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Catalysts
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Supported Metal Catalysts and Their Applications in Fine Chemicals
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Supported Metal Catalysts and Their Applications in Fine Chemicals

A special issue of Catalysts (ISSN 2073-4344). This special issue belongs to the section "Catalytic Materials".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 March 2020) | Viewed by 32035

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Claudio Evangelisti

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Institute of Molecular Science and Technologies, National Research Council, 20138 Milano, Italy
Interests: heterogeneous catalysis; homo- and hetero-metallic nanoparticles; selective organic transformations; electron microscopy; materials characterization
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Alessandro Mandoli

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
Interests: stereoselective synthesis, metal catalysis, organocatalysis, supported catalysts, flow-chemistry

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Catalysis is recognized as a key and unavoidable tool in the development of truly new and efficient chemical reactions, as well as their economic and environmental sustainability. Supported metal catalysts are largely used in the manufacture of a wide range of fine and specialty chemicals including pharmaceuticals, flavor and fragrances, herbicides and pesticides, polymer materials, pigments and dyestuffs, and plastic and rubber additives. In this view, significant efforts have been directed toward the rational design and development of supported metal catalysts using advanced synthetic approaches that allow one to fine-tune the morphology and geometry of the support at nanoscale level and the chemical nature and size of the catalytically active site, as well as its local environment. The rapid development of characterization techniques that are able to reveal the structural, morphological, compositional, and textural properties of catalysts at an atomic level, even in in-situ or operando conditions, resulted in a huge contribution to this goal. Mimicking nature’s enzymes, the new generation of supported metal catalysts offer the possibility to carry out reactions with increased turnover rates and selectivity and, in favorable circumstances, with high stability/recyclability thanks to their very low metal leaching and poisoning.

Combined with this ambitious objective is the progress of other enabling technologies, i.e., techniques that facilitate the preparation of the desired product in the most efficient way and with minimal penalty to the environment. These advancements include the use of non-conventional reaction media, solvent-free reactions, continuous-flow approaches, and alternative energy-transfer methods, such as microwave, photochemical, and sonochemical conditions. Further aspects of current strong interest, in connection with supported metal catalysts, focus on the implementation of multi-step or cascade processes and the exploitation of bio-sustainable feedstocks.

The present Special Issue aims to present the recent development in the synthesis, characterization, and use of supported metal catalysts for chemo-, regio-, and stereoselective organic transformations in the fine and specialty chemicals field. Studies focused on the structure–activity/selectivity relationship in supported metal catalysts, including advanced characterization tools (both ex situ and in situ), are welcome. The issue is open to both original research papers and reviews.

Dr. Claudio Evangelisti
Dr. Alessandro Mandoli
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Catalysts is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2200 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • heterogeneous catalysts
  • immobilized metal catalysts
  • advanced charaterization studies
  • fine and specialty chemicals
  • heterometallic catalysts
  • flow chemistry

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Published Papers (9 papers)

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Editorial

Jump to: Research

3 pages, 182 KiB  
Editorial
Editorial Catalysts: Supported Metal Catalysts and Their Applications in Fine Chemicals
by Claudio Evangelisti and Alessandro Mandoli
Catalysts 2021, 11(7), 791; https://doi.org/10.3390/catal11070791 - 29 Jun 2021
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1673
Abstract
Heterogeneous catalysis is an essential tool for the development of both emerging and established chemical processes, as well as for their economic and environmental sustainability [...] Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Supported Metal Catalysts and Their Applications in Fine Chemicals)

