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Validity and Reliability of Physical Fitness Testing
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Validity and Reliability of Physical Fitness Testing

A special issue of International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health (ISSN 1660-4601). This special issue belongs to the section "Sport and Health".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (15 December 2021) | Viewed by 24059

Special Issue Editor

Prof. Dr. José Carmelo Adsuar Sala

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Faculty of Sport Science, University of Extremadura, 10003 Cáceres, Spain
Interests: health-related quality of life; health promotion; health education; physical and sports activities as a strategy to promote a healthy society; physical activity interventions; exercise training physical exercise; physical health; assessment of physical capacity; health; quality of life in groups of subjects and active lifestyle (elderly; children, type 2 diabetes, Parkinson’s, etc.); balance and muscle strength; rehabilitation; osteoporosis; fall prevention; validity and reliability of physical fitness testing; active tourism; outdoor behavioral healthcare; wilderness therapy; forest bathing; shinrin-yoku
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Some parameters of physical fitness have been associated with health. Higher levels of maximal oxygen consumption, for example, which is an indicator of cardiorespiratory fitness, describe a better health status, while higher muscle strength (1RM) has also been associated with healthier status. However, in some populations, measuring VO2max or 1RM can be compromised, so it is important to determine the validity and reliability of alternative physical fitness tests in chronic disease or special populations. Therefore, the purpose of this Special Issue is to present reliable and valid physical tests that can be used to evaluate physical fitness in different populations.

Dr. José Carmelo Adsuar
Guest Editor

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Keywords

  • feasibility
  • intraclass correlation coefficient
  • minimal detectable change
  • physical fitness
  • reliable
  • reproducibility
  • standard error of measurement
  • smallest real difference
  • test–retest
  • valid

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Published Papers (6 papers)

