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Thermal Safety of Lithium Ion Batteries—2nd Edition
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Thermal Safety of Lithium Ion Batteries—2nd Edition

A special issue of Batteries (ISSN 2313-0105). This special issue belongs to the section "Battery Performance, Ageing, Reliability and Safety".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 15 February 2025 | Viewed by 4183

Special Issue Editor

Dr. Mingyi Chen

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
Interests: thermal safety and thermal disasters of batteries; thermal management; fire prevention and control
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Thermal safety issues, such as thermal runaway, fire, and the explosion of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), have attracted public attention. Many accidents show that the thermal runaway of LIBs is currently the main cause of most fire and explosion accidents. On the other hand, the risk of the thermal runaway propagation of battery modules is high, and the propagation speed is fast, which often causes serious loss of life and property and adverse social impacts. Therefore, avoiding the thermal runaway of LIB modules and inhibiting the propagation of thermal runaway is an important requirement for developing LIBs. In-depth research on thermal runaway risk management and control methods has important scientific significance and is also an international hot frontier. 

This Special Issue will address the development of the thermal safety of LIBs. Topics of interest for publication include, but are not limited to:

  • High-safety and high-performance battery design;
  • The development of safety additive materials for LIB;
  • Insights into thermal runaway mechanisms and thermal propagation mitigation;
  • Safety tests (mechanical, electrical, thermal abuse);
  • Degradation mechanisms and identification, elucidation, and diagnosis technology;
  • Thermal management (liquid cooling, air cooling, phase change materials cooling, coupled cooling, etc.);
  • Mechanism, characteristics, and propagation of battery thermal runaway, fire, and explosion;
  • Risk assessment and optimal safety control and emergency management;
  • The development, design, and utilization of detection and early warning systems;
  • Thermal runaway propagation, fire, and explosion suppression.

Dr. Mingyi Chen
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Batteries is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2700 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • safety design
  • safety materials
  • thermal runaway mechanism
  • safety tests
  • degradation diagnosis
  • thermal management
  • thermal runaway propagation
  • risk assessment
  • early warning
  • fire suppression

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Related Special Issue

Published Papers (4 papers)

