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Cadmium, Environmental Exposure and Health Outcomes

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A special issue of International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health (ISSN 1660-4601). This special issue belongs to the section "Environmental Health".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 November 2022) | Viewed by 13023

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Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Yasushi Suwazono

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Guest Editor

Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
Interests: environmental medicine; occupational health; cadmium; epidemiplogy; exposure
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Dr. Masaru Sakurai

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Guest Editor

Department of Social and Environmental Medicine, Kanazawa Medical University, Ishikawa 920-0265, Japan
Interests: occupational health; epidemiology

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

We are organizing a Special Issue on the environmental exposure and health outcomes of cadmium in the International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. The venue is a peer-reviewed scientific journal that publishes articles and communications in the interdisciplinary area of environmental health sciences and public health. For detailed information on the journal, we refer you to https://www.mdpi.com/journal/ijerph.

Cadmium is a toxic heavy metal with a harmful effect on the kidney, bone, and various organ systems. The main sources of cadmium exposure are considered to be the ingestion of contaminated food, active and passive smoking, and inhalation in workers from fields such as in battery manufacturing. Environmental cadmium exposure has been recognized as a worldwide public health issue. This Special Issue is open to any subject area related to environmental exposure to and health problems of cadmium. The listed keywords suggest just a few of the many possibilities.

Prof. Dr. Yasushi Suwazono
Dr. Masaru Sakurai
Guest Editors

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Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

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Keywords

bone effect
cadmium exposure
environmental exposure
general population
kidney effect
life prognosis

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Published Papers (5 papers)

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Research

15 pages, 611 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Validity of Benchmark Dose Limit Analysis for Estimating Permissible Accumulation of Cadmium

by Soisungwan Satarug, David A. Vesey, Glenda C. Gobe and Aleksandra Buha Đorđević

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19(23), 15697; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192315697 - 25 Nov 2022

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1767

Abstract

Cadmium (Cd) is a toxic metal pollutant that accumulates, especially in the proximal tubular epithelial cells of kidneys, where it causes tubular cell injury, cell death and a reduction in glomerular filtration rate (GFR). Diet is the main Cd exposure source in non-occupationally exposed and non-smoking populations. The present study aimed to evaluate the reliability of a tolerable Cd intake of 0.83 μg/kg body weight/day, and its corresponding toxicity threshold level of 5.24 μg/g creatinine. The PROAST software was used to calculate the lower 95% confidence bound of the benchmark dose (BMDL) values of Cd excretion (E_Cd) associated with injury to kidney tubular cells, a defective tubular reabsorption of filtered proteins, and a reduction in the estimated GFR (eGFR). Data were from 289 males and 445 females, mean age of 48.1 years of which 42.8% were smokers, while 31.7% had hypertension, and 9% had chronic kidney disease (CKD). The BMDL value of E_Cd associated with kidney tubular cell injury was 0.67 ng/L of filtrate in both men and women. Therefore, an environmental Cd exposure producing E_Cd of 0.67 ng/L filtrate could be considered as Cd accumulation levels below which renal effects are likely to be negligible. A reduction in eGFR and CKD may follow when E_Cd rises from 0.67 to 1 ng/L of filtrate. These adverse health effects occur at the body burdens lower than those associated with E_Cd of 5.24 µg/g creatinine, thereby arguing that current health-guiding values do not provide a sufficient health protection. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cadmium, Environmental Exposure and Health Outcomes)

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14 pages, 2584 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Dose–Response Analysis of the Tubular and Glomerular Effects of Chronic Exposure to Environmental Cadmium

by Soisungwan Satarug, David A. Vesey and Glenda C. Gobe

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19(17), 10572; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191710572 - 25 Aug 2022

