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Coatings
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Coating—A Sustainable Future
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Coating—A Sustainable Future

A special issue of Coatings (ISSN 2079-6412).

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 December 2019) | Viewed by 34284

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Ghasideh Pourhashem

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Coatings and Polymeric Materials, North Dakota State University, 1735 NDSU Research Park Drive, Fargo, ND 58102, USA
Interests: sustainability assessment of coating materials
Prof. Dr. Mark D. Soucek

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Polymer Engineering, College of Polymer Science and Polymer Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, OH 44325, USA
Interests: latexes; powder coatings; uv-curable powder coatings; kinetic and reaction mechanism studies of crosslinkers for coatings; protective space coatings; high solids and water-reducible alkyds; uv-curable coatings; inorganic/organic hybrid coatings; coatings from renewable resources; auto-oxidative curing mechanism of drying oils; plasma deposition of high performance coatings; corrosion resistant polyurethane coatings
Dr. Mojgan Nejad

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Forestry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
Interests: wood coatings; lignin-based bioproducts
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The development of green and sustainable coatings is in high demand due to their ability to provide a healthier environment for workers, safer products for customers, and compliance with new requirements and regulations. In addition, consumers’ demand for environmentally friendlier, green products has grown exponentially. Today, sustainability aspects of coatings have been moving beyond the reduction of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) to energy and resource savings, the incorporation of renewable materials, greener processes, and waste minimization through the entire value chain of the coating productions.

As we quickly move towards formulating greener coatings, attention to the sustainability in all components of the final products becomes more critical. Therefore, examining and identifying coating materials that can provide better or equal functionality, environmental, and health impacts, and potentially similar or lower cost, is an essential step in guiding future research directions as well as facilitating the decision-making for the coating industry in using greener materials as we move towards a more sustainable bioeconomy.

This Special Issue focuses on investigating a wide range of green coatings using either renewable materials and/or greener processes. In particular, the topics of interest include but are not limited to:

  • Using renewable raw materials in coating formulation (vegetable oils or other plant-based materials like cellulose, lignin, or tannin)
  • Novel designs of material synthesis and formulation processes that reduce health and environmental impacts (e.g., carbon footprint, energy consumption, and toxicity).
  • Life cycle environmental impact assessment and techno-economic analysis of green coatings
  • Reducing the use of toxic components (e.g., anti-corrosion materials)
  • Green coatings in biomedical, electronic, automotive, and construction applications
  • Green coatings for energy saving in the construction industry
  • Recycled polymers used for coatings
  • Fermented or bacertially derived materials used for coatings

Dr. Ghasideh Pourhashem
Prof. Dr. Mark D. Soucek
Dr. Mojgan Nejad
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Coatings is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • green coating
  • sustainable coating
  • biobased coating
  • sustainability
  • renewable materials
  • life cycle assessment
  • techno-economic analysis

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Published Papers (7 papers)

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Editorial

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3 pages, 149 KiB  
Editorial
Coating a Sustainable Future
by Ghasideh Pourhashem
Coatings 2020, 10(8), 713; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings10080713 - 23 Jul 2020
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2590
Abstract
The increasing demand for more sustainable products, now more than ever, has been driving research efforts in academia and industry to develop novel coatings solutions. This special issue aims at exploring opportunities for developing such coatings that incorporate elements of sustainability in their [...] Read more.
The increasing demand for more sustainable products, now more than ever, has been driving research efforts in academia and industry to develop novel coatings solutions. This special issue aims at exploring opportunities for developing such coatings that incorporate elements of sustainability in their design by utilizing green materials or processes while offering desired performance in a variety of applications. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Coating—A Sustainable Future)

