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Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons: Sources, Monitoring, and Health Effects
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Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons: Sources, Monitoring, and Health Effects

A special issue of International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health (ISSN 1660-4601). This special issue belongs to the section "Environmental Health".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 April 2022) | Viewed by 9668

Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Ning Tang

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Leading Guest Editor
Institute of Nature and Environmental Technology, Kanazawa University, Ishikawa, Kanazawa 920-1192, Kakumamachi, Japan
Interests: air pollution; public health; PM 2.5; environmental science and technology; analytical chemistry
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Prof. Seiya Nagao

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Guest Editor
Institute of Nature and Environmental Technology, Kanazawa University, 920-1192 Ishikawa, Kanazawa, Kakumamachi, Japan
Dr. Masato Honda

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Guest Editor
Institute of Nature and Environmental Technology, Kanazawa University, Kakuma, Kanazawa 920-1192, Ishikawa, Japan
Interests: environmental toxicology; per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS); biomonitoring; analytical chemistry
Dr. Lulu Zhang

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Institute of Nature and Environmental Technology, Kanazawa University, 920-1192 Ishikawa, Kanazawa, Kakumamachi, Japan

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are ubiquitous environmental pollutants with certain or possible carcinogenicity and mutagenicity. PAHs mostly originate from petrogenic and pyrolysis processes. The combustion of fossil fuels and biomass contributes greatly to emissions. After entering the atmosphere, gaseous and particulate PAHs can undergo homogeneous or heterogeneous oxidation to produce derivatives such as nitrated and oxygenated PAHs, which have direct-acting mutagenicity and are important intermediates of secondary aerosols. Exposure to airborne PAHs and their derivatives results in adverse health outcomes for susceptible and occupational groups and increases health risks for the general population. In addition, the short- and long-range transport of PAHs raises challenges for changing the composition and toxicity of local and regional aerosols. Meanwhile, parent and substituted PAHs in the atmosphere can be deposited into soil or water to participate in the ecological circulation. Consequently, PAHs pose a serious threat to both ecosystems and humans. At present, there are large uncertainties in the source, fate, and health effects of PAHs in the environment under the combined action of mixed primary emissions, secondary formation, and complex meteorology. Therefore, this Special Issue aims to solicit research on these issues from different disciplines and regions in order to improve our understanding of the characteristics, variation trends, and impact of PAHs, and hence to support air pollution mitigation strategies.

Prof. Ning Tang
Prof. Seiya Nagao
Dr. Masato Honda
Dr. Lulu Zhang
Guest Editors

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Keywords

  • polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
  • nitrated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
  • oxygenated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
  • environmental pollution
  • source apportionment
  • long-range transportation atmospheric reaction
  • health effects
  • respiratory diseases
  • cardiovascular diseases

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Published Papers (3 papers)

