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Multifunctional Coatings on Medical Devices

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A special issue of Coatings (ISSN 2079-6412). This special issue belongs to the section "Surface Coatings for Biomedicine and Bioengineering".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 December 2023) | Viewed by 38699

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Special Issue Editor

Prof. Dr. Gabriela Ciobanu

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Department of Organic, Biochemical and Food Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Environmental Protection “Cristofor Simionescu”, “Gheorghe Asachi” Technical University of Iasi, Prof. dr. doc. D. Mangeron Street, no. 73, 700050 Iasi, Romania
Interests: biomaterials (hydroxyapatite, titanium and their alloys, etc.); coatings; scaffolds
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Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

This Special Issue is dedicated to highlighting the important progress achieved in the development of multifunctional coatings on the surface of biomaterials used in medical devices, such as implants, scaffolds for tissue engineering, etc.

It is generally acknowledged that nowadays, a real challenge is the development of biomaterials with new characteristics and properties, for various medical applications. Medical devices are extremely useful in medicine for both diagnostic and therapeutic purposes, being widely used in present day in plastic and reconstructive surgery, dentistry, orthopedics, neurosurgery, cardiovascular surgery, urology, etc.

Multifunctional coatings can give an implantable system certain properties, depending on the function and location of the medical device. Thus, many coatings on implantable devices can promote interactions with adjacent cells and tissue fluids. Also, the surfaces of medical devices can be coated with antibiotic-containing layers able to counteract bacterial adhesion. An interesting approach concerns the development of smart coatings based on biomaterials, which change their properties in response to environmental stimuli. The immobilization of biofunctional molecules and biomolecules on biomaterials to form biofunctional coatings is another challenge for researchers. Many more of outstanding examples could be given.

For this Issue, the following biomaterials are considered, but not limited to: metals (Ti, Mg, etc.) and their alloys, polymers, ceramics, hydroxyapatite.

Potential topics:

The scope of this Special Issue will serve as a forum for papers in the following concepts regarding multifunctional coatings on the surface of the biomaterials used in medical devices, such as implants, scaffolds for tissue engineering, and others:

- Composite coatings;

- Smart coatings;

- Antimicrobial coatings;

- Antifouling coatings;

- Immobilization of biofunctional molecules and biomolecules to form biofunctional coatings;

- Drug delivery coatings.

We kindly invite you to submit your research contribution, namely: research article, communication, or review for this Special Issue.

Prof. Dr. Gabriela Ciobanu
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Coatings is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

Coating
Surface treatment
Biomaterial
Medical device

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Published Papers (9 papers)

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Research

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14 pages, 8871 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Comparison of Mini-Tablets and Pellets as Multiparticulate Drug Delivery Systems for Controlled Drug Release

by Florian Priese, Dimitri Wiegel, Caterina Funaro, Giusi Mondelli and Bertram Wolf

Coatings 2023, 13(11), 1891; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings13111891 - 3 Nov 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2883

Abstract

Mini-tablets made into hard capsules or administered using special dosing units, as well as pellets in hard capsules or compressed into tablets, offer the advantages of multiparticulate drug delivery systems and are suitable for controlled drug release using polymer coatings. Four different kinds of solid drug preparations were manufactured and investigated concerning drug release. Inert pellets were coated with the model drug sodium benzoate and, in a second step, with the insoluble polymer ethylcellulose. The coated pellets were compressed into mini-tablets and into normal tablets. Another kind of mini-tablet was compressed from a sodium benzoate compression mixture and finally coated with ethylcellulose. The coating of the tablets was performed using fluidized bed technology. The sodium benzoate release plots of the coated pellets show a lag time and retarded release according first-order kinetics. The mini-tablets and normal tablets compressed from pellets release sodium benzoate according to first-order kinetics as well, but without the lag time due to distinct ethylcellulose layer destruction during tableting. The release is retarded with increasing ethylcellulose layer thickness on directly compressed mini-tablets. The different formulations of coated pellets, mini-tablets, and normal tablets offer a broad choice for variable drug release kinetics depending on the biopharmaceutical and pharmacological requirements. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Multifunctional Coatings on Medical Devices)

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16 pages, 5415 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

