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Biosensors
Special Issues
Diamond Technology for Biosensing and Quantum Sensing
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Diamond Technology for Biosensing and Quantum Sensing

A special issue of Biosensors (ISSN 2079-6374). This special issue belongs to the section "Biosensor Materials".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 31 March 2025 | Viewed by 9863

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Federico Picollo

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Physics, University of Torino, 10125 Torino, Italy
Interests: biosensors; microdevices; microfabrication; nanomaterials; ion implantation
Dr. Pietro Aprà

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Physics, University of Torino, 10125 Torino, Italy
Interests: diamond sensors
Dr. Giulia Tomagra

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Physics, University of Torino, 10125 Torino, Italy
Interests: diamond sensors

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

In the last few decades, diamonds have attracted increasing attention in a wide range of fields, thanks to its peculiar properties such as biocompatibility, hardness, chemical stability and transparency. The possibility of tailoring its structural, optical and surface properties has opened up a wide variety of applications. Most significantly, cutting-edge experiments exploring novel frontiers of cellular/biosensing have been performed thanks to the development of diamond-based platforms specifically designed for bio/quantum sensing.

The goal of this Special Issue is to collect all novel diamond and nanodiamonds-based technologies devoted to sensing or lab-on-a-chip fabrication, including both original research and review articles.

Suitable topics will include surface biochemical functionalization, micro nanotechnological modification of diamond, color centers creation for optical sensing, quantum sensing application in biology, microfluidic and lab on chip devices, as well as demonstrative in vitro and in vivo applications.

Dr. Federico Picollo
Dr. Pietro Aprà
Dr. Giulia Tomagra
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Biosensors is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2700 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

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Published Papers (4 papers)

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Research

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17 pages, 3796 KiB  
Article
Evaluation of In Vitro Serotonin-Induced Electrochemical Fouling Performance of Boron Doped Diamond Microelectrode Using Fast-Scan Cyclic Voltammetry
by Mason L. Perillo, Bhavna Gupta, James R. Siegenthaler, Isabelle E. Christensen, Brandon Kepros, Abu Mitul, Ming Han, Robert Rechenberg, Michael F. Becker, Wen Li and Erin K. Purcell
Biosensors 2024, 14(7), 352; https://doi.org/10.3390/bios14070352 - 19 Jul 2024
Viewed by 1236
Abstract
Fast-scan cyclic voltammetry (FSCV) is an electrochemical sensing technique that can be used for neurochemical sensing with high spatiotemporal resolution. Carbon fiber microelectrodes (CFMEs) are traditionally used as FSCV sensors. However, CFMEs are prone to electrochemical fouling caused by oxidative byproducts of repeated [...] Read more.
Fast-scan cyclic voltammetry (FSCV) is an electrochemical sensing technique that can be used for neurochemical sensing with high spatiotemporal resolution. Carbon fiber microelectrodes (CFMEs) are traditionally used as FSCV sensors. However, CFMEs are prone to electrochemical fouling caused by oxidative byproducts of repeated serotonin (5-HT) exposure, which makes them less suitable as chronic 5-HT sensors. Our team is developing a boron-doped diamond microelectrode (BDDME) that has previously been shown to be relatively resistant to fouling caused by protein adsorption (biofouling). We sought to determine if this BDDME exhibits resistance to electrochemical fouling, which we explored on electrodes fabricated with either femtosecond laser cutting or physical cleaving. We recorded the oxidation current response after 25 repeated injections of 5-HT in a flow-injection cell and compared the current drop from the first with the last injection. The 5-HT responses were compared with dopamine (DA), a neurochemical that is known to produce minimal fouling oxidative byproducts and has a stable repeated response. Physical cleaving of the BDDME yielded a reduction in fouling due to 5-HT compared with the CFME and the femtosecond laser cut BDDME. However, the femtosecond laser cut BDDME exhibited a large increase in sensitivity over the cleaved BDDME. An extended stability analysis was conducted for all device types following 5-HT fouling tests. This analysis demonstrated an improvement in the long-term stability of boron-doped diamond over CFMEs, as well as a diminishing sensitivity of the laser-cut BDDME over time. This work reports the electrochemical fouling performance of the BDDME when it is repeatedly exposed to DA or 5-HT, which informs the development of a chronic, diamond-based electrochemical sensor for long-term neurotransmitter measurements in vivo. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diamond Technology for Biosensing and Quantum Sensing)
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10 pages, 1531 KiB  
Article
Multielectrode Arrays as a Means to Study Exocytosis in Human Platelets
by Rosalía González Brito, Pablo Montenegro, Alicia Méndez, Valentina Carabelli, Giulia Tomagra, Ramtin E. Shabgahi, Alberto Pasquarelli and Ricardo Borges
Biosensors 2023, 13(1), 86; https://doi.org/10.3390/bios13010086 - 4 Jan 2023
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2261
Abstract
Platelets are probably the most accessible human cells to study exocytosis by amperometry. These cell fragments accumulate biological amines, serotonin in particular, using similar if not the same mechanisms as those employed by sympathetic, serotoninergic, and histaminergic neurons. Thus, platelets have been widely [...] Read more.
Platelets are probably the most accessible human cells to study exocytosis by amperometry. These cell fragments accumulate biological amines, serotonin in particular, using similar if not the same mechanisms as those employed by sympathetic, serotoninergic, and histaminergic neurons. Thus, platelets have been widely recognized as a model system to study certain neurological and psychiatric diseases. Platelets release serotonin by exocytosis, a process that entails the fusion of a secretory vesicle to the plasma membrane and that can be monitored directly by classic single cell amperometry using carbon fiber electrodes. However, this is a tedious technique because any given platelet releases only 4–8 secretory δ-granules. Here, we introduce and validate a diamond-based multielectrode array (MEA) device for the high-throughput study of exocytosis by human platelets. This is probably the first reported study of human tissue using an MEA, demonstrating that they are very interesting laboratory tools to assess alterations to exocytosis in neuropsychiatric diseases. Moreover, these devices constitute a valuable platform for the rapid testing of novel drugs that act on secretory pathways in human tissues. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diamond Technology for Biosensing and Quantum Sensing)
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15 pages, 3286 KiB  
Article
Ultrasensitive Diamond Microelectrode Application in the Detection of Ca2+ Transport by AnnexinA5-Containing Nanostructured Liposomes
by Alberto Pasquarelli, Luiz Henrique Silva Andrilli, Maytê Bolean, Claudio Reis Ferreira, Marcos Antônio Eufrásio Cruz, Flavia Amadeu de Oliveira, Ana Paula Ramos, José Luis Millán, Massimo Bottini and Pietro Ciancaglini
Biosensors 2022, 12(7), 525; https://doi.org/10.3390/bios12070525 - 14 Jul 2022
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2059
Abstract
This report describes the innovative application of high sensitivity Boron-doped nanocrystalline diamond microelectrodes for tracking small changes in Ca2+ concentration due to binding to Annexin-A5 inserted into the lipid bilayer of liposomes (proteoliposomes), which could not be assessed using common Ca2+ [...] Read more.
This report describes the innovative application of high sensitivity Boron-doped nanocrystalline diamond microelectrodes for tracking small changes in Ca2+ concentration due to binding to Annexin-A5 inserted into the lipid bilayer of liposomes (proteoliposomes), which could not be assessed using common Ca2+ selective electrodes. Dispensing proteoliposomes to an electrolyte containing 1 mM Ca2+ resulted in a potential jump that decreased with time, reaching the baseline level after ~300 s, suggesting that Ca2+ ions were incorporated into the vesicle compartment and were no longer detected by the microelectrode. This behavior was not observed when liposomes (vesicles without AnxA5) were dispensed in the presence of Ca2+. The ion transport appears Ca2+-selective, since dispensing proteoliposomes in the presence of Mg2+ did not result in potential drop. The experimental conditions were adjusted to ensure an excess of Ca2+, thus confirming that the potential reduction was not only due to the binding of Ca2+ to AnxA5 but to the transfer of ions to the lumen of the proteoliposomes. Ca2+ uptake stopped immediately after the addition of EDTA. Therefore, our data provide evidence of selective Ca2+ transport into the proteoliposomes and support the possible function of AnxA5 as a hydrophilic pore once incorporated into lipid membrane, mediating the mineralization initiation process occurring in matrix vesicles. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diamond Technology for Biosensing and Quantum Sensing)
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Review

