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Coatings
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Multilayer and Functional Graded Coatings
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Multilayer and Functional Graded Coatings

A special issue of Coatings (ISSN 2079-6412). This special issue belongs to the section "Surface Characterization, Deposition and Modification".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 June 2021) | Viewed by 21598

Special Issue Editor

Prof. Dr. Yung-I Chen

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Optoelectronics and Materials Technology, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, Taiwan
Interests: bond coats; diffusion barriers; glass molding technology; high-entropy alloy films; internal oxidation; metallic coatings; nanocomposite nitride films; thin-film metallic glasses; transition metal nitride films
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Multilayer coatings consist of sublayers with alternative variation in chemical concentrations or crystalline structures. The multilayer-structure is beneficial for improving oxidation resistance, enhancing mechanical properties, reducing internal stress, inhibiting crack propagation, and improving fracture toughness. For example, a columnar crystalline structure formed in a monolithic coating is interrupted due to the distinct characteristics between the sublayers. With the introduced interfaces, multilayer hard coatings have displayed hardness enhancements due to dislocation blocking between interfaces, lattice mismatch, and Hall–Petch effects. Multilayer coatings comprise various assemblies, such as metal/metal, metal/nitride, nitride/nitride, and oxide/metal. This Special Issue on "Multilayer and Functional Graded Coatings" is open to all original research and critical review articles in the relevant topics.

Prof. Yung-I Chen
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Coatings is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • Corrosion protection
  • Diffusion barriers
  • Gradient concentration
  • Laminated coatings
  • Mechanical properties
  • Multilayer coating
  • Optical coating
  • Oxidation resistance
  • Protective coatings

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Published Papers (6 papers)

