BioMed

Introduction: Women wear exterior breast support for most of the day. A female’s breast tissue and skin affect the comfort of the ADLs, exercise, health, and work environments. Understanding the breast tissue’s normal anatomy and mechanical and material properties is related to a woman’s daily health and quality of life outcomes. Considering the importance and impact of female breasts throughout one’s lifespan, additional research is needed to address the research gaps to provide solutions to improve daily lives and clinical interventions. Breast stability and behavior are dependent on its internal mechanical properties and applied external forces. Objective: To evaluate the current knowledge and research gaps on the adult female breast tissue’s anatomy, the factors that impact its growth and development, variations among racial populations, the internal and external mechanical properties of the tissue, and the factors employed to evaluate the pathology risk. Review sections: The review sections are as follows: 3. Anatomy of Breast, 4. Effects of Age and Stages of Breast Development, 5. Breast Skin, and 6. Breast Tissue Mechanics. Conclusions: Numerous research gaps have been identified within the field of female breasts. Full article

Background: Cocaine has been shown to cause cytotoxic neuronal damage, which has been implicated in cases of leukoencephalopathy. We present a case of cocaine-induced toxic encephalopathy resulting in predominant lesions to the gray matter on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Case Presentation: A 70-year-old female presented acutely with confusion, agitation, and disorientation. She was markedly hypertensive with other vital signs within normal range. On presentation to the emergency department, she was uncooperative and had an unsteady gait but showed no focal neurological deficits. Her lab work was positive for elevated cardiac troponins, elevated D-dimer, and a urine drug screen positive only for cocaine. Head computed tomography (CT) showed no hemorrhage and head CT angiogram showed no abnormalities and no significant vascular stenosis. Chest X-ray and CT showed diffuse ground glass opacities compatible with atypical pneumonia. Antibiotics were initiated to treat the pneumonia and antihypertensives were administered to manage her blood pressure. She was also given IV thiamine. Brain MRI showed restricted diffusion involving bilateral hippocampi, thalami, putamen, caudate, and right occipital lobe, findings suspicious for cytotoxic edema. After acute stabilization, the patient demonstrated profound anterograde and retrograde amnesia, which improved gradually over days to weeks. She was eventually discharged to a skilled nursing facility. Conclusion: To our knowledge, this is the first reported case of profound amnesia secondary to cocaine-induced toxic encephalopathy with bilateral hippocampal involvement. These symptoms correlate with the implicated neuroanatomical structures. This case demonstrates that cocaine may be implicated in toxic encephalopathy affecting the brain’s gray matter and highlights a unique presentation of these findings. Full article

Background: Alzheimer’s disease (AD), the leading cause of dementia worldwide, poses an increasing global health burden, yet its pathogenesis remains poorly understood. Diabetes mellitus (DM), characterized by chronic hyperglycemia, has been identified as a significant risk factor for AD development, suggesting a potential metabolic and molecular link between these diseases. Methods: This study examines the impact of sustained high glucose levels on astrocyte-like C6 glial cells, focusing on key cellular processes associated with AD. We evaluated mitochondrial function, oxidative stress, glucose uptake, and the expression of hallmark AD proteins, including β-amyloid and hyperphosphorylated tau. Results: Our findings demonstrate that high glucose exposure triggers mitochondrial hyperactivity, oxidative stress, and increased Tau phosphorylation, though β-amyloid levels were unaffected within the experimental timeframe. Conclusions: These results shed light on the early cellular dysfunctions contributing to the DM-AD connection, providing valuable insights into the metabolic pathways involved and identifying potential therapeutic targets to mitigate AD progression in individuals with DM. Full article