Research

Jump to: Editorial

12 pages, 6792 KiB  
Article
The Role of Support Hydrophobicity in the Selective Hydrogenation of Enones and Unsaturated Sulfones over Cu/SiO2 Catalysts
by Denise Cavuoto, Federica Zaccheria, Marcello Marelli, Claudio Evangelisti, Oreste Piccolo and Nicoletta Ravasio
Catalysts 2020, 10(5), 515; https://doi.org/10.3390/catal10050515 - 7 May 2020
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2832
Abstract
The substitution of complex hydrides and Ni- and noble metal-based catalysts in the synthesis of pharma and fragrance products is a relevant topic in the green chemistry scenario. Here, we report that non-toxic, non-noble metal-based Cu/SiO2 catalysts are effective and very selective [...] Read more.
The substitution of complex hydrides and Ni- and noble metal-based catalysts in the synthesis of pharma and fragrance products is a relevant topic in the green chemistry scenario. Here, we report that non-toxic, non-noble metal-based Cu/SiO2 catalysts are effective and very selective in the hydrogenation of α,β-unsaturated ketones, esters and sulfones under very mild conditions. Vanillyl acetone can be obtained in quantitative yield in 1 h at 90 °C and 1 bar of H2. High dispersion of the metallic phase and support wettability play a significant role in determining catalytic performance. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Supported Metal Catalysts and Their Applications in Fine Chemicals)
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11 pages, 1182 KiB  
Article
Activated Carbon Supported Hafnium(IV) Chloride as an Efficient, Recyclable, and Facile Removable Catalyst for Expeditious Parallel Synthesis of Benzimidazoles
by Xiao-Chong Peng, Shan-Shan Gong, De-Yun Zeng, Shu-Wang Duo and Qi Sun
Catalysts 2020, 10(4), 436; https://doi.org/10.3390/catal10040436 - 17 Apr 2020
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2524
Abstract
A highly efficient method for parallel synthesis of a diversity of 1,2-disubstituted benzimidazoles from N-substituted phenylenediamines and aldehydes has been developed by using 10 mol% HfCl4 on activated carbon (HfCl4/C) as the catalyst. The newly reported HfCl4/C [...] Read more.
A highly efficient method for parallel synthesis of a diversity of 1,2-disubstituted benzimidazoles from N-substituted phenylenediamines and aldehydes has been developed by using 10 mol% HfCl4 on activated carbon (HfCl4/C) as the catalyst. The newly reported HfCl4/C catalyst not only mediated fast and clean formation of benzimidazoles but also could be easily removed from the reaction solution and reused up to eight times. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) and thermal desorption studies showed that activated carbon could reversibly adsorb and release Hf(IV) in ethanol upon cooling and heating, thereby serving as a thermal-controlled solid support. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Supported Metal Catalysts and Their Applications in Fine Chemicals)
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17 pages, 2317 KiB  
Article
Supported Tris-Triazole Ligands for Batch and Continuous-Flow Copper-Catalyzed Huisgen 1,3-Dipolar Cycloaddition Reactions
by Alessandra Pucci, Gianluigi Albano, Matteo Pollastrini, Antonio Lucci, Marialuigia Colalillo, Fabrizio Oliva, Claudio Evangelisti, Marcello Marelli, Delio Santalucia and Alessandro Mandoli
Catalysts 2020, 10(4), 434; https://doi.org/10.3390/catal10040434 - 16 Apr 2020
Cited by 22 | Viewed by 3887
Abstract
The lack of supported versions of the tris[(1-benzyl-1H-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl)methyl]amine (TBTA) ligand, suitable for flow-chemistry applications at scale, prompted us to develop a new route for the immobilization of such tris-triazole chelating units on highly cross-linked polystyrene resins. With this aim, the preparation [...] Read more.
The lack of supported versions of the tris[(1-benzyl-1H-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl)methyl]amine (TBTA) ligand, suitable for flow-chemistry applications at scale, prompted us to develop a new route for the immobilization of such tris-triazole chelating units on highly cross-linked polystyrene resins. With this aim, the preparation of the known TBTA-type monomer 3 was optimized to develop a high-yield synthetic sequence, devoid of chromatographic purifications at any stage. Then, bead-type (P7) and monolithic (M7) functional resins were obtained by the easy and scalable suspension- or mold-copolymerization of 3 with divinylbenzene. Both types of materials were found to possess a highly porous morphology and specific surface area in the dry state and could be charged with substantial amounts of Cu(I) or Cu(II) salts. After treatment of the latter with a proper reducing agent, the corresponding supported Cu(I) complexes were tested in the copper-catalyzed alkyne-azide cycloaddition reaction (CuAAC). The immobilized catalysts proved active at room temperature and, in batch and with catalyst loadings as low as 0.6 mol%, afforded quantitative conversions within 20 h. Independent of the alkyne structure, extended use of the supported catalyst in flow was also possible. In the reaction of benzylazide and propargyl alcohol, this allowed a total turnover number larger than 400 to be reached. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Supported Metal Catalysts and Their Applications in Fine Chemicals)
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12 pages, 23637 KiB  
Article
Polyvinylpyridine-Supported Palladium Nanoparticles: An Efficient Catalyst for Suzuki–Miyaura Coupling Reactions
by Graziano Fusini, Fabio Rizzo, Gaetano Angelici, Emanuela Pitzalis, Claudio Evangelisti and Adriano Carpita
Catalysts 2020, 10(3), 330; https://doi.org/10.3390/catal10030330 - 15 Mar 2020
Cited by 21 | Viewed by 4504
Abstract
Palladium nanoparticles (Pd NPs) synthesized by the metal vapor synthesis technique were supported on poly(4-vinylpyridine) 2% cross-linked with divinylbenzene (Pd/PVPy). Transmission electron microscopy revealed the presence of small metal nanoparticles (dm = 2.9 nm) highly dispersed on the PVPy. The Pd/PVPy system [...] Read more.
Palladium nanoparticles (Pd NPs) synthesized by the metal vapor synthesis technique were supported on poly(4-vinylpyridine) 2% cross-linked with divinylbenzene (Pd/PVPy). Transmission electron microscopy revealed the presence of small metal nanoparticles (dm = 2.9 nm) highly dispersed on the PVPy. The Pd/PVPy system showed high catalytic efficiency in Suzuki-Miyaura carbon–carbon coupling reactions of both non-activated and deactivated aromatic iodides and bromides with aryl boronic acids, carried out under an air atmosphere. The high turnover of the catalyst and the ability of the PVPy resin to retain active Pd species are highlighted. By comparing the catalytic performances of Pd/PVPy with those observed by using commercially available Pd-based supported catalysts, the reported system showed higher selectivity and lower Pd leaching. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Supported Metal Catalysts and Their Applications in Fine Chemicals)
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9 pages, 4200 KiB  
Article
Stereolithography 3D-Printed Catalytically Active Devices in Organic Synthesis
by Sergio Rossi, Alessandra Puglisi, Laura Maria Raimondi and Maurizio Benaglia
Catalysts 2020, 10(1), 109; https://doi.org/10.3390/catal10010109 - 12 Jan 2020
Cited by 21 | Viewed by 4435
Abstract
This article describes the synthesis of stereolithography (SLA) 3D-printed catalyst-impregnated devices and their evaluation in the organocatalyzed Friedel–Crafts alkylation of N–Me–indole with trans-β-nitrostyrene. Using a low-cost SLA 3D printer and freeware design software, different devices were designed and 3D-printed using a [...] Read more.
This article describes the synthesis of stereolithography (SLA) 3D-printed catalyst-impregnated devices and their evaluation in the organocatalyzed Friedel–Crafts alkylation of N–Me–indole with trans-β-nitrostyrene. Using a low-cost SLA 3D printer and freeware design software, different devices were designed and 3D-printed using a photopolymerizable resin containing a thiourea-based organocatalyst. The architectural control offered by the 3D-printing process allows a straightforward production of devices endowed with different shapes and surface areas, with high reproducibility. The 3D-printed organocatalytic materials promoted the formation of the desired product up to a 79% yield, although with longer reaction times compared to reactions under homogeneous conditions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Supported Metal Catalysts and Their Applications in Fine Chemicals)
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15 pages, 15341 KiB  
Article
Controllable Acid/Base Propriety of Sulfate Modified Mixed Metal Oxide Derived from Hydrotalcite for Synthesis of Propylene Carbonate
by Zhongxie Ding, Wenlong Xu, Xingguang Zhang, Zhen Liu, Jiecan Shen, Jinhua Liang, Min Jiang and Xiaoqian Ren
Catalysts 2019, 9(5), 470; https://doi.org/10.3390/catal9050470 - 21 May 2019
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 3937
Abstract