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Research

13 pages, 10540 KiB  
Article
Structural, Optical, and Electrical Properties of Copper Oxide Films Grown by the SILAR Method with Post-Annealing
by Wen-Jen Lee and Xin-Jin Wang
Coatings 2021, 11(7), 864; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings11070864 - 19 Jul 2021
Cited by 39 | Viewed by 4921
Abstract
Copper oxides are widely used in photocatalysts, sensors, batteries, optoelectronic, and electronic devices. In order to obtain different material properties to meet the requirements of different application fields, varied technologies and process conditions are used to prepare copper oxides. In this work, copper [...] Read more.
Copper oxides are widely used in photocatalysts, sensors, batteries, optoelectronic, and electronic devices. In order to obtain different material properties to meet the requirements of different application fields, varied technologies and process conditions are used to prepare copper oxides. In this work, copper oxide films were grown on glass substrates by a successive ionic layer adsorption and reaction (SILAR) method with subsequent annealing under an atmospheric environment. The films were characterized by using an X-ray diffractometer, Raman spectrometer, Scanning electron microscope, UV-Visible-NIR spectrophotometer, and Hall Effect measurement. The results show that the as-deposited film has a Cu2O crystal structure, which begins to transform into Cu2O-CuO mixed crystal and CuO crystal structure after annealing at 300 °C for a period of time, resulting in the bandgap of being reduced from 1.90 to 1.34 eV. The results show that not only are the crystal structure and bandgap of the films affected by the post-annealing temperature and time, but also the resistivity, carrier concentration, and mobility of the films are varied with the annealing conditions. In addition, the film with a Cu2O-CuO mixed crystal shows a high carrier mobility of 93.7 cm2·V−1·s−1 and a low carrier concentration of 1.8 × 1012 cm−3 due to the formation of a Cu2O-CuO heterojuction. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Multilayer and Functional Graded Coatings)
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13 pages, 5532 KiB  
Article
Curved-Mechanical Characteristic Measurements of Transparent Conductive Film-Coated Polymer Substrates Using Common-Path Optical Interferometry
by Bor-Jiunn Wen and Jui-Jen Hsu
Coatings 2021, 11(7), 766; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings11070766 - 25 Jun 2021
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1953
Abstract
This study proposes a method for measuring curved-mechanical characteristics based on a whole-folding test for transparent conductive film-coated polymer substrates using common-path optical interferometry. Accordingly, 80-, 160-, and 230-nm indium tin oxide films coated on 40 × 40 mm 125-μm-thick polyethylene terephthalate (PET) [...] Read more.
This study proposes a method for measuring curved-mechanical characteristics based on a whole-folding test for transparent conductive film-coated polymer substrates using common-path optical interferometry. Accordingly, 80-, 160-, and 230-nm indium tin oxide films coated on 40 × 40 mm 125-μm-thick polyethylene terephthalate (PET) substrates, and monolayer graphene films coated on 40 × 40 mm 250-μm-thick PET substrates are inspected and analyzed under the curving conditions of 50-, 30-, 20-, and 10-mm radii before and after an 11,000 whole-folding cycle test based on a 10-mm folding radius. This study utilizes the changes in the phase retardations of transparent conductive film-coated polymer substrates under different curving conditions before and after 11,000 whole-folding cycles to analyze the substrates’ residual stress characteristics that were the direct result of manufacturing process parameters. The results from this study of curved-mechanical characteristic measurements of flexible transparent conductive substrates can provide designers with improved product development and can assist manufacturers in improving the manufacturing design of enhanced coating processes. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Multilayer and Functional Graded Coatings)
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14 pages, 6683 KiB  
Article
Mechanical Properties and Diffusion Barrier Performance of CrWN Coatings Fabricated through Hybrid HiPIMS/RFMS
by Li-Chun Chang, Cheng-En Wu and Tzu-Yu Ou
Coatings 2021, 11(6), 690; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings11060690 - 9 Jun 2021
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2839
Abstract
CrWN coatings were fabricated through a hybrid high-power impulse magnetron sputtering/radio-frequency magnetron sputtering technique. The phase structures, mechanical properties, and tribological characteristics of CrWN coatings prepared with various nitrogen flow ratios (fN2s) were investigated. The results indicated that the CrWN [...] Read more.
CrWN coatings were fabricated through a hybrid high-power impulse magnetron sputtering/radio-frequency magnetron sputtering technique. The phase structures, mechanical properties, and tribological characteristics of CrWN coatings prepared with various nitrogen flow ratios (fN2s) were investigated. The results indicated that the CrWN coatings prepared at fN2 levels of 0.1 and 0.2 exhibited a Cr2N phase, whereas the coatings prepared at fN2 levels of 0.3 and 0.4 exhibited a CrN phase. These CrWN coatings exhibited hardness values of 16.7–20.2 GPa and Young’s modulus levels of 268–296 GPa, which indicated higher mechanical properties than those of coatings with similar residual stresses prepared through conventional direct current magnetron sputtering. Face-centered cubic (fcc) Cr51W2N47 coatings with a residual stress of −0.53 GPa exhibited the highest wear and scratch resistance. Furthermore, the diffusion barrier performance of fcc CrWN films on Cu metallization was explored, and they exhibited excellent barrier characteristics up to 650 °C. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Multilayer and Functional Graded Coatings)
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15 pages, 8877 KiB  
Article
A Fully Inkjet-Printed Strain Sensor Based on Carbon Nanotubes
by Hsuan-Ling Kao, Cheng-Lin Cho, Li-Chun Chang, Chun-Bing Chen, Wen-Hung Chung and Yun-Chen Tsai
Coatings 2020, 10(8), 792; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings10080792 - 14 Aug 2020
Cited by 32 | Viewed by 4591
Abstract
A fully inkjet-printed strain sensor based on carbon nanotubes (CNTs) was fabricated in this study for microstrain and microcrack detection. Carbon nanotubes and silver films were used as the sensing layer and conductive layer, respectively. Inkjet-printed CNTs easily undergo agglomeration due to van [...] Read more.
