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Advances in Additive Manufacturing of Biomaterials for Craniofacial Tissue Engineering...
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Advances in Additive Manufacturing of Biomaterials for Craniofacial Tissue Engineering and Implantology

A special issue of Biomimetics (ISSN 2313-7673).

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (20 April 2024) | Viewed by 7204

Special Issue Editor

Dr. Stefan Lohfeld

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, USA
Interests: additive manufacturing; tissue engineering scaffolds; orthodontic appliances; medical devices

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Additive manufacturing (AM) technologies are widely used in tissue engineering approaches and implantology to create scaffolds, templates, and patient-specific implants from biodegradable and non-degradable biomaterials. Specific applications, such as the inclusion of bioactive factors or when addressing tissue interfaces, often require the adaption of either the AM technology to the material, or the biomaterial to the AM technology. As an example, implants that contain cells or biomolecules for better biomimicry may not be processed with certain heat- or solvent-based AM approaches.

The aim of this Special Issue is to capture and highlight the progress being made by researchers across the globe on advancing AM technologies and AM-processed biomaterials, with the ultimate goal being to provide biomimetic materials for novel therapies for hard- and soft-tissue engineering and/or implants for craniofacial applications.

We are inviting you to contribute to this Special Issue on the adaption of AM tools to address processing issues with current technologies when working with specialized biomaterials, and on the advancement of AM-processed biomaterials, implants, and aides for craniofacial applications.

Dr. Stefan Lohfeld
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Biomimetics is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2200 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • tissue engineering
  • craniofacial tissues
  • additive manufacturing
  • biomimetic materials
  • biomolecules
  • growth factors
  • encapsulation
  • extrusion process
  • bone
  • cartilage
  • temporomandibular joint
  • cleft lip/palate

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Further information on MDPI's Special Issue polices can be found here.

Published Papers (5 papers)

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Research

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16 pages, 4136 KiB  
Article
Enhancing the Mechanical Strength of a Photocurable 3D Printing Material Using Potassium Titanate Additives for Craniofacial Applications
by Yura Choi, Jinyoung Kim, Choongjae Lee, Geonho Lee, Jayoung Hyeon, Soon-ki Jeong and Namchul Cho
Biomimetics 2024, 9(11), 698; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics9110698 - 14 Nov 2024
Viewed by 540
Abstract
Photopolymerization-based three-dimensional (3D) printing techniques such as stereolithography (SLA) attract considerable attention owing to their superior resolution, low cost, and relatively high printing speed. However, the lack of studies on improving the mechanical properties of 3D materials highlights the importance of delving deeper [...] Read more.
Photopolymerization-based three-dimensional (3D) printing techniques such as stereolithography (SLA) attract considerable attention owing to their superior resolution, low cost, and relatively high printing speed. However, the lack of studies on improving the mechanical properties of 3D materials highlights the importance of delving deeper into additive manufacturing research. These materials possess considerable potential in the medical field, particularly for applications such as anatomical models, medical devices, and implants. In this study, we investigated the enhancement of mechanical strength in 3D-printed photopolymers through the incorporation of potassium titanate powder (K2Ti8O17), with a particular focus on potential applications in medical devices. The mechanical strength of the photopolymer containing potassium titanate was analyzed by measuring its flexural strength, hardness, and tensile strength. Additionally, poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) was used as a stabilizer to optimize the dispersion of potassium titanate in the photopolymer. The flexural strengths of the printed specimens were in the range of 15–39 MPa (Megapascals), while the measured surface hardness and tensile strength were in the range of 41–80 HDD (Hardness shore D) and 2.3–15 MPa, respectively. Furthermore, the output resolution was investigated by testing it with a line-patterned structure. The 3D-printing photopolymer without PEG stabilizers produced line patterns with a thickness of 0.3 mm, whereas the 3D-printed resin containing a PEG stabilizer produced line patterns with a thickness of 0.2 mm. These findings demonstrate that the composite materials not only exhibit improved mechanical performance but also allow for high-resolution printing. Furthermore, this composite material was successfully utilized to print implants for pre-surgical inspection. This process ensures the precision and quality of medical device production, emphasizing the material’s practical value in advanced medical applications. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Additive Manufacturing of Biomaterials for Craniofacial Tissue Engineering and Implantology)
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9 pages, 1316 KiB  
Article
Early Challenges in the Implementation of Automated CranialRebuild Freeware for Generation of Patient-Specific Cranial Implant Using Additive Manufacturing: A Pilot Project in Review
by Oleksandr Strelko, Manish Raj Aryal, Abigail Zack, Yara Alfawares, Roland Remenyi, Ian Kristopher Bayan, Yumi L. Briones, Yaroslav Holovenko, Maksym Maksymenko, Andrii Sirko, Sam Anand and Jonathan A. Forbes
Biomimetics 2024, 9(7), 430; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics9070430 - 16 Jul 2024
Viewed by 898
Abstract
Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) is a significant global health concern, particularly in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) where access to medical resources is limited. Decompressive craniectomy (DHC) is a common procedure to alleviate elevated intracranial pressure (ICP) following TBI, but the cost of [...] Read more.
Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) is a significant global health concern, particularly in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) where access to medical resources is limited. Decompressive craniectomy (DHC) is a common procedure to alleviate elevated intracranial pressure (ICP) following TBI, but the cost of subsequent cranioplasty can be prohibitive, especially in resource-constrained settings. We describe challenges encountered during the beta-testing phase of CranialRebuild 1.0, an automated software program tasked with creating patient-specific cranial implants (PSCIs) from CT images. Two pilot clinical teams in the Philippines and Ukraine tested the software, providing feedback on its functionality and challenges encountered. The constructive feedback from the Philippine and Ukrainian teams highlighted challenges related to CT scan parameters, DICOM file arrays, software limitations, and the need for further software improvements. CranialRebuild 1.0 shows promise in addressing the need for affordable PSCIs in LMICs. Challenges and improvement suggestions identified throughout the beta-testing phase will shape the development of CranialRebuild 2.0, with the aim of enhancing its functionality and usability. Further research is needed to validate the software’s efficacy in a clinical setting and assess its cost-effectiveness. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Additive Manufacturing of Biomaterials for Craniofacial Tissue Engineering and Implantology)
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16 pages, 10571 KiB  
Article
The 3D-McMap Guidelines: Three-Dimensional Multicomposite Microsphere Adaptive Printing
by Roland M. Klar, James Cox, Naren Raja and Stefan Lohfeld
Biomimetics 2024, 9(2), 94; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics9020094 - 6 Feb 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1702
Abstract
Microspheres, synthesized from diverse natural or synthetic polymers, are readily utilized in biomedical tissue engineering to improve the healing of various tissues. Their ability to encapsulate growth factors, therapeutics, and natural biomolecules, which can aid tissue regeneration, makes microspheres invaluable for future clinical [...] Read more.
Microspheres, synthesized from diverse natural or synthetic polymers, are readily utilized in biomedical tissue engineering to improve the healing of various tissues. Their ability to encapsulate growth factors, therapeutics, and natural biomolecules, which can aid tissue regeneration, makes microspheres invaluable for future clinical therapies. While microsphere-supplemented scaffolds have been investigated, a pure microsphere scaffold with an optimized architecture has been challenging to create via 3D printing methods due to issues that prevent consistent deposition of microsphere-based materials and their ability to maintain the shape of the 3D-printed structure. Utilizing the extrusion printing process, we established a methodology that not only allows the creation of large microsphere scaffolds but also multicomposite matrices into which cells, growth factors, and therapeutics encapsulated in microspheres can be directly deposited during the printing process. Our 3D-McMap method provides some critical guidelines for issues with scaffold shape fidelity during and after printing. Carefully timed breaks, minuscule drying steps, and adjustments to extrusion parameters generated an evenly layered large microsphere scaffold that retained its internal architecture. Such scaffolds are superior to other microsphere-containing scaffolds, as they can release biomolecules in a highly controlled spatiotemporal manner. This capability permits us to study cell responses to the delivered signals to develop scaffolds that precisely modulate new tissue formation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Additive Manufacturing of Biomaterials for Craniofacial Tissue Engineering and Implantology)
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Review