Spinal infections involving gas-forming pathogens are exceedingly rare, particularly in the cervical spine. We report the case of a 63-year-old male with a history of hypopharyngeal cancer who presented with neck pain and right upper limb weakness. Imaging studies revealed cervical epidural air bubbles and spinal cord edema at C1–C3. Laboratory findings were indicative of infection, and Streptococcus was identified through blood cultures. Urgent surgical decompression via laminectomy was performed, followed by antibiotic treatment. This case highlights the critical role of multimodal imaging, including computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), in diagnosing spinal infections, especially when conventional radiographs are inconclusive. CT scans identified gas inclusions and soft tissue changes, while MRI provided superior visualization of spinal edema and complications such as medullary compression. Management requires a multidisciplinary approach combining timely surgical intervention with prolonged antibiotic regimens. Full article

Background: Cardiometabolic risk factors such as hypertension, overweight, and obesity have become increasingly common among African students who tend to become more sedentary in urban environments. This systematic review aimed to determine and identify major risk factors of cardiometabolic disease prevalence reported among African university students. Methods: The protocol was registered with PROSPERO (registration no.CRD42024553280). A comprehensive literature search was performed using scientific databases from Google Scholar, PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, ProQuest, and African Journals Online (AJOL). The search was limited to articles published between 2000 and 2024, which reported cardiometabolic diseases/risk factors among African university students. Data were extracted using a standardised form, capturing details on study characteristics (author, year, location, study design), participant demographics (age, sex), prevalence of cardiometabolic diseases, and associated risk factors. Results: A total of thirty-seven studies that met the inclusion criteria, thirty-six cross-sectional and one longitudinal, were included in the study. The prevalence range of the various risk factors identified was 0.6–21.7% (obesity) and 0.28–26.4% (hypertension), 1.7–18.8% (diabetes), 0.5–18.2% (pre-diabetes), 1.9–48.6% (metabolic syndrome), and 1.1% to 57.3% (dyslipidemia). Some common sedentary lifestyles and unhealthy behaviours identified among the students were fast foods (21.3–85.73%), alcohol (3.7–63%), and smoking (1.02–13%). Conclusions: The review’s findings suggest that rapid urbanisation and changes in lifestyle and behaviours are responsible for an increased prevalence of cardiometabolic risk factors in African university students. Targeted health promotion programmes, regular screening, and policy interventions might all go a long way in preventing the predicted increase in the prevalence of cardiovascular and metabolic diseases among this group of young adults in Africa. Full article

There have been multiple technological advancements that promise to gradually enable devices to measure and record signals with high resolution and accuracy in the domain of brain–computer interfaces (BCIs). Multimodal BCIs have been able to gain significant traction given their potential to enhance signal processing by integrating different recording modalities. In this review, we explore the integration of multiple neuroimaging and neurophysiological modalities, including electroencephalography (EEG), magnetoencephalography (MEG), functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), electrocorticography (ECoG), and single-unit activity (SUA). This multimodal approach leverages the high temporal resolution of EEG and MEG with the spatial precision of fMRI, the invasive yet precise nature of ECoG, and the single-neuron specificity provided by SUA. The paper highlights the advantages of integrating multiple modalities, such as increased accuracy and reliability, and discusses the challenges and limitations of multimodal integration. Furthermore, we explain the data acquisition approaches for each of these modalities. We also demonstrate various software programs that help in extracting, cleaning, and refining the data. We conclude this paper with a discussion on the available literature, highlighting recent advances, challenges, and future directions for each of these modalities. Full article

Background: Obesity is a common problem in adults with intellectual disability, but to our knowledge, there are no reports which address the problem of “sarcopenic obesity” in younger adults with intellectual disability. Methods: We performed an analysis of the body composition of 93 men and women with intellectual disability, and 70 matched men and women without intellectual disability, aged between 20 and 50 years. Results: Truncal Fat Index (TFI) was significantly higher in these younger adults with intellectual disability when compared to same-age individuals without intellectual disability, for both men and women. Additionally, using Skeletal Muscle Index (SMI), we found significant negative effects of truncal fat on skeletal muscle mass. These effects were much greater for those with intellectual disability, and especially for women with intellectual disability. Conclusions: This report underscores the importance of evaluation of skeletal muscle mass in all individuals with obesity, but this need appears to be greater for those with intellectual disability, especially women. Full article

