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Biomedicines
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Optical Nanoparticles for Biomedicine
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Optical Nanoparticles for Biomedicine

A special issue of Biomedicines (ISSN 2227-9059). This special issue belongs to the section "Nanomedicine and Nanobiology".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 September 2021) | Viewed by 23466

Special Issue Editor

Prof. Dr. José García Solé

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Guest Editor
Departamento de Física de Materiales, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
Interests: nanoparticles for bioimaging; nanotechnology; biophysics; nanomedicine; fluorescence imaging

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

A great variety of particles of different compositions and shapes with typical sizes on the order of 1–100 nm have been developed in the first years of this century. These small particles, typically known as nanoparticles, provide a variety of potential applications in biomedicine, such as high-resolution bioimaging and personalized local therapies. At present, nanoparticles can behave as intelligent nano-vehicles that can flow throughout the blood circulation, and when properly surface functionalized, localize in specific sites of interest, such as tumors or even specific cells. This Special Issue of Biomedicines will deal with original works related to nanoparticles that display any response to illumination with optical radiation (fluorescence, scattering, chemical reaction, photoacoustic) which can be applied for diagnostic and/or therapeutic purposes. These applications include biomedical imaging, drug delivery, photo-induced therapies, fast and non-invasive methods of virus detection, etc.

Dr. José García Solé
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Biomedicines is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • nanomedicine
  • biomaterials
  • optical nanoparticles
  • fluorescence imaging
  • photoacoustic imaging
  • molecular imaging
  • photothermal therapies
  • drug delivery

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Published Papers (7 papers)

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Editorial

Jump to: Research, Review

3 pages, 179 KiB  
Editorial
Optical Nanoparticles for Biomedicine
by José García Solé
Biomedicines 2022, 10(8), 1892; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines10081892 - 5 Aug 2022
Viewed by 1563
Abstract
A great variety of particles of different compositions and shapes with typical sizes in the range 1–200 nm have been developed during the first years of this century [...] Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Optical Nanoparticles for Biomedicine)

Research

Jump to: Editorial, Review

13 pages, 3204 KiB  
Article
Controlled Synthesis of Up-Conversion NaYF4:Yb,Tm Nanoparticles for Drug Release under Near IR-Light Therapy
by Edelweiss Moyano Rodríguez, Miguel Gomez-Mendoza, Raúl Pérez-Ruiz, Beatriz Peñín, Diego Sampedro, Antonio Caamaño and Víctor A. de la Peña O’Shea
Biomedicines 2021, 9(12), 1953; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines9121953 - 20 Dec 2021
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2949
Abstract
Up-Conversion materials have received great attention in drug delivery applications in recent years. A specifically emerging field includes the development of strategies focusing on photon processes that promote the development of novel platforms for the efficient transport and the controlled release of drug [...] Read more.
Up-Conversion materials have received great attention in drug delivery applications in recent years. A specifically emerging field includes the development of strategies focusing on photon processes that promote the development of novel platforms for the efficient transport and the controlled release of drug molecules in the harsh microenvironment. Here, modified reaction time, thermal treatment, and pH conditions were controlled in the synthesis of NaYF4:Yb,Tm up-converted (UC) material to improve its photoluminescence properties. The best blue-emission performance was achieved for the UC3 sample prepared through 24 h-synthesis without thermal treatment at a pH of 5, which promotes the presence of the β-phase and smaller particle size. NaYF4:Yb,Tm has resulted in a highly efficient blue emitter material for light-driven drug release under near-IR wavelength. Thus, NaYF4:Yb,Tm up-converted material promotes the N-O bond cleavage of the oxime ester of Ciprofloxacin (prodrug) as a highly efficient photosensitized drug delivery process. HPLC chromatography and transient absorption spectroscopy measurements were performed to evaluate the drug release conversion rate. UC3 has resulted in a very stable and easily recovered material that can be used in several reaction cycles. This straightforward methodology can be extended to other drugs containing photoactive chromophores and is present as an alternative for drug release systems. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Optical Nanoparticles for Biomedicine)
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16 pages, 2863 KiB  
Article
Initial Biological Assessment of Upconversion Nanohybrids
by Juan Ferrera-González, Laura Francés-Soriano, Cristina Galiana-Roselló, Jorge González-Garcia, María González-Béjar, Eleonore Fröhlich and Julia Pérez-Prieto
Biomedicines 2021, 9(10), 1419; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines9101419 - 9 Oct 2021
Cited by 11 | Viewed by 2363
Abstract
Nanoparticles for medical use should be non-cytotoxic and free of bacterial contamination. Upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs) coated with cucurbit[7]uril (CB[7]) made by combining UCNPs free of oleic acid, here termed bare UCNPs (UCn), and CB[7], i.e., UC@CB[7] nanohybrids, could be used as [...] Read more.
Nanoparticles for medical use should be non-cytotoxic and free of bacterial contamination. Upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs) coated with cucurbit[7]uril (CB[7]) made by combining UCNPs free of oleic acid, here termed bare UCNPs (UCn), and CB[7], i.e., UC@CB[7] nanohybrids, could be used as photoactive inorganic-organic hybrid scaffolds for biological applications. UCNPs, in general, are not considered to be highly toxic materials, but the release of fluorides and lanthanides upon their dissolution may cause cytotoxicity. To identify potential adverse effects of the nanoparticles, dehydrogenase activity of endothelial cells, exposed to various concentrations of the UCNPs, was determined. Data were verified by measuring lactate dehydrogenase release as the indicator of loss of plasma membrane integrity, which indicates necrotic cell death. This assay, in combination with calcein AM/Ethidium homodimer-1 staining, identified induction of apoptosis as main mode of cell death for both particles. The data showed that the UCNPs are not cytotoxic to endothelial cells, and the samples did not contain endotoxin contamination. Higher cytotoxicity, however, was seen in HeLa and RAW 264.7 cells. This may be explained by differences in lysosome content and particle uptake rate. Internalization of UCn and UC@CB[7] nanohybrids by cells was demonstrated by NIR laser scanning microscopy. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Optical Nanoparticles for Biomedicine)
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Graphical abstract

