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Substrate Integrated Waveguide (SIW) and Its Applications

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A special issue of Applied Sciences (ISSN 2076-3417). This special issue belongs to the section "Electrical, Electronics and Communications Engineering".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 October 2019) | Viewed by 73406

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Prof. Dr. Francesco Prudenzano

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Department of Electrical Engineering and Information, Entries Polytechnic University of Bari, Via Orabona, 4-70125 Bari, Italy
Interests: fiber optics; long period grating (LPG) fiber devices; rare-earth doped fiber laser; microwave photonics; microwave devices
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Assoc. Prof. Anthony Ghiotto

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Univ. Bordeaux, Bordeaux INP, CNRS, IMS Research Center, UMR 5218, F-33400 Talence, France
Interests: design and integration of microwave and millimeter wave passive and active circuits in PCB (including SIW and Air-Filled SIW); dielectric waveguide; BiCMOS and CMOS technologies

Assoc. Prof. Antonio Morini

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Co-Guest Editor

Dipartimento di Ingegneria dell'Informazione, Universita Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
Interests: modeling and design of passives, such as filters; multiplexers; switches and array antennas

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

During the last decade, Substrate Integrated Waveguide (SIW) technology has been largely implemented for the construction of numerous microwave devices and circuits based on innovative solutions or re-proposing, by following a quasi-planar approach, well known functionalities of classical waveguide based components/systems. The possibility to fabricate shielded structures by employing planar geometries has provided an amazing way to fabricate innovative resonators exhibiting very high quality factors, suitable for filter and oscillator applications; efficient radiating structures as cavity based antennas, miniaturized slot and horn antennas; compact coupling structures for multiplexing; multilayer/multi-way power dividers; wideband Magic-T and so on. Multi-layered print circuit board (PCB) or low-temperature co-fired ceramic (LTCC) technologies and SIW approach allow reaching a high feasibility, planar integration and packaging degree. As a consequence, the possibility of fabricating complex structures at low cost fulfils the increasing demand of highly sophisticated antennas for satellite communication, 5G and new generation wireless systems, Tera-Hertz systems, bio medicine and a number of other applications.

Topics of interest to be covered by the Special Issue include, but are not limited to the exploitation of SIW technology for:

Fabrication of microwave components
Planar circuits integrations
Planar antennas and beam-forming techniques
Microwave photonics
5G and wireless systems
Tera-Hertz devices and systems
Satellite communications
Radar for automotive applications
Microwave applicators and wearable devices for medicine

Prof. Dr. Francesco Prudenzano

Assoc. Prof. Antonio Morini

Assoc. Prof. Anthony Ghiotto

Guest Editors

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Keywords

Substrate Integrated Waveguide (SIW)
Microwave components
Planar circuits integrations
Planar antennas
Beam-forming techniques
Microwave photonics
5G systems
Wireless systems
Tera-Hertz devices
Satellite communications
Radar for automotive applications
Microwave applicators
Wearable devices

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Related Special Issue

Substrate Integrated Waveguide (SIW) and Its Applications II in Applied Sciences (4 articles)

Published Papers (14 papers)

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Research

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13 pages, 5934 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Compact Quad-Element UWB-MIMO Antenna System with Parasitic Decoupling Mechanism

by Fatima Amin, Rashid Saleem, Tayyab Shabbir, Sabih ur Rehman, Muhammad Bilal and M. Farhan Shafique

Appl. Sci. 2019, 9(11), 2371; https://doi.org/10.3390/app9112371 - 11 Jun 2019

Cited by 66 | Viewed by 5678

Abstract

This research work proposes a compact four-port multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) antenna that operates in the whole license free ultra-wideband (UWB) spectrum of 3.1–10.6 GHz. Spatial diversity has been introduced by arranging these antennas in close proximity without developing a strong mutual coupling. Antenna elements are evolved from a conventional rectangular patch antenna whereas a customized decoupling structure is introduced on the back side of the substrate to achieve the desired isolation level. The parasitic decoupling structure consists of different features which are resonant at different frequencies offering a whole UWB coverage. In addition to the decoupling structure a dumbbell shaped stub has also been introduced to the partial ground plane to suppress the mutual coupling. The overall measured isolation among elements is more than 20 dB. Different MIMO performance parameters have also been investigated from the measured results. Whole MIMO system measures 0.41 λ_o × 0.44 λ_o at 3.1 GHz. The MIMO system is intended for high data rate and short-range communication devices used in wireless personal area networks. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Substrate Integrated Waveguide (SIW) and Its Applications)