Background: Cervical spinal cord injuries (SCIs) are the most common type of human SCI. Although various animal SCI contusion models have been developed to mirror human pathology, few have described cervical-level injuries. This study aims to validate and establish optimal impact parameters to produce consistent incomplete cervical SCIs for testing novel therapies. Methods: Using a precise impactor, 3 cervical spinal cord hemi-contusions of varying severities were induced by modifying penetration depths and controlling dwell times. Penetration depths of 2.11 mm (n = 4), 2.24 mm (n = 4), and 2.36 mm (n = 3) were used with a dwell time of 0.05 s to create mild, moderate, and severe injuries. Behavioral assessments in weeks 1, 2, 5, and 8 included grooming test, forelimb asymmetry test, and the Irvine, Beatties, and Bresnahan forelimb scale (IBB). After 8 weeks, rats were euthanized, and spinal cord histology was performed. Results: Within each group, animals exhibited consistent motor deficits and functional recovery. Mean IBB scores varied significantly between each group at week 8 (p < 0.0001). Ipsilateral forelimb usage significantly improved throughout the study period in the mild (2.11 mm) and moderate (2.24 mm) groups, while the severely (2.36 mm) injured group continued to exhibit 100% asymmetrical forelimb usage. Conclusions: This study demonstrates that a precise impactor can create reproducible models of incomplete cervical SCIs. A penetration depth of 2.24 mm resulted in moderate injury with significant motor deficits that slowly improved over time, permitting future therapeutic studies in functional recovery. Full article

Background/Objectives: The accurate categorization of brain MRI images into tumor and non-tumor categories is essential for a prompt and effective diagnosis. This paper presents a novel methodology utilizing advanced Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) designs to tackle the complexity and unpredictability present in brain MRI data. Methods: The methodology commences with an extensive preparation phase that includes image resizing, grayscale conversion, Gaussian blurring, and the delineation of the brain region for preparing the MRI images for analysis. The Multi-verse Optimizer (MVO) is utilized to optimize data augmentation parameters and refine the configuration of trainable layers in VGG16 and ResNet50. The model’s generalization capabilities are significantly improved by the MVO’s ability to effectively balance computational cost and performance. Results: The amalgamation of VGG16 and ResNet50, further refined by the MVO, exhibits substantial enhancements in classification metrics. The MVO-optimized hybrid model demonstrates enhanced performance, exhibiting a well-calibrated balance between precision and recall, rendering it exceptionally trustworthy for medical diagnostic applications. Conclusions: The results highlight the effectiveness of MVO-optimized CNN models for classifying brain tumors in MRI data. Future investigations may examine the model’s applicability to multiclass issues and its validation in practical clinical environments. Full article

Background/Objectives: Monogenic primary immunodeficiencies represent a group of disorders with varying levels of severity, many of which remain poorly understood. Activated phosphoinositide-3 kinase delta syndrome (APDS) is a rare genetic condition resulting from dominant point mutations in the phosphoinositide-3 kinase delta (PI3Kδ) gene, which leads to hyperactivation of the PI3Kδ enzyme, primarily expressed in T and B lymphocytes. Children with this mutation often have recurrent sinopulmonary infections and immunodeficiency. Additional complications may include increased susceptibility to herpes virus infections, lymphoid hyperplasia, and autoimmune conditions. In this case, report, we describe the clinical course of a young boy diagnosed with APDS who developed unclassified inflammatory bowel disease (U-IBD) and explore a personalized treatment approach. Methods: We detail the clinical course of a 12-year-old boy with APDS who presented with fever, diarrhea, anemia, and significant weight loss. Diagnostic evaluations, including endoscopy and histological analysis, led to a diagnosis of U-IBD. Genetic testing confirmed a heterozygous PIK3CD mutation (c.G3061A, p.E1021K). Results: Although APDS is characterized by a broad spectrum of immune dysregulation, the occurrence of IBD in this context is rare. We managed the patient’s IBD with exclusively enteral nutrition to induce remission, followed by a maintenance regimen combining the Crohn’s Disease Exclusion Diet (CDED) and mesalamine, achieving sustained long-term clinical remission. Conclusions: This case underscores the importance of personalized treatment approaches in managing the complex manifestations of APDS. Full article