A fully inkjet-printed strain sensor based on carbon nanotubes (CNTs) was fabricated in this study for microstrain and microcrack detection. Carbon nanotubes and silver films were used as the sensing layer and conductive layer, respectively. Inkjet-printed CNTs easily undergo agglomeration due to van der Waals forces between CNTs, resulting in uneven films. The uniformity of CNT film affects the electrical and mechanical properties. Multi-pass printing and pattern rotation provided precise quantities of sensing materials, enabling the realization of uniform CNT films and stable resistance. Three strain sensors printed eight-layer CNT film by unidirectional printing, rotated by 180° and 90° were compared. The low density on one side of eight-layer CNT film by unidirectional printing results in more disconnection and poor connectivity with the silver film, thereby, significantly increasing the resistance. For 180° rotation eight-layer strain sensors, lower sensitivity and smaller measured range were found because strain was applied to the uneven CNT film resulting in non-uniform strain distribution. Lower resistance and better strain sensitivity was obtained for eight-layer strain sensor with 90° rotation because of uniform film. Given the uniform surface morphology and saturated sheet resistance of the 20-layer CNT film, the strain performance of the 20-layer CNT strain sensor was also examined. Excluding the permanent destruction of the first strain, 0.76% and 1.05% responses were obtained for the 8- and 20-layer strain sensors under strain between 0% and 3128 µε, respectively, which demonstrates the high reproducibility and recoverability of the sensor. The gauge factor (GF) of 20-layer strain sensor was found to be 2.77 under strain from 71 to 3128 µε, which is higher than eight-layer strain sensor (GF = 1.93) due to the uniform surface morphology and stable resistance. The strain sensors exhibited a highly linear and reversible behavior under strain of 71 to 3128 µε, so that the microstrain level could be clearly distinguished. The technology of the fully inkjet-printed CNT-based microstrain sensor provides high reproducibility, stability, and rapid hardness detection. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Multilayer and Functional Graded Coatings)
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9 pages, 3016 KiB  
Article
Thermal Stability, Hardness, and Corrosion Behavior of the Nickel–Ruthenium–Phosphorus Sputtering Coatings
by Yu-Cheng Hsiao and Fan-Bean Wu
Coatings 2020, 10(8), 786; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings10080786 - 13 Aug 2020
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2683
Abstract
Nickel–ruthenium–phosphorus, Ni–Ru–P, alloy coatings were fabricated by magnetron dual-gun co-sputtering from Ni–P alloy and Ru source targets. The composition variation and related microstructure evolution of the coatings were manipulated by the input power modulation. The as-prepared Ni–Ru–P alloy coatings with a Ru content [...] Read more.
Nickel–ruthenium–phosphorus, Ni–Ru–P, alloy coatings were fabricated by magnetron dual-gun co-sputtering from Ni–P alloy and Ru source targets. The composition variation and related microstructure evolution of the coatings were manipulated by the input power modulation. The as-prepared Ni–Ru–P alloy coatings with a Ru content less than 12.2 at.% are amorphous/nanocrystalline, while that with a high Ru content of 52.7 at.% shows a feature of crystallized Ni, Ru, and Ru2P mixed phases in the as-deposited state. The crystallized phases for high Ru content Ni–Ru–P coatings are stable against annealing process up to 600 °C. By contrast, the amorphous/nanocrystalline Ni–Ru–P thin films withstand a heat-treated temperature up to 475 °C and then transform into Ni(Ru) and NixPy crystallized phases at an annealing temperature over 500 °C. The surface hardness of the Ni–Ru–P films ranges from 7.2 to 12.1 GPa and increases with the Ru content and the annealing temperatures. A highest surface hardness is found for the 550 °C annealed Ni–Ru–P with a high Ru content of 52.7 at.%. The Ecorr values of the heat-treated amorphous/nanocrystalline Ni–Ru–P coatings become more negative, while with a high Ru content over 27.3 at.% the Ni–Ru–P films show more negative Ecorr values after annealing process. The pitting corrosion feature is observed for the amorphous/nanocrystalline Ni–Ru–P coatings when tested in a 3.5M NaCl solution. Severer pitting corrosion is found for the 550 °C annealed Ni–Ru–P coatings. The development of Ni(Ru) and NixPy crystallized phases during annealing is responsible for the degeneration of corrosion resistance. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Multilayer and Functional Graded Coatings)
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12 pages, 4568 KiB  
Article
Effects of Substrate Rotation Speed on Structure and Adhesion Properties of CrN/CrAlSiN Multilayer Coatings Prepared Using High-Power Impulse Magnetron Sputtering
by Jian-Fu Tang, Chun-Hong Huang, Ching-Yen Lin, Fu-Chi Yang and Chi-Lung Chang
Coatings 2020, 10(8), 742; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings10080742 - 29 Jul 2020
Cited by 15 | Viewed by 3751
Abstract
We investigated the effects of substrate rotation speed on the structural and mechanical properties of CrN/CrAlSiN multilayer coatings produced using high-power impulse magnetron sputtering (HiPIMS) on silicon and high-speed steel (HSS) substrates. Structural analysis and characterization of the multilayer coatings were performed using [...] Read more.
We investigated the effects of substrate rotation speed on the structural and mechanical properties of CrN/CrAlSiN multilayer coatings produced using high-power impulse magnetron sputtering (HiPIMS) on silicon and high-speed steel (HSS) substrates. Structural analysis and characterization of the multilayer coatings were performed using an X-ray diffractometer (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), an electron probe microanalyzer (EPMA), and a transmission electron microscope (TEM). The thickness of the bi-layer film depended on the substrate rotation speed, as follows: 12 (1.5 rpm), 9.5 (2 rpm), 6 (3 rpm), 4 (4 rpm), and 3.2 nm (5 rpm). The results revealed that the hardness and coating–substrate adhesion strength increased inversely with the thickness of the bi-layer. TEM analysis revealed smaller columnar structures in thinner CrN/CrAlSiN multilayer coatings. The highest results for hardness (20.1 GPa), elastic modulus (336 GPa), and adhesion strength (77 N) were obtained at a substrate rotation speed of 5 rpm. We also investigated the adhesion properties of the multilayer structures and formulated a hypothesis to explain adhesion strength. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Multilayer and Functional Graded Coatings)
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