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Geosciences
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Present and Past Submarine Volcanic Activity II
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Present and Past Submarine Volcanic Activity II

A special issue of Geosciences (ISSN 2076-3263). This special issue belongs to the section "Natural Hazards".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 June 2023) | Viewed by 5661

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Riccardo De Ritis

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Guest Editor
Section of Geomagnetism, Aeronomy and Environmental Geophysics, National Institute of Geophysics and Volcanology, Roma, Italy
Interests: potential fields; direct and inverse modeling; geophysical and geological data integration; marine and submarine volcanism
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Salvatore Passaro

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
ISMAR-CNR—National Research Council of Italy, 00146 Roma, Italy
Interests: marine geomorphology; coastal and marine volcanism; cartography; hazard; coastal archaeology; coastal and marine pollution
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Alessandra Pensa

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Geological Science, Università Degli Studi Roma Tre, Rome, Italy
Interests: explosive volcanic eruptions; submarine volcanic structures; pyroclastic density currents (PDCs) deposits and flow dynamics; PDCs emplacement temperature estimation; paleomagnetism analysis; charcoal reflectance analysis
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The second volume of this Special Issue of Geosciences aims to extend the contributions of scientific research on marine and submarine volcanic activities from different points of view, such as geophysics, remote sensing, volcanology.

The collection of different works with new ideas, new approaches, and results will enhance and update our knowledge of marine and submarine volcanoes. Most of the present and past volcanic activity on the Earth occurred in marine and submarine environments (over 1 million volcanoes) within different geodynamic contexts, and a large part of these are located near densely populated coasts. The understanding of this volcanic activity will therefore play a key role in deepening the plate tectonics theory as well as help in evaluating possible eruption scenarios or planning geothermal heat exploitation systems.

For this reason, particularly valuable are the contributions which may help with the evaluation of volcanic activity and how it impacts closer human settlements and their surrounding environment, also in terms of evaluating geothermal resources. Recent volcanic occurrences worldwide have shown how powerful eruptions may occur even well below sea level and how their effects may splay over hundreds of kilometers and more.

Despite these important targets, much of volcanic islands’ underwater structure and submarine volcanism remains mostly unexplored because of the difficulty of direct observation of eruptive processes at depth. The relationship between volcanism, tectonics, and seabed morphology represents a key topic to develop and/or refine interpretative geological models of geodynamically complex areas worldwide. Tectonics influences volcanism, and they both affect seafloor morphology. Therefore, deciphering their relationship through multidisciplinary data integration increases our ability to reach geological–structural reconstructions. In the last several decades, development and advances in exploration geophysics have shed new light on the submerged portion of volcanic islands and deep-seated volcanoes. High-resolution geophysical and bathymetric surveys have furnished the possibility to develop 2–3D geological models of volcanic structures, their feeding systems, and hydrothermal system extension and depth and made it possible to produce detailed digital elevation models. Therefore, multidisciplinarity is an important tool to investigate deep marine environments which would otherwise be unreachable and to unravel what is going on below sea level and what would happen in the close surroundings in case of eruption.

Dr. Riccardo De Ritis
Dr. Salvatore Passaro
Dr. Alessandra Pensa
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Geosciences is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 1800 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • marine geophysics
  • submarine volcanism
  • volcanic islands
  • geophysical data integration
  • high-resolution bathymetry
  • forward and inverse geophysical modeling
  • volcano-tectonic evolution

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Published Papers (2 papers)

