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14 pages, 378 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Trail Running versus Road Running—Effects on Neuromuscular and Endurance Performance—A Two Arm Randomized Controlled Study

by Scott Nolan Drum, Ludwig Rappelt, Steffen Held and Lars Donath

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2023, 20(5), 4501; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20054501 - 3 Mar 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 4228

Abstract

Running on less predictable terrain has the potential to increase the stimulation of the neuromuscular system and can boost aerobic performance. Hence, the purpose of this study was to analyze the effects of trail versus road running on neuromuscular and endurance performance parameters [...] Read more.

Running on less predictable terrain has the potential to increase the stimulation of the neuromuscular system and can boost aerobic performance. Hence, the purpose of this study was to analyze the effects of trail versus road running on neuromuscular and endurance performance parameters in running novices. Twenty sedentary participants were randomly assigned to either a trail (TRAIL; n = 10) or road running (ROAD; n = 10) group. A supervised and progressive, moderate intensity, and work-load-matched 8 wk endurance running program on TRAIL or ROAD was prescribed (i.e., randomized). Static balance (BESS test), dynamic balance (Y-balance test), gait analysis (RehaGait test, with regard to stride time single task, stride length dual task, velocity single task), agility performance (t-test), isokinetic leg strength (BIODEX), and predicted VO₂max were assessed in pre- and post-tests. rANOVA analysis revealed no significant time–group interactions. Large effect sizes (Cohen’s d) for pairwise comparison were found for TRAIL in the BESS test (d = 1.2) and predicted (pred) VO₂max (d = 0.95). Moderate effects were evident for ROAD in BESS (d = 0.5), stride time single task (d = 0.52), and VO₂max predicted (d = 0.53). Possible moderate to large effect sizes for stride length dual task (72%), velocity single task (64%), BESS test (60%), and the Y-balance test left stance (51%) in favor of TRAIL occurred. Collectively, the results suggested slightly more beneficial tendencies in favor of TRAIL. Additional research is needed to clearly elucidate differences between TRAIL and ROAD, not only in novices but also in experienced exercisers. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Physical Activity, Body Composition, Health Behaviors and Related Health Issues)

17 pages, 833 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Impact of Physical Exercises with Elements of Dance Movement Therapy on Anthropometric Parameters and Physical Fitness among Functionally Limited Older Nursing Home Residents

by Natalia Wołoszyn, Justyna Brożonowicz, Joanna Grzegorczyk, Justyna Leszczak, Andrzej Kwolek and Agnieszka Wiśniowska-Szurlej

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2023, 20(5), 3827; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20053827 - 21 Feb 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2433

Abstract

Changes in the composition of the body mass of functionally limited older patients may contribute to a decrease in functional fitness and the development of chronic diseases. This research aimed to assess the differences in anthropometric parameters and physical fitness of older patients, [...] Read more.

Changes in the composition of the body mass of functionally limited older patients may contribute to a decrease in functional fitness and the development of chronic diseases. This research aimed to assess the differences in anthropometric parameters and physical fitness of older patients, over the age of 65, in a 12-week clinical intervention study. Method: The study participants were nursing home inhabitants aged 65–85 who were functionally limited. Persons meeting the inclusion criteria were assigned to one of the three groups: Group 1–basic exercises/BE group (n = 56); Group 2—physical exercises with elements of dancing/PED group (n = 57); Group 3—control group/CO group (n = 56) routine care. The data were collected at the beginning of the study and at the 12-week mark. The outcome was observed for hand grip strength (HGS), arm curl test (ACT), Barthel Index (BI), Berg Balance Scale (BBS), triceps skin fold (TSF), waist-to-hip-ratio (WHR), and arm muscle area (AMA). Results: The study included 98 women and 71 men. The average age of the participants was 74.40 years. The analysis of the effects of the 12-week exercise program showed the greatest changes in HGS, ACT, and BI in the exercise groups, especially in the PED group compared to the BE group. Statistically significant differences in the examined parameters of the PED vs. BE vs. CO groups were demonstrated in favour of the exercising groups. In conclusion, a 12-week program of group physical exercises, both PED and BE, improves physical fitness indicators and anthropometric indicators. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Physical Activity, Body Composition, Health Behaviors and Related Health Issues)

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14 pages, 397 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Differences in Body Balance According to Body Mass Classification among Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu Athletes

by Justyna Leszczak, Ewelina Czenczek-Lewandowska, Justyna Wyszyńska, Justyna Podgórska-Bednarz, Aneta Weres, Rafał Baran, Marta Niewczas, Teresa Pop and Joanna Baran

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19(23), 16116; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192316116 - 2 Dec 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1899

Abstract

Background: Body weight is an important aspect in the development of components of physical fitness that can affect athletic performance. The purpose of this study was to examine the differences in body balance of Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu (BJJ) athletes according to body mass classification: [...] Read more.

