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Editorial Board Members’ Collection Series: Smart Cities/From 5G to 6G/Digital...
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Editorial Board Members’ Collection Series: Smart Cities/From 5G to 6G/Digital Twins

A special issue of Electronics (ISSN 2079-9292). This special issue belongs to the section "Networks".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 15 December 2024 | Viewed by 21110

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Pal Varga

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Telecommunications and Media Informatics, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, 2 Magyar Tudósok krt., H-1117 Budapest, Hungary
Interests: IoT; CPS; Industry 4.0; interoperability; wireless communication; monitoring; performance evaluation; QoS; 5G; artificial intelligence; deep learning
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Prof. Dr. Jemal Abawajy

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Faculty of Science, Engineering and Built Environment, Deakin University, Burwood, VIC 3125, Australia
Interests: cyber security; blockchain; internet of things; cloud computing; artificial intelligence applications in business
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Smart cities, the transition from 5G to 6G, and digital twins are hot topics in the area of networking. Smart cities include the application of a wide range of electronic and digital technologies to communities and cities. Sixth-generation wireless, 6G, is the successor to 5G cellular technology. These 6G networks could use higher frequencies than 5G networks and provide a substantially higher capacity and much lower latency. A digital twin is a dynamic virtual copy of a physical asset, process, system, or environment that looks like and behaves identically to its real-world counterpart. We can use a digital twin to predict possible performance outcomes and issues that the real-world product might undergo. Additionally, products, equipment, factories, buildings, and cities will no longer be in their present form, and will be more smart. This will unlock a new world with countless opportunities.

We invite high-quality paper submissions of a theoretical or experimental nature on topics that include, but are not limited to, the following:

  • Smart cities;
  • From 5G to 6G;
  • Digital twins.

Dr. Pal Varga
Prof. Dr. Jemal Abawajy
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Electronics is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2400 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • IoT
  • 5G
  • 6G
  • smart cities
  • computer networks
  • artificial intelligence
  • future networking architectures
  • intelligent communication technologies

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Published Papers (7 papers)