In Vitro Investigation of Corrosion Control of Magnesium with Degradable Polycaprolactone Coatings for Cardiovascular Grafts

by Sara Knigge, Marc Mueller, Lara Fricke, Tobias Schilling and Birgit Glasmacher

Coatings 2023, 13(1), 94; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings13010094 - 4 Jan 2023

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2779

Abstract

Magnesium is a promising metal for resorbable cardiovascular implants due to its high biocompatibility, high corrosion tendency, and mechanical properties. However, adapting its corrosion rate to the physiological healing processes is required to ascertain a safe graft function. A protective polymeric layer is supposed to slow down the corrosion rate of magnesium. Additionally, coatings can improve the host’s tissue interaction with the implant by implementing the local delivery of antibiotic drugs and growth or cell adhesion factors. However, little is known about the interaction of polymer-based coatings, their degradation, and magnesium corrosion. This study examines the corrosion mechanism of magnesium protected by spin coatings and electrospun fiber coatings under physiological conditions. Pure magnesium specimens were coated with polycaprolactone (PCL). The corrosion of the coated magnesium was evaluated using an immersion test in simulated body fluid. Spin coatings provided efficient protection against corrosive attacks and a significantly lower corrosion rate by 75% compared to uncoated magnesium. In contrast, fiber coatings did not provide relevant corrosion protection. On the other hand, magnesium corrosion caused the accelerated degradation of the PCL layer. A reliable and safe implant function is vital, especially in cardiovascular applications. Magnesium coating, therefore, should be carried out with spin coatings. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Multifunctional Coatings on Medical Devices)

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11 pages, 9206 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Topography Control of Micro-Nanosized Anatase Coating on Magnesium Alloy

by Shusen Hou, Tingting Yang, Yue Li, Liming Lian, Weixin Yu and Lin Yang

Coatings 2022, 12(8), 1063; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings12081063 - 27 Jul 2022

Viewed by 1820

Abstract

Constructing surface topographies in the micro- or nanometer range is an effective way to improve the biocompatibility of biomaterials. For the present work, anatase coatings with controllable micro/nanoscale characteristics were successfully prepared on an MgZn alloy surface via solvothermal route, and their formation mechanisms are discussed. The features of the as-prepared coatings were characterized using a scanning electron microscope (SEM), a transmission electron microscope (TEM), an atomic force microscope (AFM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and a contact angle goniometer. The corrosion behavior of the coatings was also evaluated by testing the open circuit potential (OCP) in SBF (Simulated Body Fluid). The results show that a gradual variation of the anatase coating morphologies was obtained through adjusting the solvothermal reaction conditions. With the increase of NH₄F concentration in the solution, the cross-combined anatase nanosheets became more dispersed. The micro/nanostructured anatase coatings provide the MgZn alloy with good corrosion resistance, which increased with the density of anatase nanosheets in the coatings. In addition, the coatings exhibit the inhibition of platelet aggregation, and the micro/nano structures can also adsorb endothelial cells. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Multifunctional Coatings on Medical Devices)

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11 pages, 1801 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Investigation of the Long-Term Antibacterial Properties of Titanium by Two-Step Micro-Arc Oxidation Treatment

by Harumi Tsutsumi, Yusuke Tsutsumi, Masaya Shimabukuro, Tomoyo Manaka, Peng Chen, Maki Ashida, Kunio Ishikawa, Hideki Katayama and Takao Hanawa

Coatings 2021, 11(7), 798; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings11070798 - 1 Jul 2021

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 3026

Abstract

Recently, biofilm formation caused by bacterial adhesion and colonization has been recognized as the major cause of failure in orthopedic and dental implant surgeries. In this study, a customized micro-arc oxidation (MAO) treatment technique was developed to obtain desirable antibacterial properties on Ti surfaces. The two-step MAO treatment was applied in the fabrication of specimens with Ag and with/without Zn in their surface oxide layer. In order to simulate practical usage, surface analyses and immersion tests were performed to evaluate the incorporation of Ag and Zn into the resulting oxide layer and ion release behavior, respectively. Additionally, the antibacterial properties of the specimens after long-term immersion in physiological saline were evaluated using Gram-negative facultative anaerobic bacteria. The MAO-treated specimens containing Ag and Zn exhibited excellent antibacterial properties against Escherichia coli, which were sustained even after 6 months of immersion in physiological saline to simulate practical usage. Moreover, the Ag ions released from the surface oxide indicate the antibacterial properties of the specimen in the early stage, while the release of the corrosion products of Zn demonstrates its antibacterial properties in the later stage. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Multifunctional Coatings on Medical Devices)