Research

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14 pages, 3575 KiB  
Article
X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy Analysis of Nitrogen-Doped TiO2 Films Prepared by Reactive-Ion-Beam Sputtering with Various NH3/O2 Gas Mixture Ratios
by Jin-Cherng Hsu, Yung-Hsin Lin and Paul W. Wang
Coatings 2020, 10(1), 47; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings10010047 - 4 Jan 2020
Cited by 37 | Viewed by 4649
Abstract
Nitrogen-doped TiO2 films were prepared by reactive ion-beam sputtering deposition (IBSD) in a mixed atmosphere of NH3 and O2 at a substrate temperature of 400 °C. X-ray photoelectron spectra revealed the presence of six ions, i.e., N3−, N [...] Read more.
Nitrogen-doped TiO2 films were prepared by reactive ion-beam sputtering deposition (IBSD) in a mixed atmosphere of NH3 and O2 at a substrate temperature of 400 °C. X-ray photoelectron spectra revealed the presence of six ions, i.e., N3−, N2−, N1−, N+, N2+, and N3+, respectively, in the films. The amorphous films had complex, randomly oriented chemical bonds. The Tauc–Lorentz model was employed to determine the bandgap energy of the amorphous films prepared using different NH3/O2 gas mixing ratios by ellipsometry. In addition, the optical constants of the films were measured. With the increase in the NH3/O2 gas mixture ratio to 3.0, the bandgap of N-doped TiO2 narrowed to ~2.54 eV. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Coating—A Sustainable Future)
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12 pages, 2908 KiB  
Communication
Hardness and Roughness of Overlaid Wood Composites Exposed to a High-Humidity Environment
by Emilia-Adela Salca and Salim Hiziroglu
Coatings 2019, 9(11), 711; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings9110711 - 31 Oct 2019
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 3054
Abstract
The objective of this experimental study was to evaluate the surface roughness and hardness of laminated wood-based composite panels as a function of exposure to high relative humidity (RH). All samples were conditioned in a room having a temperature of 20 °C and [...] Read more.
The objective of this experimental study was to evaluate the surface roughness and hardness of laminated wood-based composite panels as a function of exposure to high relative humidity (RH). All samples were conditioned in a room having a temperature of 20 °C and a relative humidity of 65% before the tests were carried out. Surface roughness, Janka hardness and mass change rate of the raw and overlaid samples were determined before and after humidity exposure. The surface of the overlaid samples was also investigated by SEM. The stylus method was used to determine the fluctuations of the surface quality of the raw and overlaid composites. The surface quality and hardness of the samples were influenced by increases of the RH level and exposure time. The mass rate change was higher for the raw samples compared with the overlaid ones. The findings of this study can be applied to improve production techniques in furniture manufacturing and to enhance the use of overlaid composite panels. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Coating—A Sustainable Future)
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12 pages, 3234 KiB  
Article
Investigation of Heat Transfer Properties of Plasma-Treated and Silicone-Elastomer Coated Basalt Fabric
by Meiling Zhang, Ron Denning, Zhili Zhong, Xungai Wang, Yiwen Shen and Maryam Naebe
Coatings 2019, 9(5), 292; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings9050292 - 28 Apr 2019
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 3667
Abstract
In this study, the effect of pre-plasma treatment on the adsorption of silicone to enhance the heat transfer resistance of basalt fabric for protective clothing was investigated. Fabrics were treated with plasma prior to surface coating. Changes to the un-sized basalt fibre surface [...] Read more.
In this study, the effect of pre-plasma treatment on the adsorption of silicone to enhance the heat transfer resistance of basalt fabric for protective clothing was investigated. Fabrics were treated with plasma prior to surface coating. Changes to the un-sized basalt fibre surface were characterized by using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), scanning probe microscopy (SPM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and contact angle measurement. Furthermore, heat transfer and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of basalt fabric coated with silicone were assessed. The results show that the different percentage add-ons of silicone had a significant effect on the heat transfer rate of the un-sized basalt fabric. Plasma treatment changed the fibres physically and enhanced the uniformity of the silicone coating. A combination of the plasma treatment and silicone coating revealed a significant difference in the heat transfer rate compared to the silicone-only coated basalt fabric. This finding can potentially be used to both engineer and tune the performance of protective clothing. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Coating—A Sustainable Future)
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18 pages, 3098 KiB  
Article
Inter-Correlation among the Hydrophilic–Lipophilic Balance, Surfactant System, Viscosity, Particle Size, and Stability of Candelilla Wax-Based Dispersions
by Martina Lindner, Magdalena Bäumler and Andreas Stäbler
Coatings 2018, 8(12), 469; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings8120469 - 19 Dec 2018
Cited by 24 | Viewed by 7664
Abstract
Owing to a decrease in mineral oil resources, it is crucial to develop packaging materials based on renewable resources. Hence, a water vapor-barrier coating is developed as a natural wax-based dispersion. This dispersion should be stable over the storage time. In this study, [...] Read more.