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8 pages, 2833 KiB

Open AccessArticle

An RF-MEMS-Based Digitally Tunable SIW Filter in X-Band for Communication Satellite Applications

by Abbas El Mostrah, Andrei Muller, Jean-François Favennec, Benjamin Potelon, Alexandre Manchec, Eric Rius, Cédric Quendo, Yann Clavet, Francis Doukhan and Johann Le Nezet

Appl. Sci. 2019, 9(9), 1838; https://doi.org/10.3390/app9091838 - 4 May 2019

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 3376

Abstract

This paper presents a digitally tunable SIW (substrate integrated waveguide) filter designed for X-band, based on RF-MEMS (radio frequency micro-electrical-mechanical systems) technology. Four commercial off-the-shelf RF-MEMS single-pole single-throw (SPST) switches were directly mounted on the upper surface of the filter, with metallic tuning posts specifically located within each cavity to define the potential achievable frequency range. Fabricated on standard alumina substrate, the design of the filter and the biasing network enabled fine digital frequency control of up to four functional states by the inclusion of wire bondings between each switch and the substrate. A relative tuning range of 2.3% was achieved between the lower and upper discrete states of 2.76% and 2.89% in the 3 dB fractional bandwidths. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Substrate Integrated Waveguide (SIW) and Its Applications)

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23 pages, 2664 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Mobility, Residual Energy, and Link Quality Aware Multipath Routing in MANETs with Q-learning Algorithm

by Valmik Tilwari, Kaharudin Dimyati, MHD Nour Hindia, Anas Fattouh and Iraj Sadegh Amiri

Appl. Sci. 2019, 9(8), 1582; https://doi.org/10.3390/app9081582 - 17 Apr 2019

Cited by 49 | Viewed by 4936

Abstract

To facilitate connectivity to the internet, the easiest way to establish communication infrastructure in areas affected by natural disaster and in remote locations with intermittent cellular services and/or lack of Wi-Fi coverage is to deploy an end-to-end connection over Mobile Ad-hoc Networks (MANETs). However, the potentials of MANETs are yet to be fully realized as existing MANETs routing protocols still suffer some major technical drawback in the areas of mobility, link quality, and battery constraint of mobile nodes between the overlay connections. To address these problems, a routing scheme named Mobility, Residual energy and Link quality Aware Multipath (MRLAM) is proposed for routing in MANETs. The proposed scheme makes routing decisions by determining the optimal route with energy efficient nodes to maintain the stability, reliability, and lifetime of the network over a sustained period of time. The MRLAM scheme uses a Q-Learning algorithm for the selection of optimal intermediate nodes based on the available status of energy level, mobility, and link quality parameters, and then provides positive and negative reward values accordingly. The proposed routing scheme reduces energy cost by 33% and 23%, end to end delay by 15% and 10%, packet loss ratio by 30.76% and 24.59%, and convergence time by 16.49% and 11.34% approximately, compared with other well-known routing schemes such as Multipath Optimized Link State Routing protocol (MP-OLSR) and MP-OLSRv2, respectively. Overall, the acquired results indicate that the proposed MRLAM routing scheme significantly improves the overall performance of the network. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Substrate Integrated Waveguide (SIW) and Its Applications)

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16 pages, 16520 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Feasibility Investigation of SIW Cavity-Backed Patch Antenna Array for Ku Band Applications

by Onofrio Losito, Vincenza Portosi, Giuseppe Venanzoni, Francesco Bigelli, Davide Mencarelli, Paolo Scalmati, Chiara Renghini, Pasquale Carta and Francesco Prudenzano

Appl. Sci. 2019, 9(7), 1271; https://doi.org/10.3390/app9071271 - 27 Mar 2019

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 5762

Abstract

A cavity-backed microstrip patch antenna array was optimized in the Ku band. The backing cavity was designed under each patch antenna of the array in order to increase the bandwidth and minimize the intercoupling among the radiating elements. Substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) technology was employed to fabricate the above-mentioned cavity below the radiating patch. More precisely, four microstrip array antennas, made by 2 × 2, 4 × 4, 8 × 8, and 16 × 16 elements were designed, fabricated, and characterized. The measured maximum gain was G = 13 dBi, G = 18.7 dBi, G = 23.8 dBi, and G = 29.2 dBi, respectively. The performance of the proposed antenna arrays was evaluated in terms of radiation pattern and bandwidth. An extensive feasibility investigation was performed even from the point of different materials/costs in order to state the potential of the engineered antennas in actual applications. The obtained results indicate that a cavity-backed microstrip patch antenna is a feasible solution for broadband digital radio and other satellite communication overall for niche applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Substrate Integrated Waveguide (SIW) and Its Applications)