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22 pages, 5944 KiB  
Review
Advances in Stabilization and Enrichment of Shallow Nitrogen-Vacancy Centers in Diamond for Biosensing and Spin-Polarization Transfer
by Federico Gorrini and Angelo Bifone
Biosensors 2023, 13(7), 691; https://doi.org/10.3390/bios13070691 - 29 Jun 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2721
Abstract
Negatively charged nitrogen-vacancy (NV−) centers in diamond have unique magneto-optical properties, such as high fluorescence, single-photon generation, millisecond-long coherence times, and the ability to initialize and read the spin state using purely optical means. This makes NV− centers a powerful [...] Read more.
Negatively charged nitrogen-vacancy (NV−) centers in diamond have unique magneto-optical properties, such as high fluorescence, single-photon generation, millisecond-long coherence times, and the ability to initialize and read the spin state using purely optical means. This makes NV− centers a powerful sensing tool for a range of applications, including magnetometry, electrometry, and thermometry. Biocompatible NV-rich nanodiamonds find application in cellular microscopy, nanoscopy, and in vivo imaging. NV− centers can also detect electron spins, paramagnetic agents, and nuclear spins. Techniques have been developed to hyperpolarize 14N, 15N, and 13C nuclear spins, which could open up new perspectives in NMR and MRI. However, defects on the diamond surface, such as hydrogen, vacancies, and trapping states, can reduce the stability of NV− in favor of the neutral form (NV0), which lacks the same properties. Laser irradiation can also lead to charge-state switching and a reduction in the number of NV− centers. Efforts have been made to improve stability through diamond substrate doping, proper annealing and surface termination, laser irradiation, and electric or electrochemical tuning of the surface potential. This article discusses advances in the stabilization and enrichment of shallow NV− ensembles, describing strategies for improving the quality of diamond devices for sensing and spin-polarization transfer applications. Selected applications in the field of biosensing are discussed in more depth. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diamond Technology for Biosensing and Quantum Sensing)
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