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13 pages, 2978 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Borate and Silicate Bioactive Glass Coatings Prepared by Nanosecond Pulsed Laser Deposition

by Julietta V. Rau, Angela De Bonis, Mariangela Curcio, Katharina Schuhladen, Katia Barbaro, Giovanni De Bellis, Roberto Teghil and Aldo R. Boccaccini

Coatings 2020, 10(11), 1105; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings10111105 - 18 Nov 2020

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 3134

Abstract

Silicate (13-93) and borate (13-93-B3) bioactive glass coatings were successfully deposited on titanium using the nanosecond Pulsed Laser Deposition technique. The coatings’ microstructural characteristics, compositions and morphologies were examined by a number of physico-chemical techniques. The deposited coatings retain the same functional groups of the targets, are a few microns thick, amorphous, compact and crack free. Their surface is characterized by the presence of micrometric and nanometric particles. The surface topography, investigated by Atomic Force Microscopy, is characterized by spherical or ellipsoidal particles of the 0.2–3 μm size range for the 13-93 silicate bioactive glass film and of the 0.1–1 µm range for the 13-93-B3 borate bioactive glass coating. Equine adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells (ADMSCs) were applied for biological tests and the osteogenic differentiation activity of cells on the deposited coatings was studied after ADMSCs growth in osteogenic medium and staining with Alizarin Red. Cytocompatibility and osteogenic differentiation tests have shown that thin films retain the biocompatibility properties of the target silicate and borate glass, respectively. On the other hand, no antibacterial activity of the borate glass films was observed, suggesting that ion doping is advisable to inhibit bacterial growth on the surface of borate glass thin films. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Multifunctional Coatings on Medical Devices)

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9 pages, 822 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Rescue Blankets-Transmission and Reflectivity of Electromagnetic Radiation

by Hannah Kranebitter, Bernd Wallner, Andreas Klinger, Markus Isser, Franz J. Wiedermann and Wolfgang Lederer

Coatings 2020, 10(4), 375; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings10040375 - 10 Apr 2020

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 11927

Abstract

Rescue blankets are medical devices made of a polyethylene terephthalate sheet coated with a thin aluminum layer. Blankets are used for protection against hypothermia in prehospital emergency medicine and outdoor sports, but totally different qualities are typical for these multi-functional tools. On the one hand, rescue sheets prevent hypothermia by reducing thermo-convection and diminishing heat loss from evaporation and thermal radiation. On the other hand, the sheets promote cooling by acting as a radiant barrier, by providing shade and even by increasing heat conduction when the sheet is in direct contact with the skin. As foils are watertight and windproof, they can function as vapor barriers and even as stopgap bivouac sacks. We evaluated three experimental studies, one on heat loss by rescue blankets according to surface color, one on transparency with ultraviolet radiation, high-energy visible light and visible light, and one on infrared radiation from rescue blankets. When evaluating the effects of different bands of the electromagnetic spectrum on rescue sheets, we focused on ultraviolet radiation (200–380 nm), high-energy visible light in the violet/blue band (380–450 nm), visible light (380–760 nm) and infrared radiation (7500–13,500 nm). Rescue sheets transmit between 1% and 8% of visible light and about 1% of ultraviolet B radiation (280–315 nm), providing sufficient transparency and adequate protection from snow blindness. Reflection of visible light increases detectability in search and rescue missions performed in good visibility conditions, while reflection of infrared radiation increases detectability in poor visibility conditions and provides protection against hypothermia. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Multifunctional Coatings on Medical Devices)

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12 pages, 6150 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Layer-by-Layer Deposition of Hyaluronan and Quercetin-Loaded Chitosan Nanoparticles onto Titanium for Improving Blood Compatibility

by Xingda Wu, Cuijuan Liu, Hongpeng Chen, Yanfang Zhang, Lin Li and Nan Tang

Coatings 2020, 10(3), 256; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings10030256 - 9 Mar 2020