Carbonaceous materials have gained significant attention in recent years for their various applications in the field of medicine and biotechnology. This comprehensive review explores the synthesis and characterization of carbon-based materials and their potentials in various medical applications. The paper delves into the methods of fabrication of carbon-based nanoparticles, such as carbon nanotubes, biochar, and graphene, while highlighting their unique properties. Characterization techniques, such as microscopy, spectroscopy, and surface analysis, are discussed to provide insights into the chemical and structural properties of these materials. Furthermore, the review examined their wide-ranging medical applications, encompassing tissue engineering, drug delivery, biosensing, and imaging, showcasing the versatility and promising contributions of carbonaceous materials in the healthcare industry. The review outlines the current challenges and prospects in the field, emphasizing the growing significance of carbon-based materials as valuable tools in advancing medical science and technology, as well as public health. Full article

Smokeless tobacco (ST) is an alternative to smoking, which involves not the burning of tobacco. Although ST has been used for thousands of years, its health effects are not well characterized, and it is the subject of misconceptions throughout society. Therefore, it is crucial to identify the risks associated with ST use. We conducted a comprehensive search of the scientific literature to identify studies reporting associations between tobacco chewing and the risk of oral cancer and premalignant lesions. Our review discusses the molecular mechanisms associated with ST components, along with the role of ST use in speech impairment and cancer progression. We also examine the effectiveness of tobacco cessation strategies and review the existing perceptions held by ST consumers. Our findings indicate significant health risks associated with ST use, including increased cancer risk and speech impairments. As societal perceptions and misconceptions about ST are important factors that influence its use, there is a need for comprehensive public awareness campaigns to correct these misconceptions and to promote healthier lifestyle choices. We call for further research to improve cessation interventions and to increase public awareness of relevant research discoveries. By providing a thorough discussion of the health impacts of ST, we aim to inform policy decisions and public health strategies to reduce the prevalence of ST use. Full article

Background/Objectives: Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a leading cause of death worldwide, affecting millions of older Americans and resulting in a substantial economic burden. The Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) aims to investigate and develop treatments for AD. Methods: This study included 60 participants, divided equally into AD and control cohorts, and utilized magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans to detect gray matter volumetric alterations, a key biomarker of AD. The participants’ cortical volume and surface area were quantified using an automated pipeline in MIMICS (Materialise Interactive Medical Imaging Control System). Results: A multivariate regression analysis was conducted to explore the relationship between cortical measurements and potential factors influencing AD susceptibility. The study found that both cortical volume and surface area were statistically significant predictors of AD (p = 0.0004 and p = 0.011, respectively). Age was also a significant factor, with the 65–70 age group showing the strongest association (p < 0.001). The model achieved an accuracy of 0.68 in predicting AD. Conclusions: While voxel-based morphometry (VBM) using MIMICS showed promise, further development of the automated pipeline could enhance accuracy and correlation indices. These findings contribute to our understanding of brain atrophy in AD pathophysiology and highlight the potential of MRI morphometry as a tool for AD biomarker development. Full article