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16 pages, 1537 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Fast Frequency Sweep Technique Based on Segmentation for the Acceleration of the Electromagnetic Analysis of Microwave Devices

by Juan A. Martinez, Angel Belenguer and Héctor Esteban

Appl. Sci. 2019, 9(6), 1118; https://doi.org/10.3390/app9061118 - 16 Mar 2019

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 3473

Abstract

The characterization of communication devices in a certain frequency band can be accelerated if a fast frequency sweep technique is used instead of a discrete frequency sweep. Existing fast frequency sweep techniques are either complex or specific for a certain electromagnetic solver. In this work, a new fast frequency sweep method is proposed that consists in segmenting the device under analysis into simple building blocks. Each building block is characterized with a generalized (multimode) circuital matrix whose elements present a simple and flat frequency response that is interpolated using natural cubic splines with very few points. In this way, the response of each block along the whole frequency band is obtained efficiently and accurately with as many frequency points as desired. Then, the circuital matrices of all the blocks are cascaded and the circuital matrix of the whole device in obtained. The new fast frequency sweep was successfully applied to the analysis of different types of devices (all metallic rectangular waveguide filter, dielectric loaded rectangular waveguide filter, and substrate integrated waveguide filter). The computational times were reduced to 15% or 19%, depending on the device, when compared with a discrete frequency sweep using the same electromagnetic solver. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Substrate Integrated Waveguide (SIW) and Its Applications)

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14 pages, 2220 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Novel Magnetic Coupling for Miniaturized Bandpass Filters in Embedded Coaxial SIW

by Stefano Sirci, Jorge D. Martínez and Vicente E. Boria

Appl. Sci. 2019, 9(3), 394; https://doi.org/10.3390/app9030394 - 24 Jan 2019

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 4286

Abstract

In this paper, embedded coaxial substrate integrated waveguide (CSIW) filters with innovative magnetic couplings are presented and studied. By creating the loading capacitance of a combline topology using inner layers of a low-temperature co-fired ceramic (LTCC) stack-up, it is possible to achieve resonator miniaturization while improving the spurious-free band and providing full-packaged solutions. Moreover, a new magnetic coupling scheme consisting of short-ended stripline probes is proposed and analyzed in detail, both for direct and external couplings. An in-line three-pole filter at L-band is designed, manufactured, and measured proving how the proposed approach can be used for designing wideband bandpass filter (BPF) with extremely compact size. The designed BPF is centered at 1.5 GHz with

10 %

fractional bandwidth (FBW), while the layout size is just

35 \times 9.5

^{2}

. The experimental results validate the coaxial SIW technology that allows for, at the same time, easy integration, compact size, flexible design, and enhanced stop-band performance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Substrate Integrated Waveguide (SIW) and Its Applications)

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16 pages, 4440 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Broadband Right-Angle Rectangular Waveguide to Substrate Integrated Waveguide Transition with Distributed Impedance Matching Network

by Roberto Vincenti Gatti, Riccardo Rossi and Marco Dionigi

Appl. Sci. 2019, 9(3), 389; https://doi.org/10.3390/app9030389 - 23 Jan 2019

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 7933

Abstract

A broadband right-angle rectangular waveguide to substrate integrated waveguide transition for hybrid RWG-SIW (rectangular waveguide–substrate integrated waveguide) feeding networks is presented. The narrower return loss bandwidth issue with respect to in-line configurations is addressed with the introduction of a multi-section matching network consisting of a number of symmetric E-plane irises in the rectangular waveguide section. A hybrid design procedure based on circuit simulation and full-wave optimization is outlined and adopted to synthesize three matching networks with respectively one, two, and three irises, according to the bandwidth to be covered. The design procedure is experimentally validated with a proof-of-concept prototype. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Substrate Integrated Waveguide (SIW) and Its Applications)