Ammonium persulfate modified mixed metal oxide derived from hydrotalcite with tunable acid/base properties can be prepared via thermal decomposition of Mg-Al hydrotalcite-type precursors and ammonium persulfate. By controlling the ammonium persulfate content, these sulphur mutated samples, denoted as SMgAlO-y (y = 1; 3; [...] Read more.
Ammonium persulfate modified mixed metal oxide derived from hydrotalcite with tunable acid/base properties can be prepared via thermal decomposition of Mg-Al hydrotalcite-type precursors and ammonium persulfate. By controlling the ammonium persulfate content, these sulphur mutated samples, denoted as SMgAlO-y (y = 1; 3; 5; 7), were investigated in this research. The resulted materials were characterized by XRD, SEM, FT-IR spectra, Py-IR spectra, XPS, Hammett indicator, CO2-TPD, as well as NH3-TPD. Furthermore, the acid-base property of the sample surface was determined by inverse gas chromatography measurements (IGC). Among all the obtained outcomes, the target SMgAlO-5 demonstrated the maximal Ka/Kb value, and it presented the highest activity as a catalyst in the synthesis of propylene carbonate (PC) through 1,2-propylene glycol and urea, giving the yield of 97.2% at the optimized reaction condition, which indicated that the PC yield counted on the synergic effect of the acidity and basicity on catalysts. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Supported Metal Catalysts and Their Applications in Fine Chemicals)
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16 pages, 2386 KiB  
Article
Synthesis of MCM-41 Immobilized (Phenoxy)Imine Palladium(II) Complexes as Recyclable Catalysts in the Methoxycarbonylation of 1-Hexene
by Saphan O. Akiri and Stephen O. Ojwach
Catalysts 2019, 9(2), 143; https://doi.org/10.3390/catal9020143 - 2 Feb 2019
Cited by 19 | Viewed by 3789
Abstract
The immobilization of 2-phenyl-2-((3(tryethoxysicyl)propyl)imino)ethanol (HL1) and 4-methyl-2-(((3(triethoxysilyl)propyl)imino)methyl)phenol (HL2) on MCM-41 afforded the respective ligands HL1-MCM-41 (HL3) and HL2-MCM-41 (HL4). The treatment of complexes Pd(L1)2 and Pd(L2)2 with [...] Read more.
The immobilization of 2-phenyl-2-((3(tryethoxysicyl)propyl)imino)ethanol (HL1) and 4-methyl-2-(((3(triethoxysilyl)propyl)imino)methyl)phenol (HL2) on MCM-41 afforded the respective ligands HL1-MCM-41 (HL3) and HL2-MCM-41 (HL4). The treatment of complexes Pd(L1)2 and Pd(L2)2 with MCM-41 afforded the immobilized complexes (Pd(L1)2)-MCM-41 (1) and (Pd(L2)2)-MCM-41 (2) respectively. Separately, the reactions of HL3 and HL4 with Pd(NCMe)2Cl2 produced the immobilized complexes Pd(HL3)Cl2 (3) and Pd(HL4)Cl2 (4) respectively. The immobilized compounds were characterized by FT-IR, Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX), Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) and X-ray Powder Diffraction (XRD). All the complexes (1–4) formed active catalysts in the methoxycarbonylation of 1-hexene to give linear and branched esters. The catalysts were recycled four times without the loss of catalytic activity. Hot filtration experiments established the absence of leaching, and the heterogeneous nature of the active species was derived from mercury drop experiments. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Supported Metal Catalysts and Their Applications in Fine Chemicals)
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10 pages, 2198 KiB  
Article
Selective Oxidation of Glycerol Using 3% H2O2 Catalyzed by Supported Nano-Au Catalysts
by Xiaoli Wang, Gongde Wu, Tongfa Jin, Jie Xu and Shihao Song
Catalysts 2018, 8(11), 505; https://doi.org/10.3390/catal8110505 - 29 Oct 2018
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 3051
Abstract
A series of transition metal oxides or mixed oxides supported nano-Au catalysts were prepared for the selective oxidation of glycerol to glyceric acid using 3% H2O2. It was found that the composition and structure of supports significantly influenced the [...] Read more.
A series of transition metal oxides or mixed oxides supported nano-Au catalysts were prepared for the selective oxidation of glycerol to glyceric acid using 3% H2O2. It was found that the composition and structure of supports significantly influenced the catalytic performance of catalysts. The mesoporous trimetal mixed oxide (CuNiAlO) supported nano-Au catalysts were more active in comparison with the others. In the present catalytic system, the highest glycerol conversion was 90.5%, while the selectivity of glyceric acid could reach 72%. Moreover, the catalytic performance remained after 11 times of reaction. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Supported Metal Catalysts and Their Applications in Fine Chemicals)
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