Background: Body weight is an important aspect in the development of components of physical fitness that can affect athletic performance. The purpose of this study was to examine the differences in body balance of Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu (BJJ) athletes according to body mass classification: underweight/normal weight (UW/NW); overweight/obese (OW/OB). Material and Methods: The study was conducted among 69 BJJ athletes (age 23.26 ± 3.53) and 93 non-practicing adults (age 21.73 ± 2.32). This study was based on a quantitative assessment of body balance on the Zebris PDM platform during two tests, i.e., with eyes open and closed. Results: The total path of the center of pressure (COP TTL) was significantly higher in participants with UW/NW compared to those with OW/OB, both in participants from the study group and control group (p < 0.001). COP TTL was significantly lower in UW/NW BJJ athletes than in participants in the control group with the same BMI category (987.4 mm vs. 1238.5 mm and 1080.59 mm vs. 1280.70 mm, respectively) (p < 0.001). Conclusions. BJJ training is associated with a better balance in terms of COP TTL in the case of people with normal or underweight. The presence of excess body weight has a positive effect on lower COP TTL values in both practicing and non-practicing people. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Physical Activity, Body Composition, Health Behaviors and Related Health Issues)

12 pages, 346 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Core Stability Training on Functional Movement Patterns in Tennis Players

by Joanna Majewska, Gabriela Kołodziej-Lackorzyńska, Barbara Cyran-Grzebyk, Daniel Szymczyk, Krzysztof Kołodziej and Piotr Wądołkowski

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19(23), 16033; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192316033 - 30 Nov 2022

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 3179

Abstract

The aim of this study was to assess the effects of a six-week core stability training program on the fundamental movement pattern assessed using the Functional Movement Screen Test in tennis players. The study group consisted of 160 subjects (74 women, 86 men) [...] Read more.

The aim of this study was to assess the effects of a six-week core stability training program on the fundamental movement pattern assessed using the Functional Movement Screen Test in tennis players. The study group consisted of 160 subjects (74 women, 86 men) with a mean age of 20.26 ± 1.55. The Functional Movement Screen Test (FMS™), as well as the core stability tests including the lateral trunk muscles endurance test (the side bridge test), the abdominal muscles endurance test and the trunk extensors muscle endurance test—were used to evaluate the effects of core stability training. Statistical analysis revealed significant differences in the FMS test scores before and after introducing a core stability exercise program. Initially, the average total score of the FMS test in female tennis players was 14.58 ± 2.91, and after core stability training it was 17.20 ± 1.68 (p < 0.001). In the male group, the total FMS test score was 14.44 ± 2.76 before and 16.91 ± 1.36 after (p < 0.001) in the final assessment. Additionally, statistically significant differences were observed in the core stability test scores before and after introducing a stabilisation training program. The results of the study showed that specific core strengthening exercises could improve the FMS test scores in adult tennis players. This may also have an influence on reducing injury risk in this group, although further studies would be required to test this. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Physical Activity, Body Composition, Health Behaviors and Related Health Issues)

11 pages, 354 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Is There Influence of Gender and the Specificity of Sports Activities on the Performance of Body Balance in Young Athletes?

by Michalina Czarnota and Katarzyna Walicka-Cupryś

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19(22), 15037; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192215037 - 15 Nov 2022

Viewed by 1803

Abstract

Sports training can significantly influence specific motor skills. The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of gender and the specificity of sports activities on body balance, symmetry of lower extremity loads (SI) as well as body mass index (BMI) in [...] Read more.

Sports training can significantly influence specific motor skills. The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of gender and the specificity of sports activities on body balance, symmetry of lower extremity loads (SI) as well as body mass index (BMI) in young athletes aged 14 to 17. There were 240 participants (145 boys and 95 girls) divided into five groups: swimmers, dancers, soccer players, archery and control group. The average age was 16. Participants had 3 years of training experience (training three times a week or training that lasted between 4.5 and 6 h weekly). To assess balance, the stabilized Zebris platform was used in the study. The SI was calculated based on the percentage load on the lower extremities, dividing the greater value by the lower. Body mass index was calculated on the basis of height and weight. Women had a significantly lower BMI and balance in some analyzed parameters, while men had better SI. Archers obtained the best results of the balance parameters and the worst results of SI. Only swimmers and soccer players had a normal SI. Sports specialization generates significant differences in the manifestation of balance compared to the gender variable and sport discipline. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Physical Activity, Body Composition, Health Behaviors and Related Health Issues)

13 pages, 2542 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Development of the Children and Adolescents Physical Activity and Sedentary Questionnaire (CAPAS-Q): Psychometric Validity and Clinical Interpretation

by Alicia Fillon, Bruno Pereira, Jérémy Vanhelst, Joanna Baran, Julie Masurier, Terry Guirado, Yves Boirie, Martine Duclos, Valérie Julian and David Thivel

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19(21), 13782; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192113782 - 23 Oct 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 3631

Abstract

Background: Pediatricians’ clinical practice and health interventions in youths require instruments with adequate psychometric properties to assess physical activity (PA), sedentary behaviors (SB), and their subdomains. Objective: To assess the psychometric properties of the Children and Adolescents Physical Activity and Sedentary-Questionnaire (CAPAS-Q) in [...] Read more.

