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Electronics
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Cooperative Connected and Automated Mobility (CCAM): Technologies and Applications
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Cooperative Connected and Automated Mobility (CCAM): Technologies and Applications

A special issue of Electronics (ISSN 2079-9292). This special issue belongs to the section "Systems & Control Engineering".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 September 2019) | Viewed by 38113

Printed Edition Available!
A printed edition of this Special Issue is available here.

Special Issue Editor

Dr. Joaquim Ferreira

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Instituto de Telecomunicações, Universidade de Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
Interests: vehicular communications; dependable systems; real-time communications; fault tolerance; intelligent transportation systems; distributed embedded systems
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Current vehicles can already be considered to be connected devices, as many recent models are connected to external services, for info-tainment, security, comfort and maintenance purposes. Furthermore, direct interaction among vehicles, pedestrians and the road infrastructure, using various radio technologies, is expected, in the short term, using consolidated and field-proven technology. In parallel, the massive effort being made by many stakeholders towards automated driving, is mostly centered in the vehicles’ sensors, as no automated actions are currently made based on data received from other vehicles or from the road infrastructure. However, it is commonly accepted that inter-vehicle cooperation will significantly enhance the overall traffic performance, safety and comfort. Vehicular communication will also foster the integration of automated vehicles within the intelligent transportation ecosystems, with automated vehicles communicating and cooperating with legacy vehicles, trams, bicycles, etc.

Vehicular communications, automated driving and cooperating transportation systems are increasingly being considered not only as complementary technologies, but also as the foundations of forthcoming visionary applications of cooperative connected and automated mobility. To this end, regulatory entities, automotive OEMs, road operators, telecom operators and other stakeholders are converging to deploy large-scale infrastructures and field trials of cooperative intelligent transport systems to pave the way to cooperative, connected and automated vehicles.

The main aim of this Special Issue is to seek high-quality submissions that highlight recent breakthroughs in CCAM technologies and applications regarding safety, security aspects, new vehicular sensors, communication protocol, ultra-reliable and low-latency communications, distributed control algorithms. The topics of interest include, but are not limited to:

  • Fault-tolerance techniques and devices for CCAM
  • Safety assessment of CCAM
  • Design methodologies for CCAM applications
  • Security, privacy and trust issues
  • Flexible network architectures for CCAM
  • Smart sensors for CCAM
  • 5G and CCAM (network slicing, ultra-reliable low-latency communications, etc.)
  • Vehicular communications (DSRC, ITS-G5, C-V2X, LTE-V, etc.)
  • Field trials and lessons learned

Dr. Joaquim Ferreira
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Electronics is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2400 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

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Published Papers (8 papers)

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Editorial

Jump to: Research, Review

4 pages, 142 KiB  
Editorial
Cooperative, Connected and Automated Mobility (CCAM): Technologies and Applications
by Joaquim Ferreira
Electronics 2019, 8(12), 1549; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics8121549 - 16 Dec 2019
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2910
Abstract
The advent of cooperative connected and automated mobility (CCAM) has the potential to fundamentally change the mobility paradigm towards mobility as a service, contributing to more safe, efficient and comfortable transportation systems [...] Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cooperative Connected and Automated Mobility (CCAM): Technologies and Applications)

