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Challenges and Advances of Therapeutic Approaches in Human Diseases: Focus on Stem Cell Therapies

A special issue of International Journal of Molecular Sciences (ISSN 1422-0067). This special issue belongs to the section "Molecular Pathology, Diagnostics, and Therapeutics".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 20 February 2025 | Viewed by 1305

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Guest Editor
Department of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine of Hellenic Cord Blood Bank, Biomedical Research Foundation Academy of Athens (BRFAA), 11527 Athina, Greece
Interests: immunobiology of stem cells; molecular genetics of HLA; tissue-engineered small-diameter vascular grafts; immunobiology of biological scaffolds; mesenchymal stromal cells; hematopoietic stem cells biology
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Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Stem cell therapies currently represent one of the major challenges of modern medicinal applications, mainly focused on human diseases previously considered to be incurable. Stem cells can be obtained either from embryonic, fetal, or adult origin and share key regenerative properties in replacing damaged cells or tissue. In the past, it has been proposed that human embryonic stem cells (ESCs) could be used in the field of regenerative medicine; however, the emerging bioethical issues have limited their application. As well as ESCs, lineage-restricted stem cells with less bioethical considerations can be potentially applied either in an autologous or allogeneic manner for most applications within medicine.

In this way, a specific category of stem cells known as mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) have been shown to, besides their key regenerative abilities, exert important immunoregulatory properties. Therefore, MSCs have been used in several clinical trials, including their administration in patients suffering from autoimmune disorders (e.g., multiple sclerosis, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Crohn’s disease), or more recently in severely conditioned COVID-19 patients, showing mostly very optimistic results. Moreover, stem cells can be engineered in vitro to be used as vehicles bearing specific drugs or nanomaterials to target cells. Recently, induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) have begun to represent another aspect of great stem cell applications. Until now, the widest application of stem cells, worldwide, represents the transplantation of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) derived either from bone marrow, peripheral blood after growth factor stimulation, or cord blood in patients suffering from hematological malignancies. HSCs can further be manipulated to be used as a source for the development of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T or NK cells, known as advanced therapeutic medicinal products (ATMPs).

Based on the above aspects, an important question arises: what are the future challenges and applications of stem cells for combating human disorders?

I am delighted to present this Special Issue, entitled “Challenges and Advances of Therapeutic Approaches in Human Diseases: Focus on Stem Cell Therapies”. This Special Issue welcomes original research articles, opinion articles, and comprehensive reviews related to the challenges and applications of stem cells in human diseases. Since this Special Issue is of the International Journal of Molecular Sciences, clinical studies, including biomolecular experimentation, are welcome to be submitted.

I look forward to receiving your submissions to this Special Issue, providing detailed information to scientists in these fields regarding the beneficial application of stem cells in human disorders.

Dr. Panagiotis Mallis
Guest Editor

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Keywords

  • stem cells therapies
  • embryonic stem cells
  • mesenchymal stromal cells
  • hematopoietic stem cells
  • induced pluripotent stem cells
  • human disorders

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Published Papers (1 paper)

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Research

16 pages, 3874 KiB  
Article
From iPSCs to Pancreatic β Cells: Unveiling Molecular Pathways and Enhancements with Vitamin C and Retinoic Acid in Diabetes Research
by Felipe Arroyave, Yomaira Uscátegui and Fernando Lizcano
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25(17), 9654; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25179654 - 6 Sep 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 991
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus, a chronic and non-transmissible disease, triggers a wide range of micro- and macrovascular complications. The differentiation of pancreatic β-like cells (PβLCs) from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) offers a promising avenue for regenerative medicine aimed at treating diabetes. Current differentiation protocols [...] Read more.
Diabetes mellitus, a chronic and non-transmissible disease, triggers a wide range of micro- and macrovascular complications. The differentiation of pancreatic β-like cells (PβLCs) from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) offers a promising avenue for regenerative medicine aimed at treating diabetes. Current differentiation protocols strive to emulate pancreatic embryonic development by utilizing cytokines and small molecules at specific doses to activate and inhibit distinct molecular signaling pathways, directing the differentiation of iPSCs into pancreatic β cells. Despite significant progress and improved protocols, the full spectrum of molecular signaling pathways governing pancreatic development and the physiological characteristics of the differentiated cells are not yet fully understood. Here, we report a specific combination of cofactors and small molecules that successfully differentiate iPSCs into PβLCs. Our protocol has shown to be effective, with the resulting cells exhibiting key functional properties of pancreatic β cells, including the expression of crucial molecular markers (pdx1, nkx6.1, ngn3) and the capability to secrete insulin in response to glucose. Furthermore, the addition of vitamin C and retinoic acid in the final stages of differentiation led to the overexpression of specific β cell genes. Full article
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