Background: Pediatricians’ clinical practice and health interventions in youths require instruments with adequate psychometric properties to assess physical activity (PA), sedentary behaviors (SB), and their subdomains. Objective: To assess the psychometric properties of the Children and Adolescents Physical Activity and Sedentary-Questionnaire (CAPAS-Q) in healthy French children and adolescents. Methods: The CAPAS-Q has been developed through a rigorous collective procedure and consists of a 31 items self-administered questionnaire evaluating children’s 7-day PA and SB dimensions and subdomains. Participants (n = 103, aged 8–18 years old) completed the questionnaire twice (7 days apart) and wore an ActiGraph GT3X + accelerometer for 7 days. Anthropometric measurements and body composition were assessed. Results: Cronbach alpha for PA and SB dimensions were 0.71 and 0.68, respectively. Reproducibility was found moderate to good, with Lin’s coefficients of 0.69 and 0.68 for PA and SB dimensions, respectively. Reproducibility was higher for adolescents compared to children. PA dimension was positively correlated with moderate PA, vigorous PA, moderate to vigorous PA, and total PA times and negatively correlated with SB time (p < 0.05). SB dimension and screen time were positively correlated with SB time and negatively correlated with LPA, MPA, MVPA, and total PA times (p < 0.05). Spearman correlation coefficients were fair to moderate, ranging between 0.23–0.45. Conclusion: The CAPAS-Q proposes a reliable and valid evaluation of French children and adolescents’ PA and SB, providing clinicians with potential intervention levels to improve youth movement behaviors. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Physical Activity, Body Composition, Health Behaviors and Related Health Issues)

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12 pages, 832 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Relationship between Selected Functional Performance Parameters and the Occurrence of Anaemia in Hospitalized Females and Males Aged 80 and More

by Justyna Brożonowicz, Agnieszka Ćwirlej-Sozańska, Bernard Sozański, Ewa Orzech-Janusz, Anna Garus, Magdalena Grzesik, Anna Wilmowska-Pietruszyńska and Agnieszka Wiśniowska-Szurlej

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19(20), 13179; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192013179 - 13 Oct 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1459

Abstract

Anaemia is considered a factor that significantly increases the risk of disability and mortality in the elderly. Among the hospitalized elderly, the incidence of anaemia is higher than in the general population, which necessitates extensive diagnostics for anaemia in this group. The aim [...] Read more.

Anaemia is considered a factor that significantly increases the risk of disability and mortality in the elderly. Among the hospitalized elderly, the incidence of anaemia is higher than in the general population, which necessitates extensive diagnostics for anaemia in this group. The aim was to assess the relationship between the occurrence of anaemia in hospitalized females and males, aged 80 years and more, and selected determinants of motor fitness. The analysis covered 91 females and 57 males aged 80 and more. The study implemented haemoglobin level, handgrip strength, a lower limb strength, mobility and balance measurement. The analysis used the logistic regression model and the cut-off point was determined by ROC curve. A 1 kg increase in muscle strength reduced the risk of anaemia in a group of males by 12%. The value of handgrip strength from which anaemia can be predicted in a group of males is 24.4 kg. In the female group, no statistically significant correlations were found. There is a need to continue research in this area with the participation of a larger group of respondents to look for potential factors that may be related to anaemia, in order to find non-invasive diagnostic tools useful for elderly people. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Physical Activity, Body Composition, Health Behaviors and Related Health Issues)

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12 pages, 1724 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Biomechanical Asymmetry of Strength and Dynamic Balance Kinetics in Middle-Ages with Adhesive Capsulitis of the Hip

by Moonyoung Choi and Yonghwan Kim

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19(20), 13093; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192013093 - 12 Oct 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2735

Abstract

The representative clinical features of adhesive capsulitis of the hip (ACH) are restricted range of motion (ROM) and pain. However, reports on kinetics such as strength and dynamic balance that explain physical functions are rare. This study compared subjective hip scores using Copenhagen [...] Read more.

