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242 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Side-Detecting Optical Fiber Doped with Tb³⁺ for Ultraviolet Sensor Application

by Jacek Zmojda, Marcin Kochanowicz, Piotr Miluski and Dominik Dorosz

Fibers 2014, 2(2), 150-157; https://doi.org/10.3390/fib2020150 - 16 Apr 2014

Cited by 23 | Viewed by 8014

Abstract

In the article a novel construction of a side-detecting luminescent optical fiber for an UV sensor application has been presented. In the fiber, structure phosphate glass doped with 0.5 mol% Tb³⁺ ions was used as a UV sensitive core/ribbon. The luminescence spectrum [...] Read more.

In the article a novel construction of a side-detecting luminescent optical fiber for an UV sensor application has been presented. In the fiber, structure phosphate glass doped with 0.5 mol% Tb³⁺ ions was used as a UV sensitive core/ribbon. The luminescence spectrum of glass and the optical fiber was measured under UV excitation using a deuterium lamp. It was found that large energy gap between upper (metastable) and lower (ground) levels of terbium ions incorporated in phosphate matrix leads to the effective emission at wavelengths of 489, 543, 586 and 621 nm, which correspond to ⁵D₄ → ⁷F_J, (J = 3, 4, 5, 6) transitions respectively. Phosphate glass doped with optimal (the strongest VIS emission) concentration of Tb³⁺ (0.5 mol%) was used as the active core/ribbon in the construction of UV side-detecting optical fiber. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances on Optical Fibers)

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539 KiB

Open AccessCommunication

Reliable Lifetime Prediction for Passivated Fiber Bragg Gratings for Telecommunication Applications

by Matthieu Lancry, Bertrand Poumellec, Sylvain Costes and Julien Magné

Fibers 2014, 2(1), 92-107; https://doi.org/10.3390/fib2010092 - 21 Mar 2014

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 6452

Abstract

This paper is dedicated to the lifetime prediction of Type I Fiber Bragg gratings (FBG) and to problems that happen when stabilization (also called passivation) conditions or the industrial conditioning procedure depart from ageing ones (e.g., presence of hydrogen during the passivation process). [...] Read more.

This paper is dedicated to the lifetime prediction of Type I Fiber Bragg gratings (FBG) and to problems that happen when stabilization (also called passivation) conditions or the industrial conditioning procedure depart from ageing ones (e.g., presence of hydrogen during the passivation process). For the first time, a reliable procedure to certify the predicted lifetime based on a “restricted” master curve built on real components (i.e., passivated FBG) is presented. It is worth noting that both procedures (master curve built on non-passivated or on passivated components) are based on the same model (demarcation energy approximation and the existence of a master curve) fed with ageing data (reflectivity decay vs. time and temperature). If the Master Curve (MC) build on passivated components can be derived from the original one, we can certify the lifetime prediction in a reliable manner. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances on Optical Fibers)

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327 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Energy Transfer between Er³⁺ and Pr³⁺ for 2.7 μm Fiber Laser Material

by Xiangtan Li, Binhua Yang, Junjie Zhang, Lili Hu and Liyan Zhang

Fibers 2014, 2(1), 24-33; https://doi.org/10.3390/fib2010024 - 8 Jan 2014

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 7446

Abstract

Energy transfer mechanisms between Er³⁺ and Pr³⁺ in Er³⁺/Pr³⁺ codoped germinate glass are investigated in detail. Under 980 nm LD pumping, 2.7 μm fluorescence intensity enhanced greatly. Meanwhile, 1.5 μm lifetime and fluorescence were suppressed deeply due to [...] Read more.

Energy transfer mechanisms between Er³⁺ and Pr³⁺ in Er³⁺/Pr³⁺ codoped germinate glass are investigated in detail. Under 980 nm LD pumping, 2.7 μm fluorescence intensity enhanced greatly. Meanwhile, 1.5 μm lifetime and fluorescence were suppressed deeply due to the efficient energy transfer from Er³⁺:⁴I_13/2 to Pr³⁺:³F_3,4, which depopulates the ⁴I_13/2 level and promotes the 2.7 μm transition effectively. The obvious change in J-O parameters indicates that Pr³⁺ influences the local environment of Er³⁺ significantly. The increased spontaneous radiative probability in Er³⁺/Pr³⁺ glass is further evidence for enhanced ⁴I₁_1/2→ ⁴I_13/2 transition. The Er³⁺:⁴I_11/2→Pr³⁺:¹G₄ process is harmful to the population accumulation on ⁴I_11/2 level, which inhibits the 2.7 μm emission. The microscopic energy transfer coefficient of Er³⁺:⁴I_13/2→Pr³⁺:³F_3,4 is 42.25 × 10⁻⁴⁰ cm⁶/s, which is 11.5 times larger than that of Er³⁺:⁴I_11/2→Pr³⁺:¹G₄. Both processes prefer to be non-phonon assisted, which is the main reason why Pr³⁺ is so efficient in Er³⁺:2.7 μm emission. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances on Optical Fibers)