31 pages, 9960 KiB  
Article
Multimodal Tracking of Hematopoietic Stem Cells from Young and Old Mice Labeled with Magnetic–Fluorescent Nanoparticles and Their Grafting by Bioluminescence in a Bone Marrow Transplant Model
by Fernando A. Oliveira, Mariana P. Nucci, Javier B. Mamani, Arielly H. Alves, Gabriel N. A. Rego, Andrea T. Kondo, Nelson Hamerschlak, Mara S. Junqueira, Lucas E. B. de Souza and Lionel F. Gamarra
Biomedicines 2021, 9(7), 752; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines9070752 - 29 Jun 2021
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 3717
Abstract
This study proposes an innovative way to evaluate the homing and tracking of hematopoietic stem cells from young and old mice labeled with SPIONNIRF-Rh conjugated with two types of fluorophores (NIRF and Rhodamine), and their grafting by bioluminescence (BLI) in a bone [...] Read more.
This study proposes an innovative way to evaluate the homing and tracking of hematopoietic stem cells from young and old mice labeled with SPIONNIRF-Rh conjugated with two types of fluorophores (NIRF and Rhodamine), and their grafting by bioluminescence (BLI) in a bone marrow transplant (BMT) model. In an in vitro study, we isolated bone marrow mononuclear cells (BM-MNC) from young and old mice, and analyzed the physical–chemical characteristics of SPIONNIRF-Rh, their internalization, cell viability, and the iron quantification by NIRF, ICP-MS, and MRI. The in vivo study was performed in a BMT model to evaluate the homing, tracking, and grafting of young and old BM-MNC labeled with SPIONNIRF-Rh by NIRF and BLI, as well as the hematological reconstitution for 120 days. 5FU influenced the number of cells isolated mainly in young cells. SPIONNIRF-Rh had adequate characteristics for efficient internalization into BM-MNC. The iron load quantification by NIRF, ICP-MS, and MRI was in the order of 104 SPIONNIRF-Rh/BM-MNC. In the in vivo study, the acute NIRF evaluation showed higher signal intensity in the spinal cord and abdominal region, and the BLI evaluation allowed follow-up (11–120 days), achieving a peak of intensity at 30 days, which remained stable around 108 photons/s until the end. The hematologic evaluation showed similar behavior until 30 days and the histological results confirm that iron is present in almost all tissue evaluated. Our results on BM-MNC homing and tracking in the BMT model did not show a difference in migration or grafting of cells from young or old mice, with the hemogram analysis trending to differentiation towards the myeloid lineage in mice that received cells from old animals. The cell homing by NIRF and long term cell follow-up by BLI highlighted the relevance of the multimodal nanoparticles and combined techniques for evaluation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Optical Nanoparticles for Biomedicine)
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11 pages, 1767 KiB  
Article
The Relationship between the Strength Characteristics of Cerebral Aneurysm Walls with Their Status and Laser-Induced Fluorescence Data
by Elena Tsibulskaya, Anna Lipovka, Alexandr Chupakhin, Andrey Dubovoy, Daniil Parshin and Nikolay Maslov
Biomedicines 2021, 9(5), 537; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines9050537 - 12 May 2021
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2053
Abstract
Background: Cerebral aneurysms (CA) are a widespread vascular disease affecting 50 per 1000 population. The study of the influence of histological, morphological and hemodynamic factors on the status of the aneurysm has been the subject of many works. However, an accurate and generally [...] Read more.
Background: Cerebral aneurysms (CA) are a widespread vascular disease affecting 50 per 1000 population. The study of the influence of histological, morphological and hemodynamic factors on the status of the aneurysm has been the subject of many works. However, an accurate and generally accepted relationship has not yet been identified. Methods: In our work, the results of mechanical and spectroscopic measurements are considered. Total investigated 14 patients and 36 their samples of CA tissue. Results: The excitation–emission matrix of each specimen was evaluated, after which the strength characteristics of the samples were investigated. Conclusions: It has been shown that there is a statistically significant difference in the size of the peaks of two components, which characterizes the status of the aneurysms. In addition, a linear regression model has been built that describes the correlation of the magnitude of the ultimate strain and stress with the magnitude of the peaks of one of the components. The results of this study will serve as a basis for the non-invasive determination of the strength characteristics of the cerebral tissue aneurysms and determination of their status. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Optical Nanoparticles for Biomedicine)
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16 pages, 2583 KiB  
Article
Covalently Labeled Fluorescent Exosomes for In Vitro and In Vivo Applications
by María Isabel González, Mario González-Arjona, Ana Santos-Coquillat, Javier Vaquero, Elena Vázquez-Ogando, Antonio de Molina, Héctor Peinado, Manuel Desco and Beatriz Salinas
Biomedicines 2021, 9(1), 81; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines9010081 - 16 Jan 2021
Cited by 16 | Viewed by 6258
Abstract
The vertiginous increase in the use of extracellular vesicles and especially exosomes for therapeutic applications highlights the necessity of advanced techniques for gaining a deeper knowledge of their pharmacological properties. Herein, we report a novel chemical approach for the robust attachment of commercial [...] Read more.
The vertiginous increase in the use of extracellular vesicles and especially exosomes for therapeutic applications highlights the necessity of advanced techniques for gaining a deeper knowledge of their pharmacological properties. Herein, we report a novel chemical approach for the robust attachment of commercial fluorescent dyes to the exosome surface with covalent binding. The applicability of the methodology was tested on milk and cancer cell-derived exosomes (from U87 and B16F10 cancer cells). We demonstrated that fluorescent labeling did not modify the original physicochemical properties of exosomes. We tested this nanoprobe in cell cultures and healthy mice to validate its use for in vitro and in vivo applications. We confirmed that these fluorescently labeled exosomes could be successfully visualized with optical imaging. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Optical Nanoparticles for Biomedicine)
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Review