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Research

24 pages, 10391 KiB  
Article
Research on the Thermal Runaway Behavior and Flammability Limits of Sodium-Ion and Lithium-Ion Batteries
by Changbao Qi, Hewu Wang, Minghai Li, Cheng Li, Yalun Li, Chao Shi, Ningning Wei, Yan Wang and Huipeng Zhang
Batteries 2025, 11(1), 24; https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries11010024 - 12 Jan 2025
Viewed by 842
Abstract
Batteries are widely used in energy storage systems (ESS), and thermal runaway in different types of batteries presents varying safety risks. Therefore, comparative research on the thermal runaway behaviors of various batteries is essential. This study investigates the thermal runaway characteristics of sodium-ion [...] Read more.
Batteries are widely used in energy storage systems (ESS), and thermal runaway in different types of batteries presents varying safety risks. Therefore, comparative research on the thermal runaway behaviors of various batteries is essential. This study investigates the thermal runaway characteristics of sodium-ion batteries (NIBs), lithium iron phosphate batteries (LFP), and lithium-ion batteries with NCM523 and NCM622 cathodes. The experiments were conducted in a nitrogen-filled constant-volume sealed chamber. The results show that the critical surface temperatures at the time of thermal runaway are as follows: LFP (346 °C) > NIBs (292 °C) > NCM523 (290 °C) > NCM622 (281 °C), with LFP batteries exhibiting the highest thermal runaway critical temperature. NIBs have the lowest thermal runaway triggering energy (158 kJ), while LFP has the highest (592.8 kJ). During the thermal runaway of all four battery types, the primary gases produced include carbon dioxide, hydrogen, carbon monoxide, methane, ethylene, propylene, and ethane. For NCM622 and NCM523, carbon monoxide is the dominant combustible gas, with volume fractions of 35% and 29%, respectively. In contrast, hydrogen is the main flammable gas for LFP and NIBs, with volume fractions of 44% and 30%, respectively. Among these, NIBs have the lowest lower flammability limit (LFL), indicating the highest explosion risk. The thermal runaway characteristics of 50 Ah batteries provide valuable insights for battery selection and design in energy storage applications. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Thermal Safety of Lithium Ion Batteries—2nd Edition)
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11 pages, 2311 KiB  
Article
Ion-Replacement Strategy in Preparing Bi-Based MOF and Its Derived Bi/C Composite for Efficient Sodium Storage
by Zhenpeng Zhu, Shuya Zhang, Kuan Shen, Fu Cao, Qinghong Kong and Junhao Zhang
Batteries 2025, 11(1), 2; https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries11010002 - 24 Dec 2024
Viewed by 563
Abstract
To address large volumetric expansion and low conductivity of bismuth-based anodes, an ion-replacement technique is proposed to prepare Bi/C composites, using 1,3,5-benzenetricarboxylicacid (H3BTC) based metal–organic framework as precursors. The characterizations reveal that the Bi/C composite derived from Cu-H3BTC is [...] Read more.
To address large volumetric expansion and low conductivity of bismuth-based anodes, an ion-replacement technique is proposed to prepare Bi/C composites, using 1,3,5-benzenetricarboxylicacid (H3BTC) based metal–organic framework as precursors. The characterizations reveal that the Bi/C composite derived from Cu-H3BTC is a sheet structure with the size of 150 nm, and Bi nanoparticles are uniformly dispersed in carbon sheets. When assessed as anode material for sodium ion batteries (SIBs), a sheet-like Bi/C anode exhibits superior sodium storage performance. It delivers a reversible capacity of 254.6 mAh g−1 at 1.0 A g−1 after 100 cycles, and the capacity retention is high at 91%. Even at 2.0 A g−1, the reversible capacity still reaches 242.8 mAh g−1. The efficient sodium storage performance benefits from the uniform dispersion of Bi nanoparticles in the carbon matrix, which not only provides abundant active sites but also alleviates the volume expansion. Meanwhile, porous carbon sheets can increase the electrical conductivity and accelerate the electrochemical reaction kinetics. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Thermal Safety of Lithium Ion Batteries—2nd Edition)
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12 pages, 3778 KiB  
Article
Synthesis of Three Ternary NiPP@PDA@DTA by Bridging Polydopamine and Its Flame Retardancy in Epoxy Resin
by Wenxin Zhu, Huiyu Chai, Yue Lu, Wang Zhan and Qinghong Kong
Batteries 2024, 10(12), 428; https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries10120428 - 3 Dec 2024
Viewed by 656
Abstract
Epoxy resin (EP) is an indispensable packaging material for batteries. Excellent thermal and flame-retardant properties of EP can ensure the safety performance of batteries. To solve the low-efficiency flame retardant of EP, nickel phenyl phosphate (NiPP) was synthesized and its surface was modified [...] Read more.
Epoxy resin (EP) is an indispensable packaging material for batteries. Excellent thermal and flame-retardant properties of EP can ensure the safety performance of batteries. To solve the low-efficiency flame retardant of EP, nickel phenyl phosphate (NiPP) was synthesized and its surface was modified by polymerization of dopamine (PDA). [3-(hydroxy-phenyl-methylidene) imimine] triazole (DTA) was synthesized using 9,10-dihydro-9-oxygen-10-phosphophene-10-oxide (DOPO), 3-amino-1,2,4-triazole and p-hydroxybenzaldehyde. The hybrid flame retardance NiPP@PDA@DTA was further synthesized by self-assembly between the negative charge on the surface of DTA and the positive charge on the surface of modified NiPP@PDA. Then, NiPP@PDA@DTA was added to EP to prepare EP/NiPP@PDA@DTA composites. The results showed that the incorporation of NiPP@PDA@DTA promoted the residual yield at high temperatures. Furthermore, EP composites showed excellent flame retardancy when NiPP@PDA@DTA was added. The EP/4 wt% NiPP@PDA@DTA composites can reach UL-94 V0 grade with a limit oxygen index (LOI) of 33.7%. While the heat release rate (HRR), total release rate (THR), CO2 production (CO2P) and total smoke release (TSR) of EP/4 wt% NiPP@PDA@DTA composites decreased by 16.9%, 30.8%, 16.9% and 27.7% compared with those of EP. These improvements are mainly due to the excellent catalytic carbonization performance of Ni metal and P compounds. The azazole and phosphaphenanthrene groups have the effects of dilution quenching in the gas phase and cross-linking network blocking, as well as enhanced blowing-out effects. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Thermal Safety of Lithium Ion Batteries—2nd Edition)
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17 pages, 3966 KiB  
Article
A Novel Paraffin Wax/Expanded Graphite/Bacterial Cellulose Powder Phase Change Materials for the Dependable Battery Safety Management
by Jiajun Zhao, Yin Chen, Yan Gong and Mingyi Chen
Batteries 2024, 10(10), 363; https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries10100363 - 13 Oct 2024
Viewed by 1639
Abstract
Although phase change materials (PCMs) exhibit effective performance in the thermal management of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), their development is limited by low thermal conductivity and susceptibility to leakage during the solid–liquid phase transition. To address these challenges and enhance thermal management capabilities, this [...] Read more.
Although phase change materials (PCMs) exhibit effective performance in the thermal management of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), their development is limited by low thermal conductivity and susceptibility to leakage during the solid–liquid phase transition. To address these challenges and enhance thermal management capabilities, this study introduces a novel composite phase change material (CPCM) synthesized by physically mixing paraffin (PA), expanded graphite (EG), and bacterial cellulose (BC). The thermal performance of CPCMs with varying BC proportions is evaluated, and their impact on temperature control in battery thermal management systems (BTMS) is assessed. The results show that the addition of EG and BC significantly improves the thermal conductivity of the CPCM, reaching a value of 1.39 W·m−1·K−1. This also enhances the uniformity of temperature distribution within the battery module and reduces CPCM leakage. By comparing temperature variations within the battery module under different operating conditions, it was found that the intricate network structure of the CPCM promotes uniform temperature distribution, effectively mitigating temperature rise. Consequently, the maximum temperature and maximum temperature difference within the battery module were maintained below 47 °C and 4 °C, respectively. Compared to a system without phase change material at a 3C discharge rate, the maximum cell temperature, maximum module temperature, and maximum temperature difference were reduced by 32.38%, 26.92%, and 34.94%, respectively. These findings provide valuable insights for the design and optimization of BTMS. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Thermal Safety of Lithium Ion Batteries—2nd Edition)
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