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Tribological Studies on Diamond, DLC and Ta-C Coatings
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Tribological Studies on Diamond, DLC and Ta-C Coatings

A special issue of Coatings (ISSN 2079-6412). This special issue belongs to the section "Tribology".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 January 2022) | Viewed by 20051

Special Issue Editor

Dr. Vitali Podgursky

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, School of Engineering, Tallinn University of Technology, Tallinn 19086, Estonia
Interests: preparation and post-treatment of the carbon-based coatings; adaptive and multifunctional coatings; superlubricity; surface engineering/treatment and properties; wear and friction mechanisms; self-organization and self-organized criticality in tribology

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Due to their outstanding properties, carbon-based materials have found many applications in different branches of industry and continue to attract much interest in the scientific community. The variety of structures of carbon-based coatings calls for broader investigation, which will ultimately be beneficial, enabling a deeper understanding of their excellent tribological properties, including superlubricity. This Special Issue aims to bring together investigations on diamond, DLC and ta-C coatings with a focus on the understanding of the wear and friction mechanisms under different experimental conditions. Dangling bond passivation, graphitization, formation of self-generated transfer layer, etc., are the mechanisms under consideration. Experimental investigations, simulations and modeling (thermodynamic, first principles, etc.) of the tribological properties on the diamond, DLC and ta-C coatings, as well as comparative studies involved in these coatings, are welcome.

Dr. Vitali Podgursky
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Coatings is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • carbon-based coatings
  • post-treatment
  • surface
  • self-organization
  • superlubricity

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Published Papers (6 papers)

