Biodiversity of Secondary Forests and Their Importance in Nature Conservation

A special issue of Diversity (ISSN 1424-2818). This special issue belongs to the section "Plant Diversity".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 September 2021) | Viewed by 10861

Special Issue Editors


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Guest Editor
Museum of Natural History, University of Wrocław, Sienkiewicza 21, PL-50-335 Wroclaw, Poland
Interests: community ecology; historical ecology; forest changes; climate change; plant invasion; biodiversity conservation

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Guest Editor
Department of Botany, Institute of Environmental Biology, University of Wrocław, Kanonia 6/8, PL-50-328 Wrocław, Poland
Interests: community ecology; historical ecology; forest changes; climate change; plant invasion; biodiversity conservation

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Primeval and natural forest communities in the 21st century, despite attempts to protect them in the network of national parks and reserves, are disappearing very quickly. Tropical forests alone have lost 32 million ha in the last 20 years. In 2019, another million hectares of forests in Australia, California, and the subboreal taiga of three continents of the Northern Hemisphere burned. The scale of logging is still increasing, leading to the conversion of forests into pastures, crop fields, and economically useful oil palm or avocado plantations. Sometimes, in the place of destroyed communities, forest monocultures are established, or spontaneous nonforest vegetation with the participation of pioneer species of trees and shrubs occurs. In time, these types of plant communities begin to transform into secondary forests. The latter already account for the major part of the temperate and subtropical forest area today, to which large-scale afforestation programs contribute worldwide. Therefore, the questions of what role secondary forests (both cultivated and spontaneous) can play in nature conservation and what part of the biodiversity typical of natural and primeval forests in different geographical zones they can preserve become increasingly important lately.

In this Diversity Special Issue entitled “Biodiversity of Secondary Forests and their Importance in Nature Conservation”, we encourage researchers to submit their manuscripts on the following questions:

  • To what extent do secondary forests contribute to the protection of biodiversity of native flora and fauna?
  • Do forest plantations play any role in biodiversity preservation?
  • What losses in flora and fauna diversity are caused by the conversion of natural forests into intensively managed ones?
  • How does the proportion between native and introduced species change in secondary or artificial forests?
  • What is the conservation value of new assemblages of plants, animals, and fungi?
  • Do secondary and native forests differ in their functional diversity?
  • Should secondary forests be protected by law and included into the networks of protected areas due to their immanent natural values?

Our own experience, observations, and research have allowed us to know secondary forests and plantations from the temperate zone through subtropics to the tropics, so we may assume the answers to the abovementioned questions would be very different. Therefore, we expect the widest possible representation of papers from various geographical regions, including various systematic groups of fauna and flora. Such a comprehensive picture would be a valuable contribution of the proposed Special Issue, especially in the face of increasing transformation of forests and threats to the survival of forest-dependent biodiversity worldwide.

Dr. Krzysztof Świerkosz
Dr. Kamila Reczyńska
Guest Editors

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Keywords

  • Biodiversity
  • Native species
  • Biological invasions
  • Functional diversity
  • Secondary forests
  • Forest monocultures
  • Afforestation
  • Human environmental impact
  • Nature conservation
  • Endangered species
  • Protected areas

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Published Papers (3 papers)