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12 pages, 2922 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Compact and Broadband Microstrip Band-Stop Filters with Single Rectangular Stubs

by Yusuke Kusama and Ryota Isozaki

Appl. Sci. 2019, 9(2), 248; https://doi.org/10.3390/app9020248 - 11 Jan 2019

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 10594

Abstract

In this research, a compact and broadband microstrip line quarter-wavelength open circuited stub, which is the core of the band-stop filter, is studied from the viewpoint of the characteristic impedance ratio between the main transmission line and the stub line. Furthermore, a circuit pattern in which an inductive diaphragm is inserted at the stub attachment point using a stepped impedance structure is examined, and an evaluation of frequency adjustment and miniaturization is investigated. The results are compared with the well-known radial stub. Good agreement was obtained between the measured and simulated values up to 5 GHz. Good stop bandwidth was obtained, and the validity of the proposed method is confirmed. The application to other frequency bands is straightforward. The proposed structure is applicable as an alternative to the existing radial stub used for bias T to prevent the reverse flow of the Radio frequency (RF) signal to direct current (DC) source. It is also applicable for the waveguide E-plane band-stop filter, for preventing unwanted leakage from narrow gaps by substituting to a short-circuited stub with a capacitive window, by using the same approach used in the microstrip line H-plane discontinuity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Substrate Integrated Waveguide (SIW) and Its Applications)

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17 pages, 11526 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Antipodal Vivaldi Antenna Arrays Fed by Substrate Integrated Waveguide Right-Angled Power Dividers

by Sara Salem Hesari and Jens Bornemann

Appl. Sci. 2018, 8(12), 2625; https://doi.org/10.3390/app8122625 - 14 Dec 2018

Cited by 15 | Viewed by 7275

Abstract

This paper describes a novel feed system for compact antipodal Vivaldi antenna arrays on a single layer of substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) by using SIW H-plane right-angled power dividers. The proposed antenna systems are composed of a Vivaldi array and an H-plane right-angled corner power divider which includes an over-moded waveguide section. Based on the number of antennas in the Vivaldi array, mode converter sections at K-band and Ka-band frequencies are designed, fabricated, and measured when feeding Vivaldi antenna arrays with two, three, and four antennas. Right-angled SIW power dividers are employed to obtain controllable phase distribution over the output ports which consequently controls the beam shapes of the systems. The phase relationships in the output ports are varied to obtain different pattern directions for different applications. The two-way divider system with 180-degree phase difference and three-way divider system are fabricated and measured; simulation results are presented for other designs. The measured results are in good agreement with simulations which confirms the design approach. All systems achieve good performance and meet all design goals including a return loss better than 10 dB in the operating bandwidth, gain higher than 8 dB for all systems, and radiation and polarization efficiencies higher than 80% and 98%, respectively. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Substrate Integrated Waveguide (SIW) and Its Applications)

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11 pages, 3190 KiB

Open AccessArticle

LDS Realization of High-Q SIW Millimeter Wave Filters with Cyclo-Olefin Polymers

by Adrien Glise, Yves Quéré, Azar Maalouf, Eric Rius, Vincent Castel, Vincent Laur and Rose Marie Sauvage

Appl. Sci. 2018, 8(11), 2230; https://doi.org/10.3390/app8112230 - 13 Nov 2018

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 4163

Abstract

In this paper, we present narrow-band substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) millimeter wave band-pass filters, designed using cyclo-olefin polymers (COP). The structures were molded, drilled, and metalized with a laser direct structuring (LDS) process. COP are a type of thermoplastic with low dielectric losses in the millimeter waveband, typically 7.5 × 10⁻⁴ at 40 GHz for the COP RS420-LDS from Zeon^®. The body of the filter was realized using a molding process that facilitates the combination of thin 50 Ω microstrip access lines with high thickness microwave cavities through 3D transitions, thus making high quality factors attainable. The simulations and experimental results are presented and discussed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Substrate Integrated Waveguide (SIW) and Its Applications)

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12 pages, 1807 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Stop Band Continuous Profile Filter in Empty Substrate Integrated Coaxial Line

by Darío Gómez, Héctor Esteban, Angel Belenguer, Vicente E. Boria and Alejandro L. Borja