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132 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Development of Advanced Optical Fibers for Long-Wave Infrared Transmission

by Pierre Lucas, Catherine Boussard-Pledel, Allison Wilhelm, Sylvain Danto, Xiang-Hua Zhang, Patrick Houizot, Sebastien Maurugeon, Clément Conseil and Bruno Bureau

Fibers 2013, 1(3), 110-118; https://doi.org/10.3390/fib1030110 - 17 Dec 2013

Cited by 17 | Viewed by 6751

Abstract

Long-wave infrared fibers are used in an increasing number of applications ranging from thermal imaging to bio-sensing. However, the design of optical fiber with low-loss in the far-infrared requires a combination of properties including good rheological characteristics for fiber drawing and low phonon [...] Read more.

Long-wave infrared fibers are used in an increasing number of applications ranging from thermal imaging to bio-sensing. However, the design of optical fiber with low-loss in the far-infrared requires a combination of properties including good rheological characteristics for fiber drawing and low phonon energy for wide optical transparency, which are often mutually exclusive and can only be achieved through fine materials engineering. This paper presents strategies for obtaining low loss fibers in the far-infrared based on telluride glasses. The composition of the glasses is systematically investigated to obtained fibers with minimal losses. The fiber attenuation is shown to depend strongly on extrinsic impurity but also on intrinsic charge carrier populations in these low band-gap amorphous semiconductor materials. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances on Optical Fibers)

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300 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Photodarkening of Infrared Irradiated Yb³⁺-Doped Alumino-Silicate Glasses: Effect on UV Absorption Bands and Fluorescence Spectra

by Hrvoje Gebavi, Daniel Milanese, Stefano Taccheo, David Mechin, Achille Monteville, Francesca S. Freyria, Barbara Bonelli and Thierry Robin

Fibers 2013, 1(3), 101-109; https://doi.org/10.3390/fib1030101 - 10 Dec 2013

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 7100

Abstract

The photodarkening phenomenon in alumino-silicate glass preforms, doped with different ytterbium concentrations, was studied. The UV band, comprised between 180 and 350 nm, was examined before and after irradiation at 976 nm. The non-linear dependence of 240 nm band with concentration after infra-red [...] Read more.

The photodarkening phenomenon in alumino-silicate glass preforms, doped with different ytterbium concentrations, was studied. The UV band, comprised between 180 and 350 nm, was examined before and after irradiation at 976 nm. The non-linear dependence of 240 nm band with concentration after infra-red irradiation was demonstrated and ascribed predominantly to Yb³⁺ pair’s interaction. The emission spectrum after the excitation in UV spectral region showed increased intensity after photodarkening, probably due to Yb²⁺ ions creation. Phenomenological photodarkening model and the possible existence of several defect types are presented. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances on Optical Fibers)

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494 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Characteristics and Laser Performance of Yb³⁺-Doped Silica Large Mode Area Fibers Prepared by Sol–Gel Method

by Shikai Wang, Fengguang Lou, Meng Wang, Chunlei Yu, Suya Feng, Qinling Zhou, Danping Chen and Lili Hu

Fibers 2013, 1(3), 93-100; https://doi.org/10.3390/fib1030093 - 10 Dec 2013

Cited by 15 | Viewed by 7528

Abstract

Large-size 0.1 Yb₂O₃–1.0 Al₂O₃–98.9 SiO₂ (mol%) core glass was prepared by the sol–gel method. Its optical properties were evaluated. Both large mode area double cladding fiber (LMA DCF) with core diameter of 48 µm [...] Read more.

Large-size 0.1 Yb₂O₃–1.0 Al₂O₃–98.9 SiO₂ (mol%) core glass was prepared by the sol–gel method. Its optical properties were evaluated. Both large mode area double cladding fiber (LMA DCF) with core diameter of 48 µm and large mode area photonic crystal fiber (LMA PCF) with core diameter of 90 µm were prepared from this core glass. Transmission loss at 1200 nm is 0.41 dB/m. Refractive index fluctuation is less than 2 × 10⁻⁴. Pumped by 976 nm laser diode LD pigtailed with silica fiber (NA 0.22), the slope efficiency of 54% and “light-to-light” conversion efficiency of 51% were realized in large mode area double cladding fiber, and 81 W laser power with a slope efficiency of 70.8% was achieved in the corresponding large mode area photonic crystal fiber. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances on Optical Fibers)

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420 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Heavily Tm³⁺-Doped Silicate Fiber for High-Gain Fiber Amplifiers

by Yin-Wen Lee, Han-Wei Chien, Che-Hung Cho, Ju-Zhe Chen, Juin-Shin Chang and Shibin Jiang

Fibers 2013, 1(3), 82-92; https://doi.org/10.3390/fib1030082 - 3 Dec 2013

Cited by 23 | Viewed by 9291

Abstract

We report on investigation the potential of a 7 wt% (8.35 × 10²⁰ Tm³⁺/cm³) doped silicate fibers for high-gain fiber amplifiers. Such a high ion concentration significantly reduces the required fiber length of high-power 2 μm fiber laser [...] Read more.