Owing to a decrease in mineral oil resources, it is crucial to develop packaging materials based on renewable resources. Hence, a water vapor-barrier coating is developed as a natural wax-based dispersion. This dispersion should be stable over the storage time. In this study, the physical stability of a wax-based melt dispersion was analyzed (24 h and 21 days after production), and instability phenomena such as agglomeration, coalescence, and flotation were identified. Furthermore, the inter-correlations among the particle size, viscosity of the continuous phase, physical stability, surfactant chemistry, and hydrophilic–lipophilic balance value were characterized. Particle sizes were described by volume/surface mean d3,2, volume moment mean d4,3, and number mean d1,0 diameter, as well as the span of the volume and number distribution. Stability was characterized by the flotation rate, emulsion stability index, and Turbiscan stability index. Coalescence and agglomeration were not observed after the solidification of the wax particles. A significant correlation was observed for the emulsion stability index, with d3,2, and for flotation rate, with d1,0, d4,3, and viscosity as well, with d1,0, d3,2. Surfactants with hydrophilic–lipophilic balance values of 11–13.5 seem to be the most suitable for stabilizing candelilla wax-in-water suspensions. Particles were smaller, and wax suspensions were better stabilized using Tween 20 and Span 20, compared with Tween 80 and Span 80. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Coating—A Sustainable Future)
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14 pages, 4192 KiB  
Article
Synthesis of Eugenol-Based Silicon-Containing Benzoxazines and Their Applications as Bio-Based Organic Coatings
by Jinyue Dai, Shimin Yang, Na Teng, Yuan Liu, Xiaoqing Liu, Jin Zhu and Jun Zhao
Coatings 2018, 8(3), 88; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings8030088 - 27 Feb 2018
Cited by 51 | Viewed by 6623
Abstract
In this work, several bio-based main-chain type benzoxazine oligomers (MCBO) were synthesized from eugenol derivatives via polycondensation reaction with paraformaldehyde and different diamine. Afterwards, their chemical structures were confirmed by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR) and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (1H-NMR). [...] Read more.
In this work, several bio-based main-chain type benzoxazine oligomers (MCBO) were synthesized from eugenol derivatives via polycondensation reaction with paraformaldehyde and different diamine. Afterwards, their chemical structures were confirmed by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR) and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (1H-NMR). The curing reaction was monitored by Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) and FT-IR. The polybenzoxazine films were prepared via thermal ring-opening reaction of benzoxazine groups without solvent, and their thermodynamic properties, thermal stability, and coating properties were investigated in detail. Results indicated that the cured films exhibited good thermal stability and mechanical properties, showing 10% thermal weight loss (Td10%) temperature as high as 408 °C and modulus at a room temperature of 2100 MPa as well as the glass transition temperature of 123 °C. In addition, the related coatings exhibited high hardness, excellent adhesion, good flexibility, low moisture absorption, and outstanding solvent resistance. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Coating—A Sustainable Future)
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4998 KiB  
Article
Effects of the Amount and Type of Diol Ring Openers on the Properties of Oligolactide Acrylates for UV-Curable Printing Inks
by Santi Kulsiriswad, Kawee Srikulkit and Onusa Saravari
Coatings 2017, 7(10), 174; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings7100174 - 20 Oct 2017
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 5048
Abstract
This study aimed to synthesize low viscosity oligolactide acrylates for UV-curable inks from oligolactide diols. Firstly, low molecular weight oligolactide diols were prepared by ring opening reaction of L-lactide with diols. Oligolactide acrylates were then synthesized by functionalizing the oligolactide diols with acrylic [...] Read more.
This study aimed to synthesize low viscosity oligolactide acrylates for UV-curable inks from oligolactide diols. Firstly, low molecular weight oligolactide diols were prepared by ring opening reaction of L-lactide with diols. Oligolactide acrylates were then synthesized by functionalizing the oligolactide diols with acrylic acid. In this study, three diol ring openers having short and long alkyl chain length were used to investigate the effects of the amount and type of diols on the properties of the oligolactide acrylates. The obtained oligomers were characterized, and the viscosities of oligolactide acrylates were measured. Results showed that oligolactide acrylates were successfully synthesized in all cases of ring openers, as confirmed by 1H-NMR (proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy) and FTIR (Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy). An increase in the alkyl chain length of the ring openers resulted in oligomers with lower viscosity and a decrease in Tg. Following that, the obtained oligolactide acrylates were employed for the formulation of UV-curable screen printing inks and their properties were investigated. Results showed that the inks formulated from oligomers with lower molecular weight exhibited better ink flow. Additionally, all ink films cured by UV radiation were very flexible with excellent adhesion, high impact resistance, and excellent water resistance. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Coating—A Sustainable Future)
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