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Research

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11 pages, 7405 KiB  
Article
High-Temperature Oxidation Resistance and Tribological Properties of Al2O3/ta-C Coating
by Asad Alamgir, Andrei Bogatov, Taivo Jõgiaas, Mart Viljus, Taavi Raadik, Jakob Kübarsepp, Fjodor Sergejev, Andreas Lümkemann, Jan Kluson and Vitali Podgursky
Coatings 2022, 12(4), 547; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings12040547 - 18 Apr 2022
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2865
Abstract
The focus is on the oxidation resistance and tribological performance of ta-C and Al2O3/ta-C coatings. The wear tests were carried out on the ball on disc tribometer at room (25 °C) and high (400, 450 and 500 °C) temperatures [...] Read more.
The focus is on the oxidation resistance and tribological performance of ta-C and Al2O3/ta-C coatings. The wear tests were carried out on the ball on disc tribometer at room (25 °C) and high (400, 450 and 500 °C) temperatures in ambient air with Si3N4 balls as counterbodies. Scanning electron microscopy and Raman spectroscopy were used to analyze the surface morphology and chemical bonding, respectively. The Al2O3/ta-C coating exhibited better oxidation resistance and tribological performance at elevated temperatures than the ta-C coating. The Raman analysis revealed that a thin alumina layer suppresses structural changes in the ta-C coating at elevated temperatures, thus preserving the sp3 content. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Tribological Studies on Diamond, DLC and Ta-C Coatings)
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30 pages, 11010 KiB  
Article
Tribochemistry of Transfer Layer Evolution during Friction in HiPIMS W-C and W-C:H Coatings in Humid Oxidizing and Dry Inert Atmospheres
by František Lofaj, Hiroyoshi Tanaka, Radovan Bureš, Margita Kabátová and Yoshinori Sawae
Coatings 2022, 12(4), 493; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings12040493 - 6 Apr 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1850
Abstract
The experimental and theoretical investigations of transfer layers in the dry sliding contacts between steel ball and HiPIMS W-C and W-C:H coatings were performed in humid air, dry nitrogen, hydrogen and vacuum on a series of coatings with different contents of carbon and [...] Read more.
The experimental and theoretical investigations of transfer layers in the dry sliding contacts between steel ball and HiPIMS W-C and W-C:H coatings were performed in humid air, dry nitrogen, hydrogen and vacuum on a series of coatings with different contents of carbon and hydrogen in the matrix. Transfer layers formed on the ball in all friction tests, but their composition varied depending on the environment. In humid air, the mechano(tribo)chemical reactions necessary for the obtained phases involved oxidation of WC and Fe, water vapor decomposition and hydrogenation of carbon. Modeling indicated that humidity enhanced oxidation and carbon hydrogenation. In nitrogen, WC decomposition generating carbon was dominant, whereas, in hydrogen, it was carbon hydrogenation. In vacuum, WC decomposition producing W was found to be responsible for high coefficients of friction (COFs). COFs approaching superlubricity were obtained in the H2 atmosphere in the coatings with sufficiently high matrix C:H content. COFs seem to be controlled by the ratio of hydrogenated carbon and oxide phases in transfer layer, which depends on the reactions possible in the surrounding atmosphere. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Tribological Studies on Diamond, DLC and Ta-C Coatings)
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23 pages, 5843 KiB  
Article
The Effectiveness of Diamond-like Carbon a-C:H:Si Coatings in Increasing the Cutting Capability of Radius End Mills When Machining Heat-Resistant Nickel Alloys
by Sergey N. Grigoriev, Marina A. Volosova, Sergey V. Fedorov, Mars S. Migranov, Mikhail Mosyanov, Andrey Gusev and Anna A. Okunkova
Coatings 2022, 12(2), 206; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings12020206 - 5 Feb 2022
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 3047
Abstract
The main purpose of this paper was to study the efficiency of using diamond-like carbon (DLC) coatings based on a-C:H:Si with a pre-formed CrAlSiN sublayer to increase the cutting ability of ball end mills made of KFM-39 cemented carbide at a speed of [...] Read more.
The main purpose of this paper was to study the efficiency of using diamond-like carbon (DLC) coatings based on a-C:H:Si with a pre-formed CrAlSiN sublayer to increase the cutting ability of ball end mills made of KFM-39 cemented carbide at a speed of 150–250 m/min in milling aircraft-grade Inconel 718, and to assess the DLC coating effect on the quality of the machined surface. DLC coating performance was quantified against uncoated carbide ball end mills and the proven TiN–AlN–TiAlN gradient multilayer coating at elevated temperatures measured by the natural thermocouple method. The temperature near the cutting edge is the factor determining the wear intensity in the tool contact surfaces in milling hard-to-machine nickel alloys to the greatest extent. Thermo-EMF (electromotive force) was recorded and converted into temperatures by calibration charts. The behavior of CrAlSiN–DLC and TiN–AlN–TiAlN coatings was compared with the results of high-temperature tribological tests on a ball-on-disc friction machine. For the CrAlSiN–DLC coating at cutting speeds of 150 and 200 m/min (<650 °C), the milling time until critical flank face wear (0.4 mm) was more than 67 and 50 min, respectively (1.4–1.5 times longer than an uncoated tool and about 1.3 times longer than the TiN–AlN–TiAlN coating). The CrAlSiN–DLC coating was characterized by a minimum adhesion amount. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Tribological Studies on Diamond, DLC and Ta-C Coatings)
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16 pages, 4606 KiB  
Article
Tribological Performance of Diamond-like Nanocomposite Coatings: Influence of Environments and Laser Surface Texturing
by Sergei M. Pimenov, Evgeny V. Zavedeev, Olga S. Zilova, Alexander P. Lepekhov, Beat Jaeggi and Beat Neuenschwander
Coatings 2021, 11(10), 1203; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings11101203 - 30 Sep 2021
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 4758
Abstract
Diamond-like nanocomposite (DLN) films (a-C:H:Si:O films) are characterized by their unique structure and remarkable tribological properties to be pronounced under various environmental and surface modification conditions. In this paper, we investigated the effects of environments (humid air, water and oil lubrication, elevated temperatures) [...] Read more.
Diamond-like nanocomposite (DLN) films (a-C:H:Si:O films) are characterized by their unique structure and remarkable tribological properties to be pronounced under various environmental and surface modification conditions. In this paper, we investigated the effects of environments (humid air, water and oil lubrication, elevated temperatures) and laser surface texturing on tribological performance of DLN coatings. Femtosecond laser (wavelength 515 nm) was used for surface texturing. Comparative tests of DLN films sliding against different counterbodies (steel, Si3N4) in humid air and water demonstrated the low-friction and low-wear performance under water, in the absence of chemical interaction of water with the counterbody surface. The wear rates of the film and Si3N4 ball in water, 7.5 × 10−9 and 2.6 × 10−9 mm3/(Nm), were found to be considerably lower than the corresponding values 6.8 × 10−7 and 3.8 × 10−8 mm3/(Nm) in humid air, in spite of higher friction in water-lubricated sliding. Laser surface texturing of DLN films was performed to fabricate microcrater arrays, followed by tribological testing under oil lubrication at different temperatures, from 23 to 100 °C. The lubricated friction performance of laser-textured films was improved at both the room temperature and elevated temperatures. The friction coefficient was reduced from 0.1 (original film) to 0.083 for laser-textured film at room temperature, and then to 0.068 at 100 °C. The nano-/microfriction behavior of laser-structured surface characterized by lower friction forces than the original surface was demonstrated using friction force microscopy in ambient air. The obtained results demonstrate excellent tribological properties of DLN coatings in various environments, which can be further improved by femtosecond-laser-surface texturing. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Tribological Studies on Diamond, DLC and Ta-C Coatings)
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15 pages, 10590 KiB  
Article
High-Temperature Tribological Performance of Al2O3/a-C:H:Si Coating in Ambient Air
by Vitali Podgursky, Asad Alamgir, Maxim Yashin, Taivo Jõgiaas, Mart Viljus, Taavi Raadik, Mati Danilson, Fjodor Sergejev, Andreas Lümkemann, Jan Kluson, Jozef Sondor and Andrei Bogatov
Coatings 2021, 11(5), 495; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings11050495 - 23 Apr 2021
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 3053
Abstract
The study investigates thermal stability and high temperature tribological performance of a-C:H:Si diamond-like carbon (DLC) coating. A thin alumina layer was deposited on top of the a-C:H:Si coating to improve the tribological performance at high temperatures. The a-C:H:Si coating and alumina layer were [...] Read more.
The study investigates thermal stability and high temperature tribological performance of a-C:H:Si diamond-like carbon (DLC) coating. A thin alumina layer was deposited on top of the a-C:H:Si coating to improve the tribological performance at high temperatures. The a-C:H:Si coating and alumina layer were prepared using plasma-activated chemical vapour deposition and atomic layer deposition, respectively. Raman and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy were used to investigate the structures and chemical compositions of the specimens. The D and G Raman peaks due to sp2 bonding and the peaks corresponding to the trans-polyacetylene (t-Pa) and sp bonded chains were identified in the Raman spectra of the a-C:H:Si coating. Ball-on-disc sliding tests were carried out at room temperature and 400 °C using Si3N4 balls as counter bodies. The a-C:H:Si coating failed catastrophically in sliding tests at 400 °C; however, a repeatable and reproducible regime of sliding with a low coefficient of friction was observed for the Al2O3/a-C:H:Si coating at the same temperature. The presence of the alumina layer and high stress and temperature caused structural changes in the bulk a-C:H:Si and top layers located near the contact area, leading to the modification of the contact conditions, delivering of extra oxygen into the contact area, reduction of hydrogen effusion, and suppression of the atmospheric oxidation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Tribological Studies on Diamond, DLC and Ta-C Coatings)
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Review