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1754

Abstract

We retrospectively analyzed data on the excretion of cadmium (E_Cd), β₂-microglobulin (E_β2M) and N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase (E_NAG), which were recorded for 734 participants in a study conducted in low- and high-exposure areas of Thailand. Increased E_β2M and E_NAG were used to assess tubular integrity, while a reduction in the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) was a criterion for glomerular dysfunction. E_Cd, E_β2M and E_NAG were normalized to creatinine clearance (C_cr) as E_Cd/C_cr, E_β2M/C_cr and E_NAG/C_cr to correct for interindividual variation in the number of surviving nephrons and to eliminate the variation in the excretion of creatinine (E_cr). For a comparison, these parameters were also normalized to E_cr as E_Cd/E_cr, E_β2M/E_cr and E_NAG/E_cr. According to the covariance analysis, a Cd-dose-dependent reduction in eGFR was statistically significant only when E_cd was normalized to C_cr as E_Cd/C_cr (F = 11.2, p < 0.001). There was a 23-fold increase in the risk of eGFR ≤ 60 mL/min/1.73 m² in those with the highest E_Cd/C_cr range (p = 0.002). In addition, doubling of E_Cd/C_cr was associated with lower eGFR (β = −0.300, p < 0.001), and higher E_NAG/C_cr (β = 0.455, p < 0.001) and E_β2M/C_cr (β = 0.540, p < 0.001). In contrast, a covariance analysis showed a non-statistically significant relationship between E_Cd/E_cr and eGFR (F = 1.08, p = 0.165), while the risk of low eGFR was increased by 6.9-fold only among those with the highest E_Cd/E_cr range. Doubling of E_Cd/E_cr was associated with lower eGFR and higher E_NAG/E_cr and E_β2M/E_cr, with the β coefficients being smaller than in the C_cr-normalized dataset. Thus, normalization of Cd excretion to C_cr unravels the adverse effect of Cd on GFR and provides a more accurate evaluation of the severity of the tubulo-glomerular effect of Cd. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cadmium, Environmental Exposure and Health Outcomes)

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12 pages, 565 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Environmental Exposure to Cadmium and Lead on the Risks of Diabetes and Kidney Dysfunction

by Supabhorn Yimthiang, Phisit Pouyfung, Tanaporn Khamphaya, Saruda Kuraeiad, Paleeratana Wongrith, David A. Vesey, Glenda C. Gobe and Soisungwan Satarug

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19(4), 2259; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19042259 - 16 Feb 2022

Cited by 29 | Viewed by 3536

Abstract

Environmental exposure to cadmium (Cd) or lead (Pb) is independently associated with increased risks of type 2 diabetes, and chronic kidney disease. The aim of this study was to examine the effects of concurrent exposure to these toxic metals on the risks of diabetes and kidney functional impairment. The Cd and Pb exposure levels among study subjects were low to moderate, evident from the means for blood concentrations of Cd and Pb ([Cd]_b and [Pb]_b) of 0.59 µg/L and 4.67 µg/dL, respectively. Of 176 study subjects (mean age 60), 71 (40.3%) had abnormally high fasting plasma glucose levels. Based on their [Cd]_b and [Pb]_b, 53, 71, and 52 subjects were assigned to Cd and Pb exposure profiles 1, 2, and 3, respectively. The diagnosis of diabetes was increased by 4.2-fold in those with an exposure profile 3 (p = 0.002), and by 2.9-fold in those with the estimated glomerular filtration (eGFR) ≤ 60 mL/min/1.73 m² (p = 0.029). The prevalence odds ratio (POR) for albuminuria was increased by 5-fold in those with plasma glucose levels above kidney threshold of 180 mg/dL (p = 0.014), and by 3.1-fold in those with low eGFR) (p = 0.050). Collectively, these findings suggest that the Cd and Pb exposure profiles equally impact kidney function and diabetes risk. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cadmium, Environmental Exposure and Health Outcomes)