Appl. Sci. 2018, 8(11), 2176; https://doi.org/10.3390/app8112176 - 7 Nov 2018

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2855

Abstract

Substrate integrated waveguides reduce the losses and increase the quality factor of resonators in communication filters when compared with traditional planar technologies, while maintaining their low-cost and low-profile characteristics. Empty substrate integrated waveguides go one step further, removing the dielectric of the substrate. One of these transmission lines is the empty substrate integrated coaxial line (ESICL), which has the advantage of being a two-conductor structure. Thus, it propagates a transversal electric and magnetic (TEM) mode, which reduces the dispersion and the bandwidth limitation of other one conductor empty substrate integrated waveguides. Continuous profile filters, at the cost of being long structures, are very easy to manufacture and design (usually no optimization is needed), and they are highly insensitive to manufacturing tolerances. In this work, a simple continuous profile filter, with a stop band response, is designed for the first time using novel ESICL technology. The influence of the design parameters on the insertion losses and fractional bandwidth is discussed. A prototype has been successfully manufactured and measured. A sensitivity analysis shows the high tolerance of the proposed stop band filter to manufacturing errors. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Substrate Integrated Waveguide (SIW) and Its Applications)

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12 pages, 5087 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Unidirectional Slow Light Transmission in Heterostructure Photonic Crystal Waveguide

by Qiuyue Zhang and Xun Li

Appl. Sci. 2018, 8(10), 1858; https://doi.org/10.3390/app8101858 - 9 Oct 2018

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 3923

Abstract

In conventional photonic crystal systems, extrinsic scattering resulting from random manufacturing defects or environmental changes is a major source of loss that causes performance degradation, and the backscattering loss is amplified as the group velocity slows down. In order to overcome the limitations in slow light systems, we propose a backscattering-immune slow light waveguide design. The waveguide is based on an interface between a square lattice of magneto-optical photonic crystal with precisely tailored rod radii of the first two rows and a titled 45 degrees square lattice of Alumina photonic crystal with an aligned band gap. High group indices of 77, 68, 64, and 60 with the normalized frequency bandwidths of 0.444%, 0.481%, 0.485%, and 0.491% are obtained, respectively. The corresponding normalized delay-bandwidth products remain around 0.32 for all cases, which are higher than previously reported works based on rod radius adjustment. The robustness for the edge modes against different types of interfacial defects is observed for the lack of backward propagation modes at the same frequencies as the unidirectional edge modes. Furthermore, the transmission direction can be controlled by the sign of the externally applied magnetic field normal to the plane. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Substrate Integrated Waveguide (SIW) and Its Applications)

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Review

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19 pages, 8272 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperReview

Review of Substrate Integrated Waveguide Circuits for Beam-Forming Networks Working in X-Band

by Giuseppe Venanzoni, Davide Mencarelli, Antonio Morini, Marco Farina and Francesco Prudenzano

Appl. Sci. 2019, 9(5), 1003; https://doi.org/10.3390/app9051003 - 11 Mar 2019

Cited by 21 | Viewed by 4582

Abstract

A review of substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) components designed for the use in beam-forming networks working in X-Band is presented. The proposed devices are four-port and six-port couplers and magic tees for the network. The devices take full advantage of the use of SIW technology in order to reduce size, weight, and cost. The design processes of all devices are exposed, and the experimental results of prototypes show the feasibility of these solutions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Substrate Integrated Waveguide (SIW) and Its Applications)

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Other

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9 pages, 5558 KiB

Open AccessTechnical Note

A 2.4 GHz-Band 250 W, 60% Feedback-Type GaN-HFET Oscillator Using Imbalanced Coupling Resonator for Use in the Microwave Oven

by Hikaru Ikeda and Yasushi Itoh

Appl. Sci. 2019, 9(14), 2887; https://doi.org/10.3390/app9142887 - 19 Jul 2019

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 3654

Abstract

Circuit design techniques for enhancing an efficiency of the high power feedback-type GaN-HFET (Gallium Nitride Heterojunction Field Effect Transistor) oscillator for use in the microwave oven are shown in this paper, focusing primarily on the harmonic terminations for high efficiency of power amplifiers, the coupling factor to feedback circuits and the insertion phase adjustment of feedback loops. With the use of these circuit design techniques, an output power of 263 W and an efficiency of 61.3% have been successfully achieved at 2.44 GHz. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Substrate Integrated Waveguide (SIW) and Its Applications)

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