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Research

13 pages, 1746 KiB  
Article
Floristic Groups, and Changes in Diversity and Structure of Trees, in Tropical Montane Forests in the Southern Andes of Ecuador
by Oswaldo Jadán, David A. Donoso, Hugo Cedillo, Fernando Bermúdez and Omar Cabrera
Diversity 2021, 13(9), 400; https://doi.org/10.3390/d13090400 - 24 Aug 2021
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 4541
Abstract
Composition, diversity, and structure of trees in tropical montane forests are responsive to ecological gradients and local succession. Those parameters are a result of ecological interactions between vegetation, environment, and location. This study identified floristic groups on mainly secondary forests and evaluated how [...] Read more.
Composition, diversity, and structure of trees in tropical montane forests are responsive to ecological gradients and local succession. Those parameters are a result of ecological interactions between vegetation, environment, and location. This study identified floristic groups on mainly secondary forests and evaluated how the composition, diversity, and structure of trees correlate with climate, soil, and age since abandonment. We included in our models a measurement of spatial correlation, to explore the role of dispersion. For this purpose, we measured diameter and height of all trees with DBH ≥ 10 cm, in twenty-eight 500 m2 plots, in an elevation range between 2900 and 3500 m. We found 14 indicator species in three floristic groups. Group composition was explained by age since abandonment, which showed strong succession effects. Mean monthly precipitation and Manganese, but not spatial correlation, explained plant composition in these montane forests, suggesting a minor role of dispersion. Species richness and structure of the arboreal vegetation were influenced by interactions between age, precipitation, and soil nutrients concentration. We concluded that in fragmented landscapes, within the rugged region of southern Ecuador, it is possible to find different floristic groups that encompass high variation in their composition. Full article
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19 pages, 24968 KiB  
Article
Secondary Serpentine Forests of Poland as a Refuge for Vascular Flora
by Karol Bubel, Kamila Reczyńska, Paweł Pech and Krzysztof Świerkosz
Diversity 2021, 13(5), 201; https://doi.org/10.3390/d13050201 - 12 May 2021
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2649
Abstract
The aim of present study was to determine the role of secondary, serpentine forests in Poland in the protection of rare vascular plant species. On the basis of 95 phytosociological relevés collected between 2009 and 2020, we identified the main types of serpentine [...] Read more.
The aim of present study was to determine the role of secondary, serpentine forests in Poland in the protection of rare vascular plant species. On the basis of 95 phytosociological relevés collected between 2009 and 2020, we identified the main types of serpentine forest communities and assessed their diversity indices. Ordination methods were used to determine the relationship between the degree of transformation of forest communities (reflected by the occurrence of alien and nitrophilic species) and the presence of endangered species in their undergrowth including the environmental background. We distinguished four types of communities: thermophilic and mesophilic pine plantations (both secondary in origin) as well as thermophilous oak forest and acidophilous oak–hornbeam forest (semi-natural and close to natural in character, respectively). Rare and endangered species were unevenly distributed and concentrated in oak forest (16 species) and thermophilic pine plantation (nine species). The endangered species mainly preferred sites at higher altitudes and with higher slope inclination, light availability, and soil reaction. We did not confirm that the presence of alien or nitrophilic species negatively influenced the ability of studied forests to preserve rare plants. As secondary forests can still harbor endangered species, they should fulfil complementary functions in the nature protection system. Full article
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14 pages, 1110 KiB  
Article
Harvesting Criteria Application as a Technical and Financial Alternative for Management of Degraded Tropical Forests: A Case Study from Brazilian Amazon
by Marco A. Siviero, Ademir R. Ruschel, Jorge A. G. Yared, Osmar J. R. de Aguiar, Paulo C. G. Pereira, Sabrina B. Vieira and Agust Sales
Diversity 2020, 12(10), 373; https://doi.org/10.3390/d12100373 - 27 Sep 2020
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2724
Abstract
This article addresses a case study on the application of criteria for harvesting, aiming at restoration and profitability in a degraded tropical forest in the Amazon. The objective is to provide technical and economic information to promote a truly sustainable silvicultural management system [...] Read more.
This article addresses a case study on the application of criteria for harvesting, aiming at restoration and profitability in a degraded tropical forest in the Amazon. The objective is to provide technical and economic information to promote a truly sustainable silvicultural management system in forests with this profile and turn them into a desirable financial asset for conservation and social development. In the forest census, 85.907 trees ha−1 (100.8566 m3 ha−1) were inventoried with diameter at breast height (dbh) ≥ 25 cm, belonging to 106 commercial species. When applying the harvest criteria, 19.923 trees ha−1 (29.99 m3 ha−1), referring to 53 species, were destined for harvest. Some trees were selected by more than one criterion, totalizing 17.985 trees ha−1 by density, 1.831 trees ha−1 by compromised health, 0.212 trees ha−1 by maximum dbh, 18.933 trees ha−1 by minimum dbh, 1.385 trees ha−1 by tree stem (quality 3), and 0.080 trees ha−1 by species conservation. In all scenarios, the application of criteria for harvesting proved to be profitable with excellent cost–benefit ratios. The selection of trees with a minimum cutting diameter of 25 cm in shorter cycles tends to allow the promotion of new commercial species. The set of actions presented has the potential to favor the maintenance of biodiversity and expansion of low-density populations, health and the potential increment of the forest productivity. In addition, it is more feasible for the supply of forest products in a shorter time than provided for in Brazilian regulations; however, they must respect the specificities of the species and also of the site. Full article
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