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Research

10 pages, 342 KiB  
Article
Detection of Upper Limb Asymmetries in Athletes According to the Stage of the Season—A Longitudinal Study
by Álvaro Velarde-Sotres, Antonio Bores-Cerezal, Marcos Mecías-Calvo, Martín Barcala-Furelos, Silvia Aparicio-Obregón and Julio Calleja-González
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19(2), 849; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19020849 - 13 Jan 2022
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2311
Abstract
Sports injuries can affect the performance of athletes. For this reason, functional tests are used for injury assessment and prevention, analyzing physical or physiological imbalances and detecting asymmetries. The main aim of this study was to detect the asymmetries in the upper limbs [...] Read more.
Sports injuries can affect the performance of athletes. For this reason, functional tests are used for injury assessment and prevention, analyzing physical or physiological imbalances and detecting asymmetries. The main aim of this study was to detect the asymmetries in the upper limbs (right and left arms) in athletes, using the OctoBalance Test (OB), depending on the stage of the season. Two hundred and fifty-two participants (age: 23.33 ± 8.96 years old; height: 178.63 ± 11.12 cm; body mass: 80.28 ± 17.61 kg; body mass index: 24.88 ± 4.58; sports experience: 12.52 ± 6.28 years), practicing different sports (rugby, athletics, football, swimming, handball, triathlon, basketball, hockey, badminton and volleyball), assessed with the OB in medial, superolateral, and inferolateral directions in both arms, in four moments of the season (May 2017, September 2017, February 2018 and May 2018). ANOVA test was used with repeated measures with a p ≤ 0.05, for the analysis of the different studied variances. Significant differences were found (p = 0.021) in the medial direction of the left arm, between the first (May 2017) and fourth stages (May 2018), with values of 71.02 ± 7.15 cm and 65.03 ± 7.66 cm. From the detection of asymmetries, using the OB to measure, in the medial, superolateral and inferolateral directions, mobility and balance can be assessed. In addition, it is possible to observe functional imbalances, as a risk factor for injury, in each of the stages into which the season is divided, which will help in the prevention of injuries and in the individualization of training. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Validity and Reliability of Physical Fitness Testing)
15 pages, 407 KiB  
Article
A Short Version of the Physical Activity Enjoyment Scale: Development and Psychometric Properties
by Cheng Chen, Susanne Weyland, Julian Fritsch, Alexander Woll, Claudia Niessner, Alexander Burchartz, Steffen C. E. Schmidt and Darko Jekauc
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18(21), 11035; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182111035 - 20 Oct 2021
Cited by 24 | Viewed by 5054
Abstract
Objective: The purposes of this paper were to (a) develop a new short, theory-driven, version of the physical activity enjoyment scale (PACES-S) using content analysis; and (b) subsequently to measure the psychometric properties (construct validity, internal consistency, test–retest reliability, and concurrent validity) of [...] Read more.
Objective: The purposes of this paper were to (a) develop a new short, theory-driven, version of the physical activity enjoyment scale (PACES-S) using content analysis; and (b) subsequently to measure the psychometric properties (construct validity, internal consistency, test–retest reliability, and concurrent validity) of the PACES-S for adolescents. Methods: Six experts used a four-point Likert scale to assess the content validity of each of the 16 items of the physical activity enjoyment scale according to a provided definition of physical activity enjoyment. Based on the results, exploratory factor analysis was used to analyze survey data from a longitudinal study of 182 individuals (Measure 1 of Study 1: 15.75 ± 3.39 yrs; 56.6% boys, 43.4% girls), and confirmatory factor analysis (Measure 2 of Study 1: 15.69 ± 3.44 yrs; 56.3% boys, 43.7% girls) was used to analyze the survey data from a cross-sectional study of 3219 individuals (Study 2; 15.99 ± 3.10 yrs; 47.8% boys, 52.2% girls) to assess the construct validity of the new measure. To assess the reliability, test–retest reliability was assessed in Study 1 and internal consistency in Study 1 and 2. For the concurrent validity, correlations with self-reported and device-based physical activity behavior were assessed in both studies. Results: Four out of sixteen items were selected for PACES-S. Exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analyses identified and supported its factorial validity (χ2 = 53.62, df = 2, p < 0.001; RMSEA = 0.073; CFI = 0.99; RFI = 0.96; NFI = 0.99; TLI = 0.96; IFI = 0.99). Results showed good test–retest reliability (r = 0.76) and internal consistency (a = 0.82 to 0.88). Regarding concurrent validity, the results showed positive correlations with a physical activity questionnaire (Study 1: r = 0.36), with a physical activity diary (Study 1: r = 0.44), and with accelerometer-recorded data (Study 1: r = 0.32; Study 2: r = 0.21). Conclusions: The results indicate that PACES-S is a reliable and valid instrument that may be particularly useful to measure physical activity enjoyment in large-scale studies. It shows comparable measurement properties as the long version of PACES. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Validity and Reliability of Physical Fitness Testing)
13 pages, 1775 KiB  
Article
Estimation of Health-Related Physical Fitness (HRPF) Levels of the General Public Using Artificial Neural Network with the National Fitness Award (NFA) Datasets
by Seung-Hun Lee, Hyeon-Seong Ju, Sang-Hun Lee, Sung-Woo Kim, Hun-Young Park, Seung-Wan Kang, Young-Eun Song, Kiwon Lim and Hoeryong Jung
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18(19), 10391; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph181910391 - 2 Oct 2021
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 3019
Abstract
Estimation of health-related physical fitness (HRPF) levels of individuals is indispensable for providing personalized training programs in smart fitness services. In this study, we propose an artificial neural network (ANN)-based estimation model to predict HRPF levels of the general public using simple affordable [...] Read more.
Estimation of health-related physical fitness (HRPF) levels of individuals is indispensable for providing personalized training programs in smart fitness services. In this study, we propose an artificial neural network (ANN)-based estimation model to predict HRPF levels of the general public using simple affordable physical information. The model is designed to use seven inputs of personal physical information, including age, gender, height, weight, percent body fat, waist circumference, and body mass index (BMI), to estimate levels of muscle strength, flexibility, maximum rate of oxygen consumption (VO2max), and muscular endurance. HRPF data (197,719 sets) gathered from the National Fitness Award dataset are used for training (70%) and validation (30%) of the model. In-depth analysis of the model’s estimation accuracy is conducted to derive optimal estimation accuracy. This included input/output correlation, hidden layer structures, data standardization, and outlier removals. The performance of the model is evaluated by comparing the estimation accuracy with that of a multiple linear regression (MLR) model. The results demonstrate that the proposed model achieved up to 10.06% and 30.53% improvement in terms of R2 and SEE, respectively, compared to the MLR model and provides reliable estimation of HRPF levels acceptable to smart fitness applications. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Validity and Reliability of Physical Fitness Testing)
