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Echocardiography in Pediatric Heart Disease
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Echocardiography in Pediatric Heart Disease

A special issue of Journal of Cardiovascular Development and Disease (ISSN 2308-3425). This special issue belongs to the section "Pediatric Cardiology and Congenital Heart Disease".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (15 January 2024) | Viewed by 7118

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Arend Derk Jan Ten Harkel

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
Interests: echocardiography; heart failure; exercise; prenatal CHD detection
Dr. Laurens Pieter Koopman

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Pediatrics Division of Pediatric Cardiology Erasmus MC Sophia Children's Hospital, 3015 CN Rotterdam, The Netherlands
Interests: echocardiography; congenital heart disease; pulmonary hypertension

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The prognosis of congenital heart disease has improved tremendously over time. Many diagnostic modalities have been developed to evaluate and follow these patients. For many years, echocardiography has been the main imaging modality for diagnosis and management. New developments, such as three-dimensional echocardiography, tissue Doppler imaging and speckle tracking strain echocardiography, have led to a better understanding of morphology and function. By using these modalities, a more precise prediction of prognosis can be given. This Special Issue aims to provide a platform for high-quality publications related to the discipline of echocardiography in congenital heart disease, from fetus to adult. We welcome submissions in the form of original research, case reports, and review articles that highlight the current and evolving areas of this specialism. Potential topics include, but are not restricted to, diagnosis, prediction algorithms, screening, and follow-up.

Dr. Arend Derk Jan Ten Harkel
Dr. Laurens Pieter Koopman
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Journal of Cardiovascular Development and Disease is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2700 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • echocardiography
  • congenital
  • pediatric
  • prenatal
  • Tissue Doppler
  • speckle tracking strain
  • three-dimensional echocardiography

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Published Papers (4 papers)

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Research

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11 pages, 1759 KiB  
Article
Objective Quantification of Bilateral Bubble Contrast Echocardiography Correlates with Systemic Oxygenation in Patients with Single Ventricle Circulation
by Ashley Phimister, Chana Bushee, Monica Merbach, Sai Alekha Challa, Amy Y. Pan and Andrew D. Spearman
J. Cardiovasc. Dev. Dis. 2024, 11(3), 84; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcdd11030084 - 1 Mar 2024
Viewed by 1611
Abstract
Bubble contrast echocardiography is commonly used to diagnose pulmonary arteriovenous malformations (PAVMs) in single ventricle congenital heart disease (CHD), yet previous studies inconsistently report a correlation between bubble echoes and oxygenation. In this study, we sought to re-evaluate the correlation between bubble echoes [...] Read more.
Bubble contrast echocardiography is commonly used to diagnose pulmonary arteriovenous malformations (PAVMs) in single ventricle congenital heart disease (CHD), yet previous studies inconsistently report a correlation between bubble echoes and oxygenation. In this study, we sought to re-evaluate the correlation between bubble echoes and oxygenation by assessing total bilateral shunting and unilateral shunting. We conducted a single-center, retrospective study of patients with single ventricle CHD and previous Glenn palliation who underwent a cardiac catheterization and bubble echocardiogram during the same procedure from 2011 to 2020. Spearman’s rank correlation was performed to examine the relationship between total bilateral shunting and measures of systemic oxygenation, as well as unilateral shunting and ipsilateral pulmonary vein oxygenation. For all patients (n = 72), total bilateral shunting moderately correlated with peripheral oxygen saturation (SpO2) (rs = −0.44, p < 0.0001). For patients with Glenn/Kawashima circulation (n = 49), total bilateral shunting was moderately correlated (SpO2: rs = −0.38, p < 0.01