The representative clinical features of adhesive capsulitis of the hip (ACH) are restricted range of motion (ROM) and pain. However, reports on kinetics such as strength and dynamic balance that explain physical functions are rare. This study compared subjective hip scores using Copenhagen Hip and Groin Outcome Score (HAGOS) and ROM using a manual goniometer as well as strength using isokinetic equipment, and dynamic balance through the Y-balance test, between patients with ACH and healthy individuals. Data of 193 middle-aged participants (men: 99 and women: 94) were analyzed. The ACH group scored significantly lower in all six HAGOS sub-sections. Hip joint flexion, abduction, internal and external rotation ROM were significantly lower in ACH compared to healthy group. These results were the same for men and women. In the strength of men and women, flexion, adduction, and abduction, and dynamic balance in all three directions were significantly decreased in ACH. Meanwhile, there were no significant between-group differences in the functional decrease in extension and adduction of ROM, and extension strength. In conclusion, subjective evaluation and dynamic balance of patients with ACH were decreased in the all parts. In ROM, flexion, abduction, internal rotation, and external rotation were restricted except for extension and adduction. Men and women with ACH maintained extensor strength, but had weakened strength in flexion, adduction and abduction. This information will be useful for therapists to understand the biomechanical properties of ACH and to design effective rehabilitation programs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Physical Activity, Body Composition, Health Behaviors and Related Health Issues)

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13 pages, 650 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Determining Trends and Factors Associated with Self-Reported Physical Activity among Adolescents in Rural North Carolina

by Sina Kazemzadeh, Chloe E. Opper, Xiangming Fang and Suzanne Lazorick

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19(18), 11417; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191811417 - 10 Sep 2022

Viewed by 3299

Abstract

It is important to better understand factors associated with physical activity (PA) levels in adolescents in rural areas. Cross-sectional data were used to obtain self-reported PA levels among adolescents in a school-based intervention in fall 2018. Demographic data, environmental variables, and cardiovascular fitness [...] Read more.

It is important to better understand factors associated with physical activity (PA) levels in adolescents in rural areas. Cross-sectional data were used to obtain self-reported PA levels among adolescents in a school-based intervention in fall 2018. Demographic data, environmental variables, and cardiovascular fitness (PACER score) were also measured. Analyses included a two-sample t-test, ANOVA, a Chi-square test_, and a linear regression model. Participants included 3799 7th graders. Male (p < 0.0001), white (p < 0.0001), and healthy weight (p < 0.0001) participants reported more days of PA. The correlation between school physical education (PE) and PACER was modest (r = 0.27, p < 0.0001). Multiple linear regression model showed significant effects of school PE (p = 0.0011), gender (p < 0.0001), race (p < 0.0001), and weight category (p < 0.0001) on self-reported PA. The percentage of students reporting 60 min of PA for 5 (p < 0.0001) or 7 (p = 0.0307) days per week tended to be higher with increased days per week of school PE. Policy changes that increase PA and PE in middle schools may present opportunities to improve PA levels in adolescents, with emphasis on being inclusive and mindful of minority and female youth. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Physical Activity, Body Composition, Health Behaviors and Related Health Issues)

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14 pages, 368 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Sociodemographic and Socioeconomic Factors Influencing the Body Mass Composition of School-Age Children

by Rafał Baran, Joanna Baran, Justyna Leszczak, Agnieszka Bejer and Justyna Wyszyńska

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19(18), 11261; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191811261 - 7 Sep 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1963

Abstract

The purpose of the study was to evaluate the components of overweight, obesity, and body mass components among children aged 7 to 13 years against important sociodemographic factors. The analyses considered 315 school-age children from 7 to 13 years of age (164 boys [...] Read more.

The purpose of the study was to evaluate the components of overweight, obesity, and body mass components among children aged 7 to 13 years against important sociodemographic factors. The analyses considered 315 school-age children from 7 to 13 years of age (164 boys and 151 girls). Each subject was assessed for body weight and height, body weight category, and main sociodemographic factors. Body mass components of body mass (body-fat percentage (BFP), muscle tissue, fat-free mass (FFM), and total body water (TBW) levels) were evaluated using the electrical bioimpedance method (BIA) and the TANITA 780 MC analyzer. A statistical analysis showed significant differences between the body composition of children living in cities in relation to children living in small towns and villages, and no significant differences were found between the results of children living in small towns and children living in villages. The presence of statistically significant differences between the values of the parameters of body composition of the studied children was demonstrated depending on the level of education of their fathers. The presence of statistically significant relationships between BMI of mothers and BFP of their children (p = 0.003), FFM (p = 0.003), muscle tissue (p = 0.001), and TBW (p = 0.001) has been demonstrated. The higher content of adipose tissue in children is strongly dependent on the higher BMI and body mass category of the mother, as well as the lower level of education of the father. The place of residence also significantly affects both the body fat content and the total body water content of body hydration. Living in the city is associated with better body composition. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Physical Activity, Body Composition, Health Behaviors and Related Health Issues)

11 pages, 619 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Body Balance of Children and Youths with Visual Impairment (Pilot Study)

by Katarzyna Walicka-Cupryś, Maciej Rachwał, Agnieszka Guzik and Paweł Piwoński

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19(17), 11095; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191711095 - 5 Sep 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2234

Abstract

Aim: The study was designed to assess the effects of surface instability in the response of the balance control system in children and youths with visual impairment (BL) and in normally sighted controls (NE). Materials and Methods: The empirical research study involved 80 [...] Read more.