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Research

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16 pages, 3691 KiB  
Article
STC-BERT (Satellite Traffic Classification-BERT): A Traffic Classification Model for Low-Earth-Orbit Satellite Internet Systems
by Kexuan Liu, Yasheng Zhang and Shan Lu
Electronics 2024, 13(19), 3933; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics13193933 - 4 Oct 2024
Viewed by 722
Abstract
The low-Earth-orbit satellite internet supports the transmission of multiple business types. With increasing business volume and advancements in encryption technology, the quality of service faces challenges. Traditional models lack flexibility in optimizing network performance and ensuring service quality, particularly showing poor performance in [...] Read more.
The low-Earth-orbit satellite internet supports the transmission of multiple business types. With increasing business volume and advancements in encryption technology, the quality of service faces challenges. Traditional models lack flexibility in optimizing network performance and ensuring service quality, particularly showing poor performance in identifying encrypted traffic. Therefore, designing a model that can accurately identify multiple business scenarios as well as encrypted traffic with strong generalization capabilities is a challenging issue to resolve. In this paper, addressing the characteristics of diverse low-Earth-orbit satellite traffic and encryption, the authors propose STC-BERT (satellite traffic classification-BERT). During the pretraining phase, this model learns contextual relationships of large-scale unlabeled traffic data, while in the fine-tuning phase, it utilizes a semantic-enhancement algorithm to highlight the significance of key tokens. Post semantic enhancement, a satellite traffic feature fusion module is introduced to integrate tokens into specific low-dimensional scales and achieve final classification in fully connected layers. The experimental results demonstrate our approach’s outstanding performance compared to other models: achieving 99.31% (0.2%↑) in the USTC-TFC task, 99.49% in the ISCX-VPN task, 98.44% (0.9%↑) in the Cross-Platform task, and 98.19% (0.8%↑) in the CSTNET-TLS1.3 task. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Editorial Board Members’ Collection Series: Smart Cities/From 5G to 6G/Digital Twins)
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13 pages, 420 KiB  
Article
Machine Learning-Based Anomaly Detection for Securing In-Vehicle Networks
by Asma Alfardus and Danda B. Rawat
Electronics 2024, 13(10), 1962; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics13101962 - 16 May 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1487
Abstract
In-vehicle networks (IVNs) are networks that allow communication between different electronic components in a vehicle, such as infotainment systems, sensors, and control units. As these networks become more complex and interconnected, they become more vulnerable to cyber-attacks that can compromise safety and privacy. [...] Read more.
In-vehicle networks (IVNs) are networks that allow communication between different electronic components in a vehicle, such as infotainment systems, sensors, and control units. As these networks become more complex and interconnected, they become more vulnerable to cyber-attacks that can compromise safety and privacy. Anomaly detection is an important tool for detecting potential threats and preventing cyber-attacks in IVNs. The proposed machine learning-based anomaly detection technique uses deep learning and feature engineering to identify anomalous behavior in real-time. Feature engineering involves selecting and extracting relevant features from the data that are useful for detecting anomalies. Deep learning involves using neural networks to learn complex patterns and relationships in the data. Our experiments show that the proposed technique have achieved high accuracy in detecting anomalies and outperforms existing state-of-the-art methods. This technique can be used to enhance the security of IVNs and prevent cyber-attacks that can have serious consequences for drivers and passengers. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Editorial Board Members’ Collection Series: Smart Cities/From 5G to 6G/Digital Twins)
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20 pages, 1288 KiB  
Article
Simulation Studies of 3-Stage Clos Switching Network with Prioritization Mechanism Used in Flexible Wavelength-Division Multiplexing Network Nodes
by Błażej Nowak, Maciej Sobieraj, Erich Leitgeb and Piotr Zwierzykowski
Electronics 2024, 13(7), 1342; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics13071342 - 2 Apr 2024
Viewed by 842
Abstract
Given the escalating need for greater bandwidth, there is a growing interest in implementing mechanisms that ensure reliable and optimal service levels for specific traffic classes, especially during periods of heavy network traffic. One such mechanism is the prioritization mechanism, where certain portions [...] Read more.
Given the escalating need for greater bandwidth, there is a growing interest in implementing mechanisms that ensure reliable and optimal service levels for specific traffic classes, especially during periods of heavy network traffic. One such mechanism is the prioritization mechanism, where certain portions of resources are exclusively allocated to predefined services. In the context of contemporary flexible WDM networks that employ advanced data transmission techniques, efforts have been made to create a simulation program capable of assessing the traffic characteristics of nodes within flexible WDM networks. This article presents a simulator of flexible WDM nodes with an implemented mechanism for prioritizing call classes. The simulator allows us to determine the loss probability for individual traffic classes in a switching network with point-to-point selection. In the simulator, the Clos structure was adopted as the structure of the flexible WDM network node due to its popularity in many studies and applications. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Editorial Board Members’ Collection Series: Smart Cities/From 5G to 6G/Digital Twins)
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24 pages, 7147 KiB  
Article
Digital Twin Technology-Based Networking Solution in Low Earth Orbit Satellite Constellations
by Ci He, Yasheng Zhang, Jia Ke, Mingwu Yao and Chen Chen
Electronics 2024, 13(7), 1260; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics13071260 - 28 Mar 2024
Viewed by 1722
Abstract
Digital twin technology provides a reliable paradigm to address the high trial-and-error costs and limited perception capabilities in satellite networking. However, the dynamic constellation topology and real-time twin applications remain significant challenges in satellite network design. This paper proposes a network topology simulation [...] Read more.
Digital twin technology provides a reliable paradigm to address the high trial-and-error costs and limited perception capabilities in satellite networking. However, the dynamic constellation topology and real-time twin applications remain significant challenges in satellite network design. This paper proposes a network topology simulation approach that dynamically analyzes the inter-satellite topology based on pre-calculated ephemeris and orbital information. Furthermore, the paper introduces a digital twin algorithm based on network virtualization, cloud platform management, and software-defined networking to validate and analyze the twin requirements at different stages. Finally, a low Earth orbit (LEO) constellation twin validation environment is constructed to verify the networking protocols at various stages. The experimental results demonstrate the performance of the proposed twin systems at different stages. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Editorial Board Members’ Collection Series: Smart Cities/From 5G to 6G/Digital Twins)
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14 pages, 306 KiB  
Article
A New Model of the Limited Availability Group with Priorities for Multi-Service Networks
by Błażej Nowak and Piotr Zwierzykowski
Electronics 2024, 13(7), 1174; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics13071174 - 22 Mar 2024
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 891
Abstract
In this article, a new analytical model is proposed for a limited-availability group serving a mixture of multiservice BPP (Binomial, Poisson, Pascal) traffic. The model assumes that the different traffic classes belonging to this traffic mixture have priorities that affect their ability to [...] Read more.
In this article, a new analytical model is proposed for a limited-availability group serving a mixture of multiservice BPP (Binomial, Poisson, Pascal) traffic. The model assumes that the different traffic classes belonging to this traffic mixture have priorities that affect their ability to be served. The model includes for the first time the possibility of handling priority traffic through a limited availability group and assumes the possibility of handling priority BPP traffic. The proposed model has been subjected to a number of investigations in which a number of different BPP traffic classes and a number of different priority arrangements have been considered. In this article, the authors present exemplary results of the numerical experiments that illustrate the possible applications of this model to analyze links in a multiservice network. The presented computational results were also compared with the results of simulation experiments, which confirmed the satisfactory accuracy of the proposed model. This allows the model to be easily applied in practice for modeling, analysis, and dimensioning of modern multiservice networks, such as cellular or elastic optical networks. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Editorial Board Members’ Collection Series: Smart Cities/From 5G to 6G/Digital Twins)
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36 pages, 1281 KiB  
Article
State-of-the-Art and New Challenges in 5G Networks with Blockchain Technology
by Serhii Onopa and Zbigniew Kotulski
Electronics 2024, 13(5), 974; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics13050974 - 3 Mar 2024
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2839
Abstract
As mobile communications transform, 5G technology can potentially change many industries and businesses. The change will have a great influence across many fields, such as the automotive, healthcare, and manufacturing sectors. This paper aims to review the existing applications of blockchain technology in [...] Read more.
As mobile communications transform, 5G technology can potentially change many industries and businesses. The change will have a great influence across many fields, such as the automotive, healthcare, and manufacturing sectors. This paper aims to review the existing applications of blockchain technology in providing 5G network security and identify new possibilities for such security solutions. We consider different aspects of blockchain in 5G, particularly data transmission, access control, and applications including vertical industry-oriented applications and specific solutions supporting such sectors of economic activity. The paper briefly describes modern technologies in 5G networks and introduces blockchain’s properties and different aspects of using such technology in practical applications. It also presents access control management with blockchain applied in 5G and related problems, reviews other blockchain-enforced network technologies, and shows how blockchain can help in services dedicated to vertical industries. Finally, it presents our vision of new blockchain applications in modern 5G networks and beyond. The new-generation networks use two fundamental technologies, slicing and virtualization, and attackers attempt to execute new types of attacks on them. In the paper, we discuss one of the possible scenarios exhibiting the shortcomings of the slicing technology architecture. We propose using blockchain technology to create new slices and to connect new or existing subscribers to slices in the 5G core network. Blockchain technology should solve these architectural shortcomings. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Editorial Board Members’ Collection Series: Smart Cities/From 5G to 6G/Digital Twins)
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Review