Research

Jump to: Editorial, Review

19 pages, 2566 KiB  
Article
Empirical Performance Models of MAC Protocols for Cooperative Platooning Applications
by Aqsa Aslam, Pedro M. Santos, Frederico Santos and Luís Almeida
Electronics 2019, 8(11), 1334; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics8111334 - 12 Nov 2019
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2791
Abstract
Vehicular ad-hoc networks (VANET) enable vehicles to exchange information on traffic conditions, dynamic status and localization, to enhance road safety and transportation efficiency. A typical VANET application is platooning, which can take advantage of exchanging information on speed, heading and position to allow [...] Read more.
Vehicular ad-hoc networks (VANET) enable vehicles to exchange information on traffic conditions, dynamic status and localization, to enhance road safety and transportation efficiency. A typical VANET application is platooning, which can take advantage of exchanging information on speed, heading and position to allow shorter inter-vehicle distances without compromising safety. However, the platooning performance depends drastically on the quality of the communication channel, which in turn is highly influenced by the medium access control protocol (MAC). Currently, VANETs use the IEEE 802.11p MAC, which follows a carrier sense multiple access with collision avoidance (CSMA/CA) policy that is prone to collisions and degrades significantly with network load. This has led to recent proposals for a time-division multiple access (TDMA)-based MAC that synchronize vehicles’ beacons to prevent or reduce collisions. In this paper, we take CSMA/CA and two TDMA-based overlay protocols, i.e., deployed over CSMA/CA, namely PLEXE-slotted and RA-TDMAp, and carry out extensive simulations with varying platoon sizes, number of occupied lanes and transmit power to deduce empirical models that provide estimates of average number of collisions per second and average busy time ratio. In particular, we show that these estimates can be obtained from observing the number of radio-frequency (RF) neighbours, i.e., number of distinct sources of the packets received by each vehicle per time unit. These estimates can enhance the online adaptation of distributed applications, particularly platooning control, to varying conditions of the communication channel. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cooperative Connected and Automated Mobility (CCAM): Technologies and Applications)
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13 pages, 444 KiB  
Article
Multi-Task Scheduling Based on Classification in Mobile Edge Computing
by Xiao Zheng, Yuanfang Chen, Muhammad Alam and Jun Guo
Electronics 2019, 8(9), 938; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics8090938 - 26 Aug 2019
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2816
Abstract
In this paper, a dynamic multi-task scheduling prototype is proposed to improve the limited resource utilization in the vehicular networks (VNET) assisted by mobile edge computing (MEC). To ensure quality of service (QoS) and meet the growing data demands, multi-task scheduling strategies should [...] Read more.
In this paper, a dynamic multi-task scheduling prototype is proposed to improve the limited resource utilization in the vehicular networks (VNET) assisted by mobile edge computing (MEC). To ensure quality of service (QoS) and meet the growing data demands, multi-task scheduling strategies should be specially constructed by considering vehicle mobility and hardware service constraints. We investigate the rational scheduling of multiple computing tasks to minimize the VNET loss. To avoid conflicts between tasks when the vehicle moves, we regard multi-task scheduling (MTS) as a multi-objective optimization (MOO) problem, and the whole goal is to find the Pareto optimal solution. Therefore, we develop some gradient-based multi-objective optimization algorithms. Those optimization algorithms are unable to deal with large-scale task scheduling because they become unscalable as the task number and gradient dimensions increase. We therefore further investigate an upper bound of the loss of multi-objective and prove that it can be optimized in an effective way. Moreover, we also reach the conclusion that, with practical assumptions, we can produce a Pareto optimal solution by upper bound optimization. Compared with the existing methods, the experimental results show that the accuracy is significantly improved. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cooperative Connected and Automated Mobility (CCAM): Technologies and Applications)
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12 pages, 1549 KiB  
Article
An Adaptable Train-to-Ground Communication Architecture Based on the 5G Technological Enabler SDN
by David Franco, Marina Aguado and Nerea Toledo
Electronics 2019, 8(6), 660; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics8060660 - 12 Jun 2019
Cited by 11 | Viewed by 3746
Abstract
Railway communications are closely impacted by the evolution and availability of new wireless communication technologies. Traditionally, the critical nature of railway services, the long lifecycle of rolling stock, and their certification processes challenge the adoption of the latest communication technologies. A current railway [...] Read more.
Railway communications are closely impacted by the evolution and availability of new wireless communication technologies. Traditionally, the critical nature of railway services, the long lifecycle of rolling stock, and their certification processes challenge the adoption of the latest communication technologies. A current railway telecom trend to solve this problem is to design a flexible and adaptable communication architecture that enables the detachment of the railway services—at the application layer—and the access technologies underneath, such as 5G and beyond. One of the enablers of this detachment approach is software-defined networking (SDN)—included in 5G architecture—due to its ability to programmatically and dynamically control the network behavior via open interfaces and abstract lower-level functionalities. In this paper, we design a novel railway train-to-ground (T2G) communication architecture based on the 5G technological enabler SDN and on the transport-level redundancy technique multipath TCP (MPTCP). The goal is to provide an adaptable and multitechnology communication service while enhancing the network performance of current systems. MPTCP offers end-to-end (E2E) redundancy by the aggregation of multiple access technologies, and SDN introduces path diversity to offer a resilient and reliable communication. We carry out simulation studies to compare the performance of the legacy communication architecture with our novel approach. The results demonstrate a clear improvement in the failover response time while maintaining and even improving the uplink and downlink overall data rates. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cooperative Connected and Automated Mobility (CCAM): Technologies and Applications)
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24 pages, 951 KiB  
Article
Congestion Control in V2V Safety Communication: Problem, Analysis, Approaches
by Xiaofeng Liu and Arunita Jaekel
Electronics 2019, 8(5), 540; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics8050540 - 13 May 2019
Cited by 68 | Viewed by 10390
Abstract
The emergence of Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs) is expected to be an important step toward achieving safety and efficiency in intelligent transportation systems (ITS). One important requirement of safety applications is that vehicles are able to communicate with neighboring vehicles, with very [...] Read more.
The emergence of Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs) is expected to be an important step toward achieving safety and efficiency in intelligent transportation systems (ITS). One important requirement of safety applications is that vehicles are able to communicate with neighboring vehicles, with very low latency and packet loss. The high mobility, unreliable channel quality and high message rates make this a challenging problem for VANETs. There have been significant research activities in recent years in the development of congestion control algorithms that ensure reliable delivery of safety messages in vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) communication. In this paper, we present a comprehensive survey of congestion control approaches for VANET. We identify the relevant parameters and performance metrics that can be used to evaluate these approaches and analyze each approach based a number of factors such as the type of traffic, whether it is proactive or reactive, and the mechanism for controlling congestion. We conclude this paper with some additional considerations for designing V2V communication protocols and interesting and open research problems and directions for future work. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cooperative Connected and Automated Mobility (CCAM): Technologies and Applications)
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16 pages, 4130 KiB  
Article
Robust Control of Heterogeneous Vehicular Platoon with Non-Ideal Communication
by Bao Liu, Feng Gao, Yingdong He and Caimei Wang
Electronics 2019, 8(2), 207; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics8020207 - 12 Feb 2019
Cited by 24 | Viewed by 3419
Abstract
The application of wireless communication to platooning brings such challenges as information delay and varieties of interaction topologies. To compensate for the information delay, a state predictor based control strategy is proposed, which transmits the future information of nodes instead of current values. [...] Read more.
The application of wireless communication to platooning brings such challenges as information delay and varieties of interaction topologies. To compensate for the information delay, a state predictor based control strategy is proposed, which transmits the future information of nodes instead of current values. Based on the closed loop dynamics of platoon with state predictor and feedback controller, a decoupling strategy is presented to analysis and design the platoon control system with lower order by adopting the eigenvalue decomposition of topological matrix. A numerical method based on LMI (Linear Matrix Inequality) is provided to find the required robust performance controller. Moreover, the influence of information delay on performance is studied theoretically and it is found that the tolerable maximum delay is determined by the maximum topological eigenvalue. The effectiveness of the proposed strategy is validated by several comparative simulations under various conditions with other methods. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cooperative Connected and Automated Mobility (CCAM): Technologies and Applications)
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Review