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Research

13 pages, 2862 KiB  
Article
Contamination Assessment of Mangrove Ecosystems in the Red Sea Coast by Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons
by Abdulrahman H. Alhudhodi, Abdulilah K. Alduwais, Zaid M. Aldhafeeri, Mohammed Ahmad S. Al-Shamsi and Badr H. Alharbi
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19(9), 5474; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19095474 - 30 Apr 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1918
Abstract
Mangroves are known as a naturally based solution for climate mitigation and adaptation. Mangroves are at a potential risk of degradation by contaminants such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). In this study, sixteen priority PAHs were analyzed and characterized in forty samples of [...] Read more.
Mangroves are known as a naturally based solution for climate mitigation and adaptation. Mangroves are at a potential risk of degradation by contaminants such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). In this study, sixteen priority PAHs were analyzed and characterized in forty samples of mangrove seawater and mangrove sediments collected from two coastal areas (i.e., Sharm and Khor Rabigh) along the Red Sea Coast of Rabigh city in August 2013. We found that the average concentration of total PAH in mangrove sediments in the Sharam area (22.09 ng/kg) was higher than that in the Alkhor area (6.51 ng/kg). However, the average concentration of the total PAH in the mangrove seawater in the Alkhor area (9.19 ng/L) was double that in the Sharam area (4.33 ng/L). Phenanthrene and pyrene were the major components in both the mangrove seawater and sediment in all the investigated areas. We observed that the abundance of PAHs with 2–3 aromatic rings was dominant in sediment samples collected from both study areas. This abundance was also observed in seawater from the Sharam area. However, seawater samples from the Alkhor area had abundant PAHs with four aromatic rings. The majority of PAHs in sediment samples of both study areas originated from petrogenic sources, whereas the majority of PAHs in seawater samples originated from pyrogenic sources. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons: Sources, Monitoring, and Health Effects)
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16 pages, 2222 KiB  
Article
Chemical Characteristics of Atmospheric PM10 and PM2.5 at a Rural Site of Lijiang City, China
by Yu Liu, Xurui Li, Wan Wang, Baohui Yin, Yuanguan Gao and Xiaoyang Yang
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17(24), 9553; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17249553 - 20 Dec 2020
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2898
Abstract
Emissions from biomass burning are very serious in Southeast Asia and South Asia in April. In order to explore the effect of long-range transport of biomass emissions from the Indochina Peninsula in Southwest China during the period of the southeast monsoon season and [...] Read more.
Emissions from biomass burning are very serious in Southeast Asia and South Asia in April. In order to explore the effect of long-range transport of biomass emissions from the Indochina Peninsula in Southwest China during the period of the southeast monsoon season and to find out the main pollution sources in local atmospheric PM2.5, a field campaign was conducted from 6–26 April 2011 in Lijiang, China. Twenty-four-hour PM10 and PM2.5 filter samples were collected, and inorganic ions, elements, and carbonaceous components (including organic carbon (OC) and elemental carbon (EC), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and nitrated PAHs (NPAHs)) were measured. The monthly mean mass concentrations of particulate matter (PM) were 40.4 and 14.4 μg/m3 for PM10 and PM2.5, respectively. The monthly mean concentrations of OC and EC in PM10 were 6.2 and 1.6 μg/m3, respectively. The weekly mean concentrations of ∑PAHs and ∑NPAHs were 11.9 ng/m3 and 289 pg/m3, respectively, in atmospheric PM10 of Lijiang. The diagnostic ratios of PAH and NPAH isomers were used to analyze the sources of PAHs and NPAHs in PM10. The ratios of Benz(a)anthracene/(Chrysene+Benz(a)anthracen), Fluoranthene/(Fluoranthene+Pyrene) and Indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene/(Benzo(g,h,i)perylene+Indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene) were 0.45 ± 0.04, 0.61 ± 0.01, and 0.53 ± 0.03, respectively, indicating the contribution from coal combustion and biomass burning. The 1-nitropyrene/Pyrene (1-NP/Pyr) ratio was 0.004 ± 0.001, suggesting that the contribution to NPAHs mainly came from coal combustion. Sulfate was the most prominent inorganic ionic species, with monthly mean levels of 2.28 and 1.39 μg/m3 in PM10 and PM2.5, respectively. The monthly mean mass ratios of NO3−/SO42− were 0.40 and 0.23 in PM10 and PM2.5, respectively, indicating that the contribution of atmospheric anions from coal combustion sources was much more important than that from other sources. Based on the relatively high SO42− concentrations and low NO3−/SO42− ratios, combined with the data analysis of isomer ratios of PAHs and NPAHs, we can conclude that coal combustion, traffic, and dust were the major contributors to local atmospheric PM in Lijiang city, while biomass burning may also have contributed to local atmospheric PM in Lijiang city to some degree. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons: Sources, Monitoring, and Health Effects)
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16 pages, 6123 KiB  
Article
Comparative Analysis of PM2.5-Bound Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs), Nitro-PAHs (NPAHs), and Water-Soluble Inorganic Ions (WSIIs) at Two Background Sites in Japan
by Lu Yang, Lulu Zhang, Hao Zhang, Quanyu Zhou, Xuan Zhang, Wanli Xing, Akinori Takami, Kei Sato, Atsushi Shimizu, Ayako Yoshino, Naoki Kaneyasu, Atsushi Matsuki, Kazuichi Hayakawa, Akira Toriba and Ning Tang
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17(21), 8224; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17218224 - 6 Nov 2020
Cited by 19 | Viewed by 3358
Abstract
Daily PM2.5 (particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter ≤2.5 μm) samples were simultaneously collected at two background sites (Wajima Air Monitoring Station (WAMS) and Fukue-Jima Atmosphere and Aerosol Monitoring Station (FAMS)) in Japan in the East Asian winter and summer monsoon periods of [...] Read more.
Daily PM2.5 (particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter ≤2.5 μm) samples were simultaneously collected at two background sites (Wajima Air Monitoring Station (WAMS) and Fukue-Jima Atmosphere and Aerosol Monitoring Station (FAMS)) in Japan in the East Asian winter and summer monsoon periods of 2017 and 2019, to compare the characteristics of air pollutants among different regions and to determine the possible variation during the long-range transport process. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), nitro-PAHs (NPAHs), and water-soluble inorganic ions (WSIIs) were analyzed. Despite the PM2.5 concentrations at FAMS (8.90–78.5 µg/m3) being higher than those at WAMS (2.33–21.2 µg/m3) in the winter monsoon period, the average concentrations of ∑PAHs, ∑NPAHs, and ∑WSIIs were similar between the two sites. Diagnostic ratios indicated PAHs mainly originated from traffic emissions and mostly aged, whereas NPAHs were mostly secondarily formed during long-range transport. WSIIs at WAMS were mainly formed via the combustion process and secondary reactions, whereas those at FAMS mainly originated from sea salt and dust. Backward trajectories revealed the air masses could not only come from Asian continental coastal regions but also distant landlocked areas in the winter monsoon period, whereas most came from the ocean in the summer monsoon period. These findings can provide basic data for the establishment of prediction models of transboundary air pollutants in East Asia. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons: Sources, Monitoring, and Health Effects)
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