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34 pages, 1241 KiB  
Review
A Survey of Video Surveillance Systems in Smart City
by Yanjinlkham Myagmar-Ochir and Wooseong Kim
Electronics 2023, 12(17), 3567; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics12173567 - 23 Aug 2023
Cited by 25 | Viewed by 11424
Abstract
Smart cities are being developed worldwide with the use of technology to improve the quality of life of citizens and enhance their safety. Video surveillance is a key component of smart city infrastructure, as it involves the installation of cameras at strategic locations [...] Read more.
Smart cities are being developed worldwide with the use of technology to improve the quality of life of citizens and enhance their safety. Video surveillance is a key component of smart city infrastructure, as it involves the installation of cameras at strategic locations throughout the city for monitoring public spaces and providing real-time surveillance footage to law enforcement and other city representatives. Video surveillance systems have evolved rapidly in recent years, and are now integrated with advanced technologies like deep learning, blockchain, edge computing, and cloud computing. This study provides a comprehensive overview of video surveillance systems in smart cities, as well as the functions and challenges of those systems. The aim of this paper is to highlight the importance of video surveillance systems in smart cities and to provide insights into how they could be used to enhance safety, security, and the overall quality of life for citizens. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Editorial Board Members’ Collection Series: Smart Cities/From 5G to 6G/Digital Twins)
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