We report on investigation the potential of a 7 wt% (8.35 × 10²⁰ Tm³⁺/cm³) doped silicate fibers for high-gain fiber amplifiers. Such a high ion concentration significantly reduces the required fiber length of high-power 2 μm fiber laser systems and allows the high-repetition rate operation in 2 μm mode-locked fiber lasers. To evaluate the feasibility of extracting high gain-per-unit-length from this gain medium, we measure several key material properties of the silicate fiber, including the absorption/emission cross-sections, upper-state lifetime, fiber background loss, and photodarkening resistance. We show through numerical simulations that a signal gain-per-unit-length of 3.78 dB/cm at 1950 nm can be achieved in a watt-level core-pumped Tm³⁺-doped silicate fiber amplifier. In addition, an 18-dB 2013-nm amplifier is demonstrated in a 50-cm 7 wt% Tm³⁺-doped double-clad silicate fiber. Finally, we experimentally confirm that the reported silicate host exhibits no observable photodarkening. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances on Optical Fibers)

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529 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Towards Water-Free Tellurite Glass Fiber for 2–5 μm Nonlinear Applications

by Xian Feng, Jindan Shi, Martha Segura, Nicolas M. White, Pradeesh Kannan, Laurent Calvez, Xianghua Zhang, Laurent Brilland and Wei H. Loh

Fibers 2013, 1(3), 70-81; https://doi.org/10.3390/fib1030070 - 22 Nov 2013

Cited by 26 | Viewed by 8241

Abstract

We report our recent progress on fabricating dehydrated tellurite glass fibers. Low OH content (1 ppm in weight) has been achieved in a new halogen-containing lead tellurite glass fiber. Low OH-induced attenuation of 10 dB/m has been confirmed in the range of 3–4 [...] Read more.

We report our recent progress on fabricating dehydrated tellurite glass fibers. Low OH content (1 ppm in weight) has been achieved in a new halogen-containing lead tellurite glass fiber. Low OH-induced attenuation of 10 dB/m has been confirmed in the range of 3–4 µm using three measurement methods. This shows the dehydrated halo-tellurite glass fiber is a promising candidate for nonlinear applications in a 2–5 µm region. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances on Optical Fibers)

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697 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Er³⁺/Ho³⁺-Codoped Fluorotellurite Glasses for 2.7 µm Fiber Laser Materials

by Yaoyao Ma, Feifei Huang, Lili Hu and Junjie Zhang

Fibers 2013, 1(2), 11-20; https://doi.org/10.3390/fib1020011 - 16 Aug 2013

Cited by 18 | Viewed by 8182

Abstract

This work reports the enhanced emission at 2.7 µm in Er³⁺/Ho³⁺-codoped fluorotellurite glass upon a conventional 980 nm laser diode. The significantly reduced green upconversion and 1.5 µm emission intensity in Er³⁺/Ho³⁺-codoped samples are observed. [...] Read more.

This work reports the enhanced emission at 2.7 µm in Er³⁺/Ho³⁺-codoped fluorotellurite glass upon a conventional 980 nm laser diode. The significantly reduced green upconversion and 1.5 µm emission intensity in Er³⁺/Ho³⁺-codoped samples are observed. The results suggest that the Er³⁺: ⁴I_13/2 state can be efficiently depopulated via energy transfer from Er³⁺ to Ho³⁺ and the detailed energy transfer mechanisms are discussed qualitatively. The energy transfer efficiency from Er³⁺: ⁴I_13/2 to Ho³⁺: ⁵I₇ is calculated to be as high as 67.33%. The calculated emission cross-section in Er³⁺/Ho³⁺-codoped fluorotellurite glass is 1.82 × 10⁻²⁰ cm². This suggests that Er³⁺/Ho³⁺-codoped fluorotellurite glass is a potential material for 2.7 µm fiber laser. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances on Optical Fibers)

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Review

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1114 KiB

Open AccessReview

Advances on Optical Fiber Sensors

by Luciano Mescia and Francesco Prudenzano

Fibers 2014, 2(1), 1-23; https://doi.org/10.3390/fib2010001 - 27 Dec 2013

Cited by 50 | Viewed by 13192

Abstract

In this review paper some recent advances on optical fiber sensors are reported. In particular, fiber Bragg grating (FBG), long period gratings (LPGs), evanescent field and hollow core optical fiber sensors are mentioned. Examples of recent optical fiber sensors for the measurement of [...] Read more.

In this review paper some recent advances on optical fiber sensors are reported. In particular, fiber Bragg grating (FBG), long period gratings (LPGs), evanescent field and hollow core optical fiber sensors are mentioned. Examples of recent optical fiber sensors for the measurement of strain, temperature, displacement, air flow, pressure, liquid-level, magnetic field, and the determination of methadone, hydrocarbons, ethanol, and sucrose are briefly described. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances on Optical Fibers)

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