Background: Muscle biopsy, the gold standard for assessing muscle aerobic capacity, is an invasive procedure. Noninvasive alternatives, such as 31-phosphorus magnetic resonance spectroscopy (³¹P-MRS) and near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS), provide valuable insights, with NIRS providing superior time resolution and ease of use compared with ³¹P-MRS. Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate muscle metabolism using a 6 s muscle contraction phase with electrical muscle stimulation (EMS) and to assess the impact of EMS on exercise performance under hyperbaric conditions with elevated oxygen pressure. Methods: This study included nine male participants (21 ± 2 years) who underwent 5 min of EMS on the forearm flexor muscle group, with muscle oxygen dynamics assessed using NIRS. For statistical analysis, the mean values between groups were assessed using paired t-tests, and associations were evaluated using Pearson’s correlation coefficient. Results: Spontaneous blood flow interruption during EMS-induced muscle activity indicated the potential for assessing muscle metabolism without disrupting external blood flow. A significant negative correlation was observed between oxygen consumption and changes in oxygenated hemoglobin levels during muscle activity under hyperbaric conditions. Conclusions: This study demonstrates that skeletal muscle metabolism can be measured using a brief 6 s quantitative EMS. Furthermore, hyperbaric exercise appears to enhance aerobic capacity by increasing the rate and availability of oxygen consumption during exercise. Full article

Background: Vitamin D deficiency is thought to increase the likelihood of insulin resistance (IR) and diabetes onset. The objective of this study was to examine the association between the triglyceride glucose (TyG) index and vitamin D levels in individuals with prediabetes and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in the tribal community of India. Methods: This study included 270 participants, consisting of 90 individuals with prediabetes, 90 individuals with T2DM, and 90 control patients. Anthropometric and biochemical characteristics were evaluated in all participants. 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] levels were measured using a chemiluminescent immunoassay. The TyG index was computed as Ln [fasting triglycerides (mg/dL) × fasting glucose (mg/dL)]/2. Spearman correlation analysis and linear regression analysis were performed to assess the relationship between the TyG index and 25(OH)D levels in people diagnosed with prediabetes and T2DM. The optimum cut-off value of the TyG index for detecting vitamin D deficiency was determined by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis. Results: We observed a significant reduction in vitamin D levels in individuals with prediabetes and T2DM compared to those in the control group. However, the TyG index was significantly greater in individuals with prediabetes and T2DM than in controls. Statistical analysis revealed a significant negative correlation between the TyG index and 25(OH)D in both prediabetes and T2DM. Conclusions: The TyG index demonstrated a negative association with vitamin D levels and was identified as an independent predictor of vitamin D deficiency in individuals with prediabetes and T2DM. Full article

Aim: This study aims to estimate equivalent doses (EqDs) and life attributable risks (LARs) for pediatric patients who underwent chest–abdominal–pelvic (CAP) CT examinations in Madinah, Saudi Arabia. Methodology: This retrospective study collected data from 120 pediatric patients who underwent CAP CT examinations. The data were categorized by the age and gender of the pediatric patients. Then, the EqDs were computed using the NCICT (National Cancer Institute dosimetry system for computed tomography) program, and LARs were estimated from the equivalent dose (EqD) results using age- and gender-specific cancer risk models found in the Committee on the Biological Effects of Ionizing Radiation (BEIR) VII Phase 2 (2006). Results: The EqD range was 0.9 to 7.55 mSv for the prostate and colon (males and females), respectively. LARs for female breast and lung cancers were considered to have the highest values among the age groups. Nevertheless, LARs of the colon, liver, and leukemia cancers were higher for males than females. The LAR range of cancer incidence was 0.6 to 63.1 per 100,000 cases for prostate (aged 10–≤15 years) and breast (females aged 1≤–<5 years), respectively. The LAR range of cancer mortality was 0.1 to 41.9 per 100,000 cases for prostate (aged 10–≤15 years) and lung (females aged 1≤–<5 years). Conclusions: LARs of all cancer incidence and mortality from CAP CT examination were higher for pediatric females than males (with an average of 54%). This highlights the importance of considering pediatric patient gender and implementing optimization and protective measures in CAP CT examinations. LARs of breast and lung (for females) and colon (for males) cancers were found to have the highest values among the age groups. However, LARs of cancer incidence and mortality for colon, liver, and leukemia for males were higher than those for females. Full article