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Research

9 pages, 5605 KiB  
Communication
Subduction of Submarine Arc Volcanoes Beneath the Solomon Islands Arc
by Brian Taylor, Elizabeth K. Benyshek and Andrew M. Goodliffe
Geosciences 2023, 13(8), 236; https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences13080236 - 8 Aug 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1745
Abstract
In the Solomon Islands, arc magmas are erupting on the subducting Australia Plate. These island (Simbo) and submarine arc volcanoes (Kana Keoki, Coleman and Pavuvu) are about to be recycled by rapid subduction. We identify eight of their former equivalents beneath the forearc [...] Read more.
In the Solomon Islands, arc magmas are erupting on the subducting Australia Plate. These island (Simbo) and submarine arc volcanoes (Kana Keoki, Coleman and Pavuvu) are about to be recycled by rapid subduction. We identify eight of their former equivalents beneath the forearc by the morphologies and deformation structures that are characteristic of seamount subduction. Tsunamigenic earthquakes recently nucleated just ahead of two of the subducting seamounts. A third (Pavuvu), that has indented the subduction front and uplifted the lower forearc, is associated with a historic earthquake gap. It is positioned such that a rupture there has the potential for tsunami waves to impact the capital, Honiara. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Present and Past Submarine Volcanic Activity II)
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30 pages, 24245 KiB  
Article
Dynamics of Two Caldera-Forming Eruptions (Banda Besar and Naira) in the Marine Conservation Zone of Banda, Maluku, Indonesia
by Indranova Suhendro, Bachtiar W. Mutaqin, Dyan Primana Sobaruddin, Lestari Agustiningtyas, Hanik Humaida, Muh Aris Marfai and Danang Sri Hadmoko
Geosciences 2022, 12(11), 428; https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences12110428 - 21 Nov 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 3316
Abstract
This is the first study discussing the dynamics of two caldera-forming eruptions in the Banda volcanic complex (BVC) in the marine conservation zone of Banda, Maluku, Indonesia. The first and second caldera episodes are, hereafter, termed as Banda Besar and Naira, respectively. The [...] Read more.
This is the first study discussing the dynamics of two caldera-forming eruptions in the Banda volcanic complex (BVC) in the marine conservation zone of Banda, Maluku, Indonesia. The first and second caldera episodes are, hereafter, termed as Banda Besar and Naira, respectively. The formation of Banda Besar caldera (ca. 8 × 7 km) ejected homogeneous rhyolitic magmas (bulk-rock, 73.1–73.8 wt.% SiO2) in the following three stages: (1) sub-Plinian (BB-5a), (2) intra-sub-Plinian flow (BB-5b), and (3) caldera collapse (BB-5c and BB-5d). The BB-5a stage produced a reversely graded white pumice fall layer with moderate lithics (2–11%), which originated from a sub-Plinian eruption with an estimated plume height of 22–23 km. Subsequently, intensive erosion of wall rock (13–25%) causes conduit enlargement, leading to the partial collapse of the eruption columns, forming intra-sub-Plinian flow deposits (BB-5b). It is likely that conduit size surpassed the minimum threshold value for a buoyant plume during the final phase of the second stage, causing the complete formation of a pumice-rich pyroclastic density current (PDC) during the early-third stage (BB-5c). Finally, the evacuation of voluminous magma from the reservoir yields the first caldera collapse during the late-third stage, producing a lithic-dominated PDC with minor pumices (BB-5d). The formation of the Naira caldera (ca. 3 × 3 km) ejected homogeneous dacitic magmas (bulk-rock, 66.2–67.2 wt.% SiO2) in the following three stages: (1) early sub-Plinian (N-2a and 2b), (2) late sub-Plinian (N-2c, 2d, 2e), and (3) caldera collapse (N-2f). This research distinguishes the sub-Plinian into two stages on the basis of different vent locations (assumed from the isopach map). In particular, this research suggests that the early sub-Plinian stage (N-2a and 2b) erupted from the northern vent, producing 14 and 8 km eruption plume heights, respectively. Additionally, the late sub-Plinian stage (N-2c, 2d, 2e) was generated from a newly-formed conduit located in the relatively southern position, producing 12–17, 9, and 6 km eruption plume heights, respectively. Conduit enlargement is expected to occur during at both sub-Plinian stages, as lithic portions are considerably high (10–72%) and ultimately generate PDCs during the third stage (caldera collapse; N-2f). Because most of the erupted materials (for both caldera-forming eruptions) are emplaced in the ocean, estimating the erupted volume becomes difficult. However, with the assumption that the caldera dimension represents the erupted volume of magma (Vmagma), and that the total erupted volume (Vtotal) is a summation of Vmagma and the now-vanished pre-caldera island (Vvanished, represented by average lithic fractions), the first and second caldera might produce (at least) 35.2 and 2.4 km3 of erupted materials, scaling them as VEI (volcano explosivity index) 6 and 5, respectively. That VEI is more than enough to initiate a secondary hazard in the form of tsunamis triggered by volcanic activities. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Present and Past Submarine Volcanic Activity II)
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