Aim: The study was designed to assess the effects of surface instability in the response of the balance control system in children and youths with visual impairment (BL) and in normally sighted controls (NE). Materials and Methods: The empirical research study involved 80 individuals, aged from 6 to 20 years, with a mean age of 14.37 (±4.68), including 40 blind individuals and a randomly selected control group 40 normally sighted. Stabilometric measurements were performed with the use of the Platform CQ Stab 2P, with eyes open (EO) and closed (EC) on the solid surface, and then, the same procedure was performed on the platform covered with 1-centimetre-thick foam. Results: Statistical analyses (Wilcoxon matched-pairs test, Mann–Whitney U test) of the results identified during the trials reveal the following findings in the BL group in the EO and EC tests. The results of the foam surface test were higher and the differences were statistically significant in the BL group (sway path EO p = 0.009, EC p = 0.006; mean amplitude EC p = 0.030; mean velocity EO p = 0.009, EC p = 0.006; sway area EO p = 0.017, EC p = 0.009; and number of COP deflections along the sagittal plane EO p = 0.004). No similar correlations were observed in the NE group, except for the mean amplitude EO p = 0.033 and sway area EO p = 0.030. There was one difference between the BL and the NE group for the mean amplitude parameter, p = 0.018, in a solid surface test with open eyes. The results were higher in the BL group. Conclusions: The present study showed no worse balance in the BL group than in the NE group but worse performance on the foam than without it. It indicates the need to develop body balance skills in blind people by improving their proprioceptive sensitivity. In everyday life and training, blind people should experience exteroceptive stimuli, different textures, and unstable surfaces as much as possible. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Physical Activity, Body Composition, Health Behaviors and Related Health Issues)

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21 pages, 4352 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Application of Personalized Education in the Mobile Medical App for Breast Self-Examination

by Joanna Błajda, Edyta Barnaś and Anna Kucab

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19(8), 4482; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19084482 - 8 Apr 2022

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2853

Abstract

Introduction. Mobile apps are considered intelligent tools useful in various areas of public health. The social dimension of breast cancer and the current epidemic situation require tools that may increase knowledge and improve the skills in the field of breast self-examination. The study [...] Read more.

Introduction. Mobile apps are considered intelligent tools useful in various areas of public health. The social dimension of breast cancer and the current epidemic situation require tools that may increase knowledge and improve the skills in the field of breast self-examination. The study aims to assess the use of personalized education based on algorithms with conditions in the mobile medical app for breast self-examination. Materials and methods. In total, 500 women from the Podkarpackie Province were enrolled in the study, which was a representative group for the inhabitants of this province. The subjects were randomly divided into two groups (group I: the study group including 250 people; group II: the controls of 250 people). The study group was subjected to intervention, which was personalized education on breast cancer. The method was a proprietary mobile medical app based on algorithms with conditions. The study was carried out from March 2018 to February 2019. Results. The majority of women, 77.8% (N = 389), were under 30 years of age. Only a small amount of the breast area was marked in the tactile test in both groups. In the study group, the average number of selected points was 14.86 (7.43% of the area to be examined), while in the control group it amounted to 9.14 (4.57%). The area most commonly examined in Test I in both groups was the central area of the mammary gland with the nipple. After the intervention in Test II, women from the study group marked a significantly greater area in the tactile test than women from the control group (χ² = 99.733; df = 6; p < 0.0001). The mean result in the study group was 22.10, while in the control group it amounted to 9.10. It was found that the breast area marked in both tests depended solely on the women’s knowledge about breast cancer (p < 0.001). It was also found that the higher the risk of developing breast cancer, the more points in Test I were indicated by the women in the tactile test (p = 0.0122). Conclusions. Educational mobile medical apps for breast cancer prevention may help to deal with breast cancer, which is an important public health issue. It is also important to broaden the possibilities of medical apps for breast self-examination with elements verifying the skills of the three-stage compression of the examined breast. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Physical Activity, Body Composition, Health Behaviors and Related Health Issues)

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9 pages, 471 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Effectiveness of Pelvic Floor Muscle Training in Men after Radical Prostatectomy Measured with the Insert Test

by Dorota Szczygielska, Andrzej Knapik, Teresa Pop, Jerzy Rottermund and Edward Saulicz

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19(5), 2890; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19052890 - 2 Mar 2022

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 3273

Abstract

A commonly used physiotherapeutic method for the treatment of urinary incontinence (UI) after radical prostatectomy (RP) is pelvic floor muscle training (PFMT). The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of PFMT by enhanced biofeedback using the 1h pad-weighing test. The [...] Read more.