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21 pages, 389 KiB  
Review
A Survey on Fault Tolerance Techniques for Wireless Vehicular Networks
by João Almeida, João Rufino, Muhammad Alam and Joaquim Ferreira
Electronics 2019, 8(11), 1358; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics8111358 - 16 Nov 2019
Cited by 16 | Viewed by 3855
Abstract
Future intelligent transportation systems (ITS) hold the promise of supporting the operation of safety-critical applications, such as cooperative self-driving cars. For that purpose, the communications among vehicles and with the road-side infrastructure will need to fulfil the strict real-time guarantees and challenging dependability [...] Read more.
Future intelligent transportation systems (ITS) hold the promise of supporting the operation of safety-critical applications, such as cooperative self-driving cars. For that purpose, the communications among vehicles and with the road-side infrastructure will need to fulfil the strict real-time guarantees and challenging dependability requirements. These safety requisites are particularly important in wireless vehicular networks, where road traffic presents several threats to human life. This paper presents a systematic survey on fault tolerance techniques in the area of vehicular communications. The work provides a literature review of publications in journals and conferences proceedings, available through a set of different search databases (IEEE Xplore, Web of Science, Scopus and ScienceDirect). A systematic method, based on the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses (PRISMA) Statement was conducted in order to identify the relevant papers for this survey. After that, the selected articles were analysed and categorised according to the type of redundancy, corresponding to three main groups (temporal, spatial and information redundancy). Finally, a comparison of the core features among the different solutions is presented, together with a brief discussion regarding the main drawbacks of the existing solutions, as well as the necessary steps to provide an integrated fault-tolerant approach to the future vehicular communications systems. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cooperative Connected and Automated Mobility (CCAM): Technologies and Applications)
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25 pages, 1427 KiB  
Review
An Overview of Cooperative Driving in the European Union: Policies and Practices
by Marilisa Botte, Luigi Pariota, Luca D’Acierno and Gennaro Nicola Bifulco
Electronics 2019, 8(6), 616; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics8060616 - 31 May 2019
Cited by 36 | Viewed by 6888
Abstract
Cooperative-Intelligent Transportation Systems (C-ITSs) aim to connect vehicles, both with one another and with road infrastructures, so as to increase traffic safety and efficiency. This paper focuses on the European framework for supporting the development of Cooperative, Connected, and Automated Mobility, and aims [...] Read more.
Cooperative-Intelligent Transportation Systems (C-ITSs) aim to connect vehicles, both with one another and with road infrastructures, so as to increase traffic safety and efficiency. This paper focuses on the European framework for supporting the development of Cooperative, Connected, and Automated Mobility, and aims to shed light on the current state of testing and deployment activities in the field at the start of 2019. This may be considered particularly timely given that the year 2019 was identified as the starting date for the deployment of mature services, and the Community legislation is currently paying great attention to the matter. In order to present a concise (but comprehensive) picture, we consulted and analysed the most diverse sources comprising more than 2000 pages. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cooperative Connected and Automated Mobility (CCAM): Technologies and Applications)
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