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16 pages, 1589 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Relationship between the Urinary Cadmium Concentration and Cause-Specific Mortality in Subjects without Severe Renal Damage: A 35-Year Follow-Up Study in a Cadmium-Polluted Area of Japan

by Masaru Sakurai, Yasushi Suwazono, Muneko Nishijo, Kazuhiro Nogawa, Yuuka Watanabe, Kazuka Yoneda, Masao Ishizaki, Yuko Morikawa, Teruhiko Kido and Hideaki Nakagawa

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18(15), 7747; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18157747 - 21 Jul 2021

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 2576

Abstract

We evaluated the association between urinary cadmium concentration (uCd, μg/g Cr) and risk of cause-specific mortality according to urinary β2-microglobulin (MG) concentration. Participants were 1383 male and 1700 female inhabitants of the Cd-polluted Kakehashi River basin. The uCd and β2-MG were evaluated in a survey in 1981–1982, where those participants were followed-up over 35 years later. Among the participants with a urinary β2-MG < 1000, the hazard ratios (HRs) (95% confidence interval) for mortality were significantly higher in those with a uCd of ≥10.0 compared with <5.0 for cardiovascular disease [HR 1.92 (1.08–3.40) for men, 1.71 (1.07–2.71) for women], pneumonia or influenza [2.10 (1.10–4.00) for men, 2.22 (1.17–4.19) for women], and digestive diseases [for men; 3.81 (1.49–9.74)]. The uCd was significantly associated with mortality from heart failure in women and digestive diseases in men, after adjustment for other causes of death using the Fine and Gray competing risk regression model. For participants with a urinary β2-MG of ≥1000, no significant association was observed between uCd and any major cause of death. In the absence of kidney damage, Cd may increase the risk of death from cardiovascular disease, pneumonia, and digestive diseases. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cadmium, Environmental Exposure and Health Outcomes)

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10 pages, 1586 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Estimation of Benchmark Dose of Cumulative Cadmium Exposure for Renal Tubular Effect

by Kazuhiro Nogawa, Yasushi Suwazono, Yuuka Watanabe and Carl-Gustaf Elinder

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18(10), 5177; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18105177 - 13 May 2021

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2264

Abstract

Objectives: The aim of this study was to determine the no observed adverse effect level (NOAEL), the lowest observed adverse effect level (LOAEL) and the benchmark dose low (BMDL) of cadmium exposure by re-evaluation of the dose–response relationship between cumulative cadmium exposure and renal tubular damage reported previously. Methods: The participants were workers (326 men and 114 women) employed for at least three months between 1931 and 1982. Blood cadmium (Cd-B) and air cadmium (Cd-A) were collected at regular intervals with urinary β2-microglobulin as the tubular effect marker. Cumulative Cd-A and Cd-B were estimated by multiplying concentration and working period. The BMDL was calculated using Benchmark Dose Software (version 3.1.2). The benchmark response (BMR) was set at 5% or 10%. Results: By logistic regression, the NOAEL of mean cumulative Cd-B was 7122 months nmol/L. The LOAEL of cumulative Cd-A and least-squares cumulative Cd-B was 691 yrs μg/m³ and 8586 months nmol/L, respectively. Among various models for dose–response relationships, a probit model was adopted as the best fitting model. The obtained BMDLs of cumulative Cd-A were 272.3 yrs µg/m³ (BMR5%) and 707.5 yrs µg/m³ (BMR10%). The BMDLs of mean cumulative Cd-B were 3967.2 months nmol/L (BMR5%) and 7798.1 months nmol/L (BMR10%). The BMDLs of least-squares cumulative Cd-B were 3588.6 months nmol/L (BMR5%) and 8616.3 months nmol/L (BMR10%). Assuming a working period of 40 years, the BMDLs for BMR10% corresponded to 17.7 µg/m³ (Cd-A) and 1.8~2.0 µg/L (Cd-B). Discussion: This study provides new valuable information to enhance the reliability of limit values and thereby make a significant contribution to preventing the health effects of Cd in exposed workers. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cadmium, Environmental Exposure and Health Outcomes)

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