A commonly used physiotherapeutic method for the treatment of urinary incontinence (UI) after radical prostatectomy (RP) is pelvic floor muscle training (PFMT). The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of PFMT by enhanced biofeedback using the 1h pad-weighing test. The following factors were taken into consideration in the analysis of PFMT effectiveness: the relevance of the patients’ age, time from RP, BMI, mental health, functional state, and depression. A total of 60 post-RP patients who underwent 10-week PFMT were studied. They were divided into groups: A (n = 20) and B (n = 20) (random division, time from RP: 2–6 weeks) and group C (time from RP > 6 weeks). Group B had enhanced training using EMG biofeedback. UI improved in all groups: A, p = 0.0000; B, p = 0.0000; and C, p = 0.0001. After the completion of PFMT, complete control over miction was achieved by 60% of the patients in group A, 85% in group B, and 45% in group C. There was no correlation between the results of PFMT efficacy and patients’ age, BMI, time from RP, mental health, functional state, and depression. PFMT is highly effective in UI treatment. The enhancement of PFMT by EMG biofeedback seems to increase the effectiveness of the therapy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Physical Activity, Body Composition, Health Behaviors and Related Health Issues)

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8 pages, 324 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Relationship between Physical Activity Level and Functional Status of Subjects with High Spinal Cord Injury

by Ewa Szeliga, Agnieszka Brzozowska-Magoń, Renata Borys, Andżelina Wolan-Nieroda and Katarzyna Walicka-Cupryś

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19(3), 1787; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031787 - 4 Feb 2022

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2794

Abstract

Background. Spinal cord injuries are one of disability in Poland and in the world. Methods: 80 subjects with a transverse injury of the cervical spinal cord were enrolled in the study. The study group included men aged 20–50, 33.1 ± 7.5. A total [...] Read more.

Background. Spinal cord injuries are one of disability in Poland and in the world. Methods: 80 subjects with a transverse injury of the cervical spinal cord were enrolled in the study. The study group included men aged 20–50, 33.1 ± 7.5. A total of 40 (50%) of the subjects comprised the physically active group (AG)—subjects doing wheelchair sport twice a week for 90 min a day. The physically inactive group (IG) comprised 40 (50%) subjects who had not participated in any sports activities. Statistical analyses were carried out using Shapiro-Wilk W-test and Mann-Whitney U test. Results. Significant differences were found between the physically active and inactive men with regard to their functionality status. The biggest differences were found for turning over (p < 0.001) and in adopting a sitting position (p < 0.001). Persons in the AG group had better results in all assessed activities. The biggest differences were observed in the field of toilet and dressing up: tooth-brushing p < 0.007 and washing the top part of the body p < 0.002. Conclusions. People participating in regular physical activity–wheelchair rugby–after spinal cord injury have a better relationship with better fitness, greater independence and a better functional status. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Physical Activity, Body Composition, Health Behaviors and Related Health Issues)

11 pages, 565 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Longitudinal and Transverse Foot Arch on the Position of the Hallux and Fifth Toe in Preschool Children in the Light of Regression Analysis

by Ewa Puszczalowska-Lizis, Karolina Krawczyk and Jaroslaw Omorczyk

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19(3), 1669; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031669 - 1 Feb 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1776

Abstract

The aim of the study was to analyze the development of foot structure and the impact of longitudinal and transverse arching of the foot on the position of the hallux and fifth toe in preschool children. The study was carried out among 200 [...] Read more.

The aim of the study was to analyze the development of foot structure and the impact of longitudinal and transverse arching of the foot on the position of the hallux and fifth toe in preschool children. The study was carried out among 200 children aged 6 (100 G, 100 B). The research tool was the podoscope CQ-ST. The collected research results were analyzed with the use of the Mann–Whitney U test, Pearson Chi-square test and regression analysis. A statistically significant influence of the heel angle on the value of the varus angle of the fifth toe of the right (girls: p = 0.032; boys: p = 0.001) and left foot (girls: p = 0.004; boys: p = 0.005) was found. Boys’ feet are longer and wider than girls’ feet; moreover, they have a lower longitudinal arch. The frequency of longitudinal and transverse arch deformities of the feet, as well as valgus of the hallux and varus of the fifth toe do not depend on gender. In both sexes, decreasing the transverse arch of the foot has an influence on the severity of varus of the fifth toe. Changes in the height of the longitudinal foot arch does not affect the position of the hallux and fifth toe. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Physical Activity, Body Composition, Health Behaviors and Related Health Issues)

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11 pages, 1101 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Body Composition and Physical Fitness: Does This Relationship Change in 4 Years in Young Adults?

by Maciej Kochman, Wojciech Kasperek, Agnieszka Guzik and Mariusz Drużbicki

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19(3), 1579; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031579 - 29 Jan 2022

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 3283

Abstract

(1) Background: There are few studies investigating the relationship between physical fitness and body composition in young adults and, to our knowledge, there are no such reports focusing specifically on physiotherapy students. This observational study aimed to assess the relationship between physical fitness [...] Read more.