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11 pages, 872 KiB  
Article
Test–Retest Reliability of an iPhone® Inclinometer Application to Assess the Lumbar Joint Repositioning Error in Non-Specific Chronic Low Back Pain
by Alejandro Caña-Pino, Luís Espejo-Antúnez, José Carmelo Adsuar and María Dolores Apolo-Arenas
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18(5), 2489; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18052489 - 3 Mar 2021
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 4258
Abstract
Background: The joint position sense (JPS) has been used as an indirect marker of proprioception in subjects with non-specific chronic low back pain (NSCLBP), showing impairment in previous studies. It seems necessary to devise reliable tests to measure proprioceptive deficits in subjects with [...] Read more.
Background: The joint position sense (JPS) has been used as an indirect marker of proprioception in subjects with non-specific chronic low back pain (NSCLBP), showing impairment in previous studies. It seems necessary to devise reliable tests to measure proprioceptive deficits in subjects with NSLBP. The objective of this study was to analyse the test–retest reliability and smallest real difference (SRD) of lumbar proprioception through the JPS indicator in a sample of patients with NSCLBP. Methods: Fifty participants with NSCLBP performed three repetitions of 30° lumbar flexion while standing and sitting using the iPhone® inclinometer application to measure the lumbar joint repositioning error. For the reliability analysis, we performed an intra-session test–retest. Results: The total sample ICC values were excellent for standing (0.96) and sitting (0.93) 30° lumbar flexion. In addition, our results showed that, for the total sample, an SRD < 12% can be considered as a true change in proprioception concerning this procedure. On the other hand, men have better reliability than women in both standing and sitting positions. Additionally, the sitting position has better reliability than the standing position. The standard error of measurement (SEM) percentage was 4.2 for standing and 3.8 for sitting. The SRD percentage was 11.6 for standing and 10.4 for sitting. Conclusions: The iPhone® inclinometer seems reliable for assessing proprioceptive ability through the lumbar joint repositioning error in subjects with NSCLBP in both standing (ICC = 0.96) and sitting (ICC = 0.93) positions. This technological device showed a lower measurement error for sitting position (SRD < 12%). Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Validity and Reliability of Physical Fitness Testing)
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8 pages, 1167 KiB  
Article
Test–Retest Reliability of a Conventional Gait Model for Registering Joint Angles during Initial Contact and Toe-Off in Healthy Subjects
by Francisco Molina-Rueda, Pilar Fernández-González, Alicia Cuesta-Gómez, Aikaterini Koutsou, María Carratalá-Tejada and Juan Carlos Miangolarra-Page
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18(3), 1343; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18031343 - 2 Feb 2021
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 3647
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the test–retest reliability of a conventional gait model (CGM), the Plug-in Gait model, to calculate the angles of the hip, knee, and ankle during initial contact (IC) and toe-off (TO). Gait analysis was performed using [...] Read more.
The aim of this study was to evaluate the test–retest reliability of a conventional gait model (CGM), the Plug-in Gait model, to calculate the angles of the hip, knee, and ankle during initial contact (IC) and toe-off (TO). Gait analysis was performed using the Vicon Motion System® (Oxford Metrics, Oxford, UK). The study group consisted of 50 healthy subjects. To evaluate the test–retest reliability, the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), the standard error of measurement (SEM), the minimal detectable change (MDC), and the Bland–Altman analysis with 95% limits of agreement were calculated. The ICC for the joint angles of the hip, knee, and ankle was higher than 0.80. However, the ankle angle at IC had an ICC lower than 0.80. The SEM was <5° for all parameters. The MDC was large (>5°) for the hip angle at IC. The Bland–Altman analysis indicated that the magnitude of divergence was between ±5° and ±9° at IC and around ±7° at TO. In conclusion, the ICC for the plug-in gait model was good for the hip, knee, and ankle angles during IC and TO. The plots revealed a disagreement between measurements that should be considered in patients’ clinical assessments. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Validity and Reliability of Physical Fitness Testing)
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14 pages, 532 KiB  
Article
Foot Health Status Questionnaire (FHSQ) in Spanish People with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Preliminary Values Study
by Francisco Javier Domínguez-Muñoz, Miguel Angel Garcia-Gordillo, Rodrigo Anibal Diaz-Torres, Miguel Ángel Hernandez-Mocholi, Santos Villafaina, Daniel Collado-Mateo, Carmen Jiménez-Fernández, Dimas Igual-Fraile, Fernando Pérez-Escanilla, Giovanna Martín-Gómez, José Carmelo Adsuar and Narcis Gusi
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17(10), 3643; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17103643 - 22 May 2020
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 3318
Abstract
Background and objectives: Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) is a chronic disease characterized by hyperglycemia. T2DM affects millions of people, and has a lot of complications such as impaired sensation in the feet. Moreover, it is important to know the health of the [...] Read more.
Background and objectives: Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) is a chronic disease characterized by hyperglycemia. T2DM affects millions of people, and has a lot of complications such as impaired sensation in the feet. Moreover, it is important to know the health of the feet of people with T2DM. The aim of this study is to know the preliminary values of the Foot Health Status Questionnaire (FHSQ) in people with T2DM. Materials and Methods: A total of 87 patients with T2DM with an average age of 65.56 years, divided in 54 men and 33 women, participated in this cross-sectional study. The main outcome was the health of the foot as measured by the FHSQ questionnaire. This questionnaire collects data on eight dimensions: Foot Pain, Foot Function, Shoe, General Foot Health, General Health, Physical Activity, Social Capacity, and Vigor. Results: Patients with T2DM have lower values in Foot Pain; median values in General Foot Health and high values in Foot Function, Shoe, Physical Activity and Social Capacity. Some of these dimensions are affected by age, diabetes control, Body Mass Index (BMI), and years of diagnosis. Females with T2DM have more problems than males in the Shoe, General Foot Health, Physical Activity and Vigor dimensions. Conclusions: this research gives us preliminary values of the FHSQ in Spanish patients with T2DM and divided by gender, age, diabetes control, BMI, and years of diagnosis in people with T2DM. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Validity and Reliability of Physical Fitness Testing)
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