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Electronics
Special Issues
Energy Management Systems for Microgrids
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Energy Management Systems for Microgrids

A special issue of Electronics (ISSN 2079-9292). This special issue belongs to the section "Power Electronics".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 June 2021) | Viewed by 26173

Special Issue Editor

Dr. Hee-Jin Lee

E-Mail Website1 Website2
Guest Editor
School of Electrical Engineering, Kumoh National Institute of Technology, Gumi, Gyeongbuk 39177, Korea
Interests: power system integration; smart grids; microgrids; renewable energy; smart ships; energy storage systems; energy management systems; power system control; power system protection

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

A microgrid consists of a power distribution system operating at medium and low voltage with distributed energy sources. It can be connected to or disconnected from the main power system, and operates independently. As renewable energy sources expand, storage devices can be included, and in some cases flexible load control is possible. These energy management approaches for microgrids cover a broad spectrum of planning, operation, management, control, economic, environmental, and operational effect issues. Technical challenges associated with the operation and control of microgrids are broad. Problems with multiple microgrids include communication, time synchronization, zero inertia, etc. Smart ships can also be viewed as microgrids, and energy management in complex loads such as heat, electricity, and propulsion is leading to the reduction of CO2 emissions, improved power quality, and reduced energy supply costs. We invite the submission of high-quality manuscripts from engineers for publication in this Special Issue.

Dr. Hee-Jin Lee
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Electronics is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2400 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • renewable energy in microgrids
  • medium- and low-voltage distribution systems
  • microgrids for flexibility and resiliency
  • voltage stability for microgrids
  • high penetration of renewable energies in microgrids
  • control, operation, and planning in microgrids
  • optimal allocation of energy storage systems
  • operation strategy for microgrids
  • energy management systems for smart ships
  • electric vehicle operation for stand-alone microgrids

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Published Papers (5 papers)

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Research

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16 pages, 7019 KiB  
Article
Distributed Event-Triggered Secondary Recovery Control for Islanded Microgrids
by Xiaofeng Wan, Ye Tian, Jingwan Wu, Xiaohua Ding and Huipeng Tu
Electronics 2021, 10(15), 1749; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics10151749 - 21 Jul 2021
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2085
Abstract
Distributed cooperative control methods are widely used in the islanded microgrid control system. To solve the deviation of frequency and voltage caused by the droop control, it is necessary to recovery the frequency and voltage to the rated value using a secondary control [...] Read more.
Distributed cooperative control methods are widely used in the islanded microgrid control system. To solve the deviation of frequency and voltage caused by the droop control, it is necessary to recovery the frequency and voltage to the rated value using a secondary control strategy. However, the traditional communication method relies on the continuous periodic one, which makes the communication burden of the islanded microgrid system heavy and conflicts with the actual operation of the power grid. Using the secondary recovery control method based on the distributed event-triggered method, we conserve communication resources by reducing the number of transmissions of sampled data and achieving the recovery control of the frequency and voltage and the original proportional sharing of active power. In addition, we analyze the stability of the distributed event-triggered strategy and build a microgrid system with MATLAB/Simulink to verify the effectiveness of the control method. Furthermore, we compare with a traditional periodic communication system and demonstrate the superiority of our distributed event-triggered approach. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Energy Management Systems for Microgrids)
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14 pages, 2839 KiB  
Article
Optimal Placement and Sizing of an Energy Storage System Using a Power Sensitivity Analysis in a Practical Stand-Alone Microgrid
by Dongmin Kim, Kipo Yoon, Soo Hyoung Lee and Jung-Wook Park
Electronics 2021, 10(13), 1598; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics10131598 - 2 Jul 2021
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 3134
Abstract
The energy storage system (ESS) is developing into a very important element for the stable operation of power systems. An ESS is characterized by rapid control, free charging, and discharging. Because of these characteristics, it can efficiently respond to sudden events that affect [...] Read more.
The energy storage system (ESS) is developing into a very important element for the stable operation of power systems. An ESS is characterized by rapid control, free charging, and discharging. Because of these characteristics, it can efficiently respond to sudden events that affect the power system and can help to resolve congested lines caused by the excessive output of distributed generators (DGs) using renewable energy sources (RESs). In order to efficiently and economically install new ESSs in the power system, the following two factors must be considered: the optimal installation placements and the optimal sizes of ESSs. Many studies have explored the optimal installation placement and the sizing of ESSs by using analytical approaches, mathematical optimization techniques, and artificial intelligence. This paper presents an algorithm to determine the optimal installation placement and sizing of ESSs for a virtual multi-slack (VMS) operation based on a power sensitivity analysis in a stand-alone microgrid. Through the proposed algorithm, the optimal installation placement can be determined by a simple calculation based on a power sensitivity matrix, and the optimal sizing of the ESS for the determined placement can be obtained at the same time. The algorithm is verified through several case studies in a stand-alone microgrid based on practical power system data. The results of the proposed algorithm show that installing ESSs in the optimal placement could improve the voltage stability of the microgrid. The sizing of the newly installed ESS was also properly determined. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Energy Management Systems for Microgrids)
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13 pages, 4339 KiB  
Article
Minimization of Network Power Losses in the AC-DC Hybrid Distribution Network through Network Reconfiguration Using Soft Open Point
by Muhammad Omer Khan, Abdul Wadood, Muhammad Irfan Abid, Tahir Khurshaid and Sang Bong Rhee
Electronics 2021, 10(3), 326; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics10030326 - 1 Feb 2021
Cited by 13 | Viewed by 2751
Abstract
The Alternating Current-Direct Current (AC-DC) hybrid distribution network has received attention in recent years. Due to advancement in technologies such as the integration of renewable energy resources of DC–type output and usage of DC loads in the distribution network, the modern distribution system [...] Read more.
The Alternating Current-Direct Current (AC-DC) hybrid distribution network has received attention in recent years. Due to advancement in technologies such as the integration of renewable energy resources of DC–type output and usage of DC loads in the distribution network, the modern distribution system can meet the increasing energy demand with improved efficiency. In this paper, a new AC-DC hybrid distribution network architecture is analyzed that considers distributed energy resources (DER) in the network. A network reconfiguration scheme is proposed that uses the AC soft open point (AC-SOP) and the DC soft open point (DC-SOP) along with an SOP selection algorithm for minimizing the network power losses. Subsequently, the real-time data for DER and load/demand variation are considered for a day-a-head scenario for the verification of the effectiveness of the network reconfiguration scheme. The results show that the proposed network reconfiguration scheme using AC-SOP and DC-SOP can successfully minimize the network power losses by modifying the network configuration. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed scheme in minimizing the network power losses by the upgraded network configuration is verified by constructing an AC-DC hybrid distribution network by combining two IEEE 33-bus distribution networks. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Energy Management Systems for Microgrids)
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14 pages, 3639 KiB  
Article
A Study of the Method for Calculating the Optimal Generator Capacity of a Ship Based on LNG Carrier Operation Data
by Joohyuk Leem, Jung-Wook Park and Hee-Jin Lee
Electronics 2021, 10(3), 258; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics10030258 - 22 Jan 2021
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2294
Abstract
Currently, the total generator capacity installed in most ships is greater than the required capacity. In addition, due to new environmental regulations, various auxiliary gears are required to avoid breaking the law. Therefore, the internal environments of ships, such as their machine rooms, [...] Read more.
Currently, the total generator capacity installed in most ships is greater than the required capacity. In addition, due to new environmental regulations, various auxiliary gears are required to avoid breaking the law. Therefore, the internal environments of ships, such as their machine rooms, have become narrower, making creating space more important than ever before. This paper provides a method for optimizing generator capacity through an analysis of total load data in order to avoid overestimating the generator capacity. In addition, an actual situation in which the generator capacity is determined by the number of cylinders is considered. Three practical case studies with different possible combinations of generators and varying capacities are presented. Therefore, this method can secure space and reduce weight, which can be beneficial in many ways. Additionally, since it does not require various types of data, this information can be used for already built ships or those that will be made in the future. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Energy Management Systems for Microgrids)
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Review