(1) Background: There are few studies investigating the relationship between physical fitness and body composition in young adults and, to our knowledge, there are no such reports focusing specifically on physiotherapy students. This observational study aimed to assess the relationship between physical fitness and selected anthropometric measurements as well as body composition in Polish students in the first year and in the final year of a university course in physiotherapy. (2) Methods: A group of 100 randomly selected individuals were recruited among first- and fifth-year students of physiotherapy (50% women), who were assigned to two groups: A (aged 19 years) and B (aged 23 years). Body composition was assessed using a Tanita TBF-300 Analyzer, and physical fitness was measured using Zuchora’s Physical Fitness Index. (3) Results: A higher level of general fitness was identified in students from Group B (p = 0.0261), and lower values of the fat mass index was found in Group A (p = 0.0441). Group A was found with correlations between general level of physical fitness and the following indexes: fat% (R = −0.4; p = 0.0018), FM (R = −0.3; p = 0.0310), FFM (R = 0.3; p = 0.0229) and TBW (R = 0.4; p = 0.0024), whereas Group B was found with correlations between general physical fitness and BMI (R = 0.3; p = 0.0308) as well as FM index (R = 0.3; p = 0.0431). (4) Conclusions: The findings show significant differences between the groups in physical fitness, body composition and selected anthropometric measurements. Older students presented higher level of general fitness, whereas younger students were found with a lower mean value of fat index. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Physical Activity, Body Composition, Health Behaviors and Related Health Issues)

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12 pages, 789 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Weight Self-Stigma and Self-Esteem on Aerobic Exercise Capacity in Adult Women with Different Body Compositions

by Monira I. Aldhahi, Wafa K. Al Khalil, Rawan B. Almutiri, Mada M. Alyousefi, Bayader S. Alharkan and Haya AnNasban

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19(2), 873; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19020873 - 13 Jan 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 3321

Abstract

Background: Overweight individuals face weight-related stigmatization, driving self-exclusion from exercise and physical activity. The extent to which weight self-stigma and self-esteem are associated with aerobic capacity remains unclear. Therefore, this study aimed to characterize the cardiopulmonary fitness, weight self-stigma, and self-esteem of overweight [...] Read more.

Background: Overweight individuals face weight-related stigmatization, driving self-exclusion from exercise and physical activity. The extent to which weight self-stigma and self-esteem are associated with aerobic capacity remains unclear. Therefore, this study aimed to characterize the cardiopulmonary fitness, weight self-stigma, and self-esteem of overweight women and examine whether weight self-stigma and self-esteem predict cardiopulmonary aerobic capacity. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted with 66 women stratified into two groups: a normal weight (NW) group and an overweight (OW) group. The mean body mass indexes and ages of the NW and OW groups were 20.4 ± 0.36 kg/m² and 29.5 ± 0.8 kg/m², and 24 ± 7 years and 21 ± 3 years, respectively. Submaximal exercise testing using the modified Bruce treadmill protocol was conducted to measure the predicted oxygen uptake (VO_{2 peak}) and energy expenditure. The Weight Self-Stigma Questionnaire and the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale were used. Results: Significantly lower mean of predicted VO_{2 peak} and higher mean of energy expenditure were reported in the OW group compared with the NW group (25.8 ± 5.3 mL/kg/min vs. 28.7 ± 4.8 mL/kg/min, p = 0.001 and 9.7 ± 1.9 kcal/min vs. 7.5 ± 1.8 kcal, p = 0.03, respectively). There was a significant difference in weight self-stigma and self-esteem between the groups. Regression model analysis indicated that weight self-stigma and self-esteem explained 45% of the variance in the predicted VO_{2 peak}. Conclusion: Strategies enhancing self-esteem and avoiding stigmatization should be embraced to promote fitness and engagement in physical activity among OW women. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Physical Activity, Body Composition, Health Behaviors and Related Health Issues)

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Review

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13 pages, 913 KiB

Open AccessReview

Heart Rate Recovery Assessed by Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing in Patients with Cardiovascular Disease: Relationship with Prognosis

by Amy Dewar, Lindsy Kass, Robert C. M. Stephens, Nicholas Tetlow and Terun Desai

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2023, 20(6), 4678; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20064678 - 7 Mar 2023

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 3209

Abstract

Background: The use of exercise testing has expanded in recent decades and there is a wealth of information examining the prognostic significance of exercise variables, such as peak oxygen consumption or ventilatory measures whilst exercising. However, a paucity of research has investigated the [...] Read more.