Background: The hub-and-spoke model (HSM) offers a framework for efficient healthcare service delivery. This scoping review seeks to explore the implementation and effectiveness of the HSM in antimicrobial stewardship (AMS) programmes. Methods: The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses Extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR) reporting guideline was followed. A systematic search was conducted in four electronic databases (PubMed, Medline, Cochrane Library, and Google Scholar) from inception until January 2024. Studies where the HSM was used for delivering any AMS activity, intervention, or action, were included. No study-specific filters were applied and all populations, study designs, and health settings were included. Data screening and selection were achieved using Rayyan. Three authors independently screened studies, with conflicts resolved by a fourth author. Data were narratively synthesised. Standard appraisal tools were impractical; however, critical evaluation of data collection and outcome reporting was ensured. Results: Out of 1438 articles, three were included in the scoping review. The primary interventions utilising the HSM in AMS involved reducing antibiotic misuse, training healthcare professionals, case-based learning, establishing AMS programmes, developing antibiograms, and formulating policies or guidelines pertinent to AMS. The studies demonstrated significant clinical improvements in AMS. Clinical outcomes from the studies include a significant reduction in antimicrobial usage and improved antibiotic management, with a notable decrease in days on antimicrobial therapy and increased antibiotic de-escalation. Key facilitators for AMS programme success were tailored education, collaborative learning, strong leadership, strategic practices, and data-driven decisions. Key barriers were leadership challenges, change resistance, knowledge gaps, inadequate data systems, resource limitations, and technological constraints. Conclusions: The review identified a literature gap in HSM use in AMS programmes. Further studies are needed to assess HSM’s effectiveness, feasibility, and cost-effectiveness in AMS contexts. Full article

Background. The COVID-19 pandemic introduced unprecedented social distancing measures, resulting in significant deprivation of physical contact. Objective. This opinion article explores the implications of this tactile deprivation on psychological well-being, emphasizing its impact on emotional and cognitive development. Physical contact, particularly social touch mediated by C-tactile fibers, is essential for emotional stability and social bonding. Methods. Drawing on evidence from studies on orphaned children and primates, this opinion article argues for the critical importance of reintroducing physical contact to support mental health. Results. The pandemic’s reduction in physical touch has been associated with increased anxiety, depression, and stress, with notable declines in mood and heightened loneliness. Conclusions. While alternative methods such as virtual reality offer temporary solutions, the article stresses the need for safe, physical interactions as restrictions ease. Future discourse should focus on the long-term effects of touch deprivation and explore effective strategies for mitigating its impacts in similar scenarios. Full article

Background/Objectives: This study explores an optimization-based strategy for muscle force estimation by employing simplified cost functions integrated with physiologically relevant muscle models. Methods: Considering elbow flexion as a case study, we employ an inverse-dynamics approach to estimate muscle forces for the biceps brachii, brachialis, and brachioradialis, utilizing different combinations of cost functions and muscle constitutive models. Muscle force generation is modeled by accounting for active and passive contractile behavior to varying degrees using Hill-type models. In total, three separate cost functions (minimization of total muscle force, mechanical work, and muscle stress) are evaluated with each muscle force model to represent potential neuromuscular control strategies without relying on electromyography (EMG) data, thereby characterizing the interplay between muscle models and cost functions. Results: Among the evaluated models, the Hill-type muscle model that incorporates both active and passive properties, combined with the stress minimization cost function, provided the most accurate predictions of muscle activation and force production for all three arm flexor muscles. Our results, validated against existing biomechanical data, demonstrate that even simplified cost functions, when paired with detailed muscle models, can achieve high accuracy in predicting muscle forces. Conclusions: This approach offers a versatile, EMG-free alternative for estimating muscle recruitment and force production, providing a more accessible and adaptable tool for muscle force analysis. It has profound implications for enhancing rehabilitation protocols and athletic training, not only broadening the applicability of muscle force estimation in clinical and sports settings but also paving the way for future innovations in biomechanical research. Full article