential differences between the spatial and the temporal analyses of wind waves’ evolution are discussed, leading to examination of the applicability of possible approaches to wind-wave modeling. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Wind-Wave Interaction)
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