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 4069

Abstract

Surface modification is an effective way to improve the hemocompatibility of biomaterials. Quercetin has significant anticoagulation and antithrombotic effects, and thus it is a promising candidate agent for the surface modification of blood-contacting materials. In this study, quercetin was successfully encapsulated in tripolyphosphate–chitosan nanoparticles (TCs) based on the ionic gelation of chitosan with tripolyphosphate (TPP) anions. Then, hyaluronan acid (HA)/quercetin-loaded TPP–chitosan nanoparticle (QTCs) films, in addition to HA/TCs films, were prepared separately using an electrostatic layer-by-layer self-assembly technique. The encapsulation of quercetin in the chitosan nanoparticles was confirmed by UV spectra. The quercetin-loaded multilayer coatings were also successfully self-assembled, as confirmed by the UV spectra and contact angle measurements. Platelet adhesion experiments were carried out with platelet-enriched plasma so as to evaluate the blood compatibility of the different samples. There were many platelets on the surfaces of the glass and HA/TC-coated titanium, which were partially activated but not aggregated. Meanwhile, many more platelets were observed on the uncoated titanium surfaces, most of which developed pseudopodia. By contrast, the platelet adhesion and activation were reduced remarkably on the surface of the HA/QTC-coated titanium. These results showed that the multilayer coatings containing quercetin could act as potential biomaterials to improve the anticoagulation performance of blood-contacting materials. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Multifunctional Coatings on Medical Devices)

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16 pages, 4585 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Electrophoretic Deposition and Characteristics of Chitosan–Nanosilver Composite Coatings on a Nanotubular TiO₂ Layer

by Michał Bartmański, Łukasz Pawłowski, Andrzej Zieliński, Aleksandra Mielewczyk-Gryń, Gabriel Strugała and Bartłomiej Cieślik

Coatings 2020, 10(3), 245; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings10030245 - 6 Mar 2020

Cited by 23 | Viewed by 4446

Abstract

The surface treatment of titanium implants has been applied mainly to increase surface bioactivity and, more recently, to introduce antibacterial properties. To this end, composite coatings have been investigated, particularly those based on hydroxyapatite. The present research was aimed at the development of another coating type, chitosan–nanosilver, deposited on a Ti13Zr13Nb alloy. The research comprised characterization of the coating’s microstructure and morphology, time-dependent nanosilver dissolution in simulated body fluid, and investigation of the nanomechanical properties of surface coatings composed of chitosan and nanosilver, with or without a surface-active substance, deposited at different voltages for 1 min on a nanotubular TiO₂ layer. The microstructure, morphology, topography, and phase composition were examined, and the silver dissolution rate in simulated body fluid, nanoscale mechanical properties, and water contact angle were measured. The voltage value significantly influenced surface roughness. All specimens possessed high biocompatibility. The highest and best adhesion of the coatings was observed in the absence of a surface-active substance. Silver dissolution caused the appearance of silver ions in solution at levels effective against bacteria and below the upper safe limit value. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Multifunctional Coatings on Medical Devices)

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Review

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36 pages, 11720 KiB

Open AccessReview

Micro-Arc Oxidation in Titanium and Its Alloys: Development and Potential of Implants

by Xinwei Ming, Yan Wu, Ziyue Zhang and Yan Li

Coatings 2023, 13(12), 2064; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings13122064 - 9 Dec 2023

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 2948

Abstract

Titanium (Ti) and its alloys are widely recognized as preferred materials for bone implants due to their superior mechanical properties. However, their natural surface bio-inertness can hinder effective tissue integration. To address this challenge, micro-arc oxidation (MAO) has emerged as an innovative electrochemical surface modification technique. Its benefits range from operational simplicity and cost-effectiveness to environmental compatibility and scalability. Furthermore, the distinctive MAO process yields a porous topography that bestows versatile functionalities for biological applications, encompassing osteogenesis, antibacterial, and anti-inflammatory properties. In this review, we undertake an examination of the underlying mechanism governing the MAO process, scrutinize the multifaceted influence of various factors on coating performance, conduct an extensive analysis of the development of diverse biological functionalities conferred by MAO coatings, and discuss the practical application of MAO in implants. Finally, we provide insights into the limitations and potential pathways for further development of this technology in the field of bone implantation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Multifunctional Coatings on Medical Devices)

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