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15 pages, 582 KiB  
Review
3D Bioprinting Techniques and Bioinks for Periodontal Tissues Regeneration—A Literature Review
by Nátaly Domingues Almeida, Camila Alves Carneiro, Andrea Carvalho de Marco, Vinicius Carvalho Porto and Rodrigo França
Biomimetics 2024, 9(8), 480; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics9080480 - 9 Aug 2024
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1263
Abstract
The periodontal tissue is made up of supporting tissues and among its functions, it promotes viscoelastic properties, proprioceptive sensors, and dental anchorage. Its progressive destruction by disease leads to the loss of bone and periodontal ligaments. For this reason, biomaterials are constantly being [...] Read more.
The periodontal tissue is made up of supporting tissues and among its functions, it promotes viscoelastic properties, proprioceptive sensors, and dental anchorage. Its progressive destruction by disease leads to the loss of bone and periodontal ligaments. For this reason, biomaterials are constantly being developed to restore tissue function. Various techniques are being used to promote regenerative dentistry, including 3D bioprinting with bioink formulations. This paper aims to review the different types of bioink formulations and 3D bioprinting techniques used in periodontal tissue regeneration. Different techniques have been formulated, and the addition of different materials into bioinks has been conducted, with the intention of improving the process and creating a bioink that supports cell viability, proliferation, differentiation, and stability for periodontal tissue regeneration. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Additive Manufacturing of Biomaterials for Craniofacial Tissue Engineering and Implantology)
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19 pages, 1806 KiB  
Review
A Contemporary Review of Trachea, Nose, and Ear Cartilage Bioengineering and Additive Manufacturing
by Max Feng, Khwaja Hamzah Ahmed, Nihal Punjabi and Jared C. Inman
Biomimetics 2024, 9(6), 327; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics9060327 - 29 May 2024
Viewed by 2035
Abstract
The complex structure, chemical composition, and biomechanical properties of craniofacial cartilaginous structures make them challenging to reconstruct. Autologous grafts have limited tissue availability and can cause significant donor-site morbidity, homologous grafts often require immunosuppression, and alloplastic grafts may have high rates of infection [...] Read more.
The complex structure, chemical composition, and biomechanical properties of craniofacial cartilaginous structures make them challenging to reconstruct. Autologous grafts have limited tissue availability and can cause significant donor-site morbidity, homologous grafts often require immunosuppression, and alloplastic grafts may have high rates of infection or displacement. Furthermore, all these grafting techniques require a high level of surgical skill to ensure that the reconstruction matches the original structure. Current research indicates that additive manufacturing shows promise in overcoming these limitations. Autologous stem cells have been developed into cartilage when exposed to the appropriate growth factors and culture conditions, such as mechanical stress and oxygen deprivation. Additive manufacturing allows for increased precision when engineering scaffolds for stem cell cultures. Fine control over the porosity and structure of a material ensures adequate cell adhesion and fit between the graft and the defect. Several recent tissue engineering studies have focused on the trachea, nose, and ear, as these structures are often damaged by congenital conditions, trauma, and malignancy. This article reviews the limitations of current reconstructive techniques and the new developments in additive manufacturing for tracheal, nasal, and auricular cartilages. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Additive Manufacturing of Biomaterials for Craniofacial Tissue Engineering and Implantology)
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