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19 pages, 4188 KiB  
Review
DLC-Based Coatings Obtained by Low-Frequency Plasma-Enhanced Chemical Vapor Deposition (LFPECVD) in Cyclohexane, Principle and Examples
by Frederic Sanchette, Mohamed El Garah, Sofiane Achache, Frederic Schuster, Caroline Chouquet, Cédric Ducros and Alain Billard
Coatings 2021, 11(10), 1225; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings11101225 - 9 Oct 2021
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 3009
Abstract
The LFPECVD (Low-Frequency Plasma-Enhanced Chemical Vapor Deposition) technique is now used on an industrial scale for the deposition of carbon-based coatings for several applications. This short review recalled the main principles of LFPECVD and provided examples of DLC-based films. The main differences between [...] Read more.
The LFPECVD (Low-Frequency Plasma-Enhanced Chemical Vapor Deposition) technique is now used on an industrial scale for the deposition of carbon-based coatings for several applications. This short review recalled the main principles of LFPECVD and provided examples of DLC-based films. The main differences between low-frequency (LF) and radio-frequency (RF) discharges were also recalled here and examples of deposition and characterization of carbon-based films were proposed. The influence of the bias voltage or the temperature of the active electrode on the deposition rate and the structure of a-C: H films obtained in cyclohexane/hydrogen mixtures was first discussed. Next, the properties of carbon-based films doped with silicon were described and, finally, it was shown that multilayer architectures make it possible to reduce the stresses without altering their tribological properties. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Tribological Studies on Diamond, DLC and Ta-C Coatings)
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