Background: The use of exercise testing has expanded in recent decades and there is a wealth of information examining the prognostic significance of exercise variables, such as peak oxygen consumption or ventilatory measures whilst exercising. However, a paucity of research has investigated the use of recovery-derived parameters after exercise cessation. Heart rate recovery (HRR) has been considered a measure of the function of the autonomic nervous system and its dysfunction is associated with cardiovascular risk. Objectives: We aim to provide an overview of the literature surrounding HRR and its prognostic significance in patients with cardiovascular disease undertaking an exercise test. Data Sources: In December 2020, searches of PubMed, Scopus, and ScienceDirect were performed using key search terms and Boolean operators. Study Selection: Articles were manually screened and selected as per the inclusion criteria. Results: Nineteen articles met inclusion criteria and were reviewed. Disagreement exists in methodologies used for measuring and assessing HRR. However, HRR provides prognostic mortality information for use in clinical practice. Conclusions: HRR is a simple, non-invasive measure which independently predicts mortality in patients with heart failure and coronary artery disease; HRR should be routinely incorporated into clinical exercise testing. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Physical Activity, Body Composition, Health Behaviors and Related Health Issues)

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18 pages, 587 KiB

Open AccessReview

ACL Reconstruction: Which Additional Physiotherapy Interventions Improve Early-Stage Rehabilitation? A Systematic Review

by Maciej Kochman, Marta Kasprzak and Aleksandra Kielar

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19(23), 15893; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192315893 - 29 Nov 2022

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 10468

Abstract

Despite the restoration of the mechanical stability of the knee joint after ACL reconstruction (ACLR), patients often experience postoperative limitations. To our knowledge, there are no systematic reviews analyzing additional physiotherapy interventions implementing standard rehabilitation programs in the early postoperative phase after ACLR. [...] Read more.

Despite the restoration of the mechanical stability of the knee joint after ACL reconstruction (ACLR), patients often experience postoperative limitations. To our knowledge, there are no systematic reviews analyzing additional physiotherapy interventions implementing standard rehabilitation programs in the early postoperative phase after ACLR. The objective of this study was to analyze the additional physiotherapy interventions implemented in standard rehabilitation programs that improve early-stage ACLR rehabilitation. For this systematic review, we followed the PRISMA guidelines. In March 2022 we conducted a literature review using electronic databases. Primary outcomes were pain, edema, muscle strength, ROM, and knee function. The risk of bias and scientific quality of included studies were assessed with the RoB 2, ROBINS-I and PEDro scale. For the review, we included 10 studies that met the inclusion criteria (total n = 3271). The included studies evaluated the effectiveness of Kinesio Taping, Whole-body vibration, Local Vibration Training, Trigger Point Dry Needling, High Tone Power Therapy, alternating magnetic field, and App-Based Active Muscle Training Program. Most of the additional physiotherapy interventions improved pain, edema, ROM, knee muscle strength, or knee function in early-stage postoperative ACL rehabilitation. Except for one study, no adverse events occurred in the included studies, which demonstrates the safety of the discussed physiotherapy interventions. Further in-depth research is needed in this area. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Physical Activity, Body Composition, Health Behaviors and Related Health Issues)

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17 pages, 781 KiB

Open AccessReview

A Systematic Review of the Relationship between Workload and Injury Risk of Professional Male Soccer Players

by Zhiyuan Jiang, Yuerong Hao, Naijing Jin and Yue Li

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19(20), 13237; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192013237 - 14 Oct 2022

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 5450

Abstract

The number of studies on the relationship between training and competition load and injury has increased exponentially in recent years, and it is also widely studied by researchers in the field of professional soccer. In order to provide practical guidance for workload management [...] Read more.

The number of studies on the relationship between training and competition load and injury has increased exponentially in recent years, and it is also widely studied by researchers in the field of professional soccer. In order to provide practical guidance for workload management and injury prevention in professional athletes, this study provides a review of the literature on the effect of load on injury risk, injury prediction, and interpretation mechanisms. The results of the research show that: (1) It appears that short-term fixture congestion may increase the match injury incidence, while long-term fixture congestion may have no effect on both the overall injury incidence and the match injury incidence. (2) It is impossible to determine conclusively whether any global positioning system (GPS)-derived metrics (total distance, high-speed running distance, and acceleration) are associated with an increased risk of injury. (3) The acute:chronic workload ratio (ACWR) of the session rating of perceived exertion (s-RPE) may be significantly associated with the risk of non-contact injuries, but an ACWR threshold with a minimum risk of injury could not be obtained. (4) Based on the workload and fatigue recovery factors, artificial intelligence technology may possess good predictive power regarding injury risk. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Physical Activity, Body Composition, Health Behaviors and Related Health Issues)

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