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45 pages, 14469 KiB  
Review
Electric Vehicles Charging Stations’ Architectures, Criteria, Power Converters, and Control Strategies in Microgrids
by Dominic Savio Abraham, Rajesh Verma, Lakshmikhandan Kanagaraj, Sundar Rajan Giri Thulasi Raman, Narayanamoorthi Rajamanickam, Bharatiraja Chokkalingam, Kamalesh Marimuthu Sekar and Lucian Mihet-Popa
Electronics 2021, 10(16), 1895; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics10161895 - 6 Aug 2021
Cited by 68 | Viewed by 14854
Abstract
The usage of electric vehicles (EV) has been increasing over the last few years due to a rise in fossil fuel prices and the rate of increasing carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. EV-charging stations are powered by existing utility power grid systems, [...] Read more.
The usage of electric vehicles (EV) has been increasing over the last few years due to a rise in fossil fuel prices and the rate of increasing carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. EV-charging stations are powered by existing utility power grid systems, increasing the stress on the utility grid and the load demand at the distribution side. DC grid-based EV charging is more efficient than AC distribution because of its higher reliability, power conversion efficiency, simple interfacing with renewable energy sources (RESs), and integration of energy storage units (ESU). RES-generated power storage in local ESU is an alternative solution for managing the utility grid demand. In addition, to maintain the EV charging demand at the microgrid levels, energy management and control strategies must carefully power the EV battery charging unit. In addition, charging stations require dedicated converter topologies, control strategies, and need to follow set levels and standards. Based on EV, ESU, and RES accessibility, different types of microgrid architecture and control strategies are used to ensure optimum operation at the EV-charging point. Based on the above said merits, this review paper presents different RES-connected architecture and control strategies used in EV-charging stations. It highlights the importance of different charging station architectures with current power converter topologies proposed in the literature. In addition, a comparison of microgrid-based charging station architecture with its energy management, control strategies, and charging converter controls are also presented. The different levels and types of charging stations used for EV charging, in addition to controls and connectors used, are also discussed. An experiment-based energy management strategy was developed to control power flow among the available sources and charging terminals for the effective utilization of generated renewable power. The main motive of the EMS and its control is to maximize the usage of RES consumption. This review also provides the challenges and opportunities in EV-charging, and parameters in selecting appropriate charging stations. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Energy Management Systems for Microgrids)
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