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15 pages, 2453 KiB  
Review
Near Infrared Fluorescent Nanostructure Design for Organic/Inorganic Hybrid System
by Kyohei Okubo, Masakazu Umezawa and Kohei Soga
Biomedicines 2021, 9(11), 1583; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines9111583 - 30 Oct 2021
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 3398
Abstract
Near infrared (NIR) light offers high transparency in biological tissue. Recent advances in NIR fluorophores including organic dyes and lanthanide-doped inorganic nanoparticles have realized the effective use of the NIR optical window for in vivo bioimaging and photodynamic therapy. The narrow energy level [...] Read more.
Near infrared (NIR) light offers high transparency in biological tissue. Recent advances in NIR fluorophores including organic dyes and lanthanide-doped inorganic nanoparticles have realized the effective use of the NIR optical window for in vivo bioimaging and photodynamic therapy. The narrow energy level intervals used for electronic transition that involves NIR light, however, give rise to a need for guidelines for reducing heat emission in luminescence systems, especially in the development of organic/inorganic hybrid structures. This review presents an approach for employing the polarity and vibrational energy of ions and molecules that surround the luminescence centers for the development of such hybrid nanostructures. Multiphonon relaxation theory, formulated for dealing with heat release in ionic solids, is applied to describe the vibrational energy in organic or molecular systems, referred to as phonon in this review, and we conclude that surrounding the luminescence centers either with ions with low vibrational energy or molecules with small chemical polarity is the key to bright luminescence. NIR photoexcited phosphors and nanostructures in organic/inorganic mixed systems, designed based on the guidelines, for photodynamic therapy are reviewed. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Optical Nanoparticles for Biomedicine)
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