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Genetic Mechanism of Psychiatric Disorders
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Genetic Mechanism of Psychiatric Disorders

A special issue of Genes (ISSN 2073-4425). This special issue belongs to the section "Human Genomics and Genetic Diseases".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 September 2016) | Viewed by 35788

Special Issue Editor

Prof. Dr. Xiangning (Sam) Chen

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Nevada Institute of Personalized Medicine and Department of Psychology, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV, USA
Interests: human genetics study; genetics of schizophrenia; genetics of smoking and nicotine dependence; genomics and genomic technology; bioinformatics and sequencing analysis; molecular biology

Special Issue Information

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Keywords

  • Common variants;
  • Rare variants;
  • de novo mutation;
  • copy number variation;
  • co-morbidity;
  • schizophrenia;
  • bipolar disorder;
  • autism;
  • substance abuse and addiction;
  • DNA sequencing;
  • epigenetics

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Published Papers (5 papers)

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Research

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450 KiB  
Article
Screening for Mutations in the TBX1 Gene on Chromosome 22q11.2 in Schizophrenia
by Lieh-Yung Ping, Yang-An Chuang, Shih-Hsin Hsu, Hsin-Yao Tsai and Min-Chih Cheng
Genes 2016, 7(11), 102; https://doi.org/10.3390/genes7110102 - 22 Nov 2016
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 4863
Abstract
A higher-than-expected frequency of schizophrenia in patients with 22q11.2 deletion syndrome suggests that chromosome 22q11.2 harbors the responsive genes related to the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. The TBX1 gene, which maps to the region on chromosome 22q11.2, plays a vital role in neuronal functions. [...] Read more.
A higher-than-expected frequency of schizophrenia in patients with 22q11.2 deletion syndrome suggests that chromosome 22q11.2 harbors the responsive genes related to the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. The TBX1 gene, which maps to the region on chromosome 22q11.2, plays a vital role in neuronal functions. Haploinsufficiency of the TBX1 gene is associated with schizophrenia endophenotype. This study aimed to investigate whether the TBX1 gene is associated with schizophrenia. We searched for mutations in the TBX1 gene in 652 patients with schizophrenia and 567 control subjects using a re-sequencing method and conducted a reporter gene assay. We identified six SNPs and 25 rare mutations with no association with schizophrenia from Taiwan. Notably, we identified two rare schizophrenia-specific mutations (c.-123G>C and c.-11delC) located at 5′ UTR of the TBX1 gene. The reporter gene assay showed that c.-123C significantly decreased promoter activity, while c.-11delC increased promoter activity compared with the wild-type. Our findings suggest that the TBX1 gene is unlikely a major susceptible gene for schizophrenia in an ethnic Chinese population for Taiwan, but a few rare mutations in the TBX1 gene may contribute to the pathogenesis of schizophrenia in some patients. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Genetic Mechanism of Psychiatric Disorders)
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977 KiB  
Article
Replicated Risk Nicotinic Cholinergic Receptor Genes for Nicotine Dependence
by Lingjun Zuo, Rolando Garcia-Milian, Xiaoyun Guo, Chunlong Zhong, Yunlong Tan, Zhiren Wang, Jijun Wang, Xiaoping Wang, Longli Kang, Lu Lu, Xiangning Chen, Chiang-Shan R. Li and Xingguang Luo
Genes 2016, 7(11), 95; https://doi.org/10.3390/genes7110095 - 7 Nov 2016
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 7576
Abstract
It has been hypothesized that the nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) play important roles in nicotine dependence (ND) and influence the number of cigarettes smoked per day (CPD) in smokers. We compiled the associations between nicotinic cholinergic receptor genes (CHRNs) and ND/CPD [...] Read more.
It has been hypothesized that the nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) play important roles in nicotine dependence (ND) and influence the number of cigarettes smoked per day (CPD) in smokers. We compiled the associations between nicotinic cholinergic receptor genes (CHRNs) and ND/CPD that were replicated across different studies, reviewed the expression of these risk genes in human/mouse brains, and verified their expression using independent samples of both human and mouse brains. The potential functions of the replicated risk variants were examined using cis-eQTL analysis or predicted using a series of bioinformatics analyses. We found replicated and significant associations for ND/CPD at 19 SNPs in six genes in three genomic regions (CHRNB3-A6, CHRNA5-A3-B4 and CHRNA4). These six risk genes are expressed in at least 18 distinct areas of the human/mouse brain, with verification in our independent human and mouse brain samples. The risk variants might influence the transcription, expression and splicing of the risk genes, alter RNA secondary or protein structure. We conclude that the replicated associations between CHRNB3-A6, CHRNA5-A3-B4, CHRNA4 and ND/CPD are very robust. More research is needed to examine how these genetic variants contribute to the risk for ND/CPD. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Genetic Mechanism of Psychiatric Disorders)
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1397 KiB  
Article
Impact of the Autism-Associated Long Noncoding RNA MSNP1AS on Neuronal Architecture and Gene Expression in Human Neural Progenitor Cells
by Jessica J. DeWitt, Nicole Grepo, Brent Wilkinson, Oleg V. Evgrafov, James A. Knowles and Daniel B. Campbell
Genes 2016, 7(10), 76; https://doi.org/10.3390/genes7100076 - 28 Sep 2016
Cited by 25 | Viewed by 6633
Abstract
We previously identified the long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) MSNP1AS (moesin pseudogene 1, antisense) as a functional element revealed by genome wide significant association with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). MSNP1AS expression was increased in the postmortem cerebral cortex of individuals with ASD and particularly [...] Read more.
We previously identified the long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) MSNP1AS (moesin pseudogene 1, antisense) as a functional element revealed by genome wide significant association with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). MSNP1AS expression was increased in the postmortem cerebral cortex of individuals with ASD and particularly in individuals with the ASD-associated genetic markers on chromosome 5p14.1. Here, we mimicked the overexpression of MSNP1AS observed in postmortem ASD cerebral cortex in human neural progenitor cell lines to determine the impact on neurite complexity and gene expression. ReNcell CX and SK-N-SH were transfected with an overexpression vector containing full-length MSNP1AS. Neuronal complexity was determined by the number and length of neuronal processes. Gene expression was determined by strand-specific RNA sequencing. MSNP1AS overexpression decreased neurite number and neurite length in both human neural progenitor cell lines. RNA sequencing revealed changes in gene expression in proteins involved in two biological processes: protein synthesis and chromatin remodeling. These data indicate that overexpression of the ASD-associated lncRNA MSNP1AS alters the number and length of neuronal processes. The mechanisms by which MSNP1AS overexpression impacts neuronal differentiation may involve protein synthesis and chromatin structure. These same biological processes are also implicated by rare mutations associated with ASD, suggesting convergent mechanisms. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Genetic Mechanism of Psychiatric Disorders)
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Review

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1095 KiB  
Review
Primary Cilia as a Possible Link between Left-Right Asymmetry and Neurodevelopmental Diseases
by Andrey Trulioff, Alexander Ermakov and Yegor Malashichev
Genes 2017, 8(2), 48; https://doi.org/10.3390/genes8020048 - 25 Jan 2017
Cited by 35 | Viewed by 8035
Abstract
Cilia have multiple functions in the development of the entire organism, and participate in the development and functioning of the central nervous system. In the last decade, studies have shown that they are implicated in the development of the visceral left-right asymmetry in [...] Read more.
Cilia have multiple functions in the development of the entire organism, and participate in the development and functioning of the central nervous system. In the last decade, studies have shown that they are implicated in the development of the visceral left-right asymmetry in different vertebrates. At the same time, some neuropsychiatric disorders, such as schizophrenia, autism, bipolar disorder, and dyslexia, are known to be associated with lateralization failure. In this review, we consider possible links in the mechanisms of determination of visceral asymmetry and brain lateralization, through cilia. We review the functions of seven genes associated with both cilia, and with neurodevelopmental diseases, keeping in mind their possible role in the establishment of the left-right brain asymmetry. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Genetic Mechanism of Psychiatric Disorders)
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955 KiB  
Review
The Future is The Past: Methylation QTLs in Schizophrenia
by Anke Hoffmann, Michael Ziller and Dietmar Spengler
Genes 2016, 7(12), 104; https://doi.org/10.3390/genes7120104 - 24 Nov 2016
Cited by 19 | Viewed by 8204
Abstract
Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have remarkably advanced insight into the genetic basis of schizophrenia (SCZ). Still, most of the functional variance in disease risk remains unexplained. Hence, there is a growing need to map genetic variability-to-genes-to-functions for understanding the pathophysiology of SCZ and [...] Read more.
Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have remarkably advanced insight into the genetic basis of schizophrenia (SCZ). Still, most of the functional variance in disease risk remains unexplained. Hence, there is a growing need to map genetic variability-to-genes-to-functions for understanding the pathophysiology of SCZ and the development of better treatments. Genetic variation can regulate various cellular functions including DNA methylation, an epigenetic mark with important roles in transcription and the mediation of environmental influences. Methylation quantitative trait loci (meQTLs) are derived by mapping levels of DNA methylation in genetically different, genotyped individuals and define loci at which DNA methylation is influenced by genetic variation. Recent evidence points to an abundance of meQTLs in brain tissues whose functional contributions to development and mental diseases are still poorly understood. Interestingly, fetal meQTLs reside in regulatory domains affecting methylome reconfiguration during early brain development and are enriched in loci identified by GWAS for SCZ. Moreover, fetal meQTLs are preserved in the adult brain and could trace early epigenomic deregulation during vulnerable periods. Overall, these findings highlight the role of fetal meQTLs in the genetic risk for and in the possible neurodevelopmental origin of SCZ. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Genetic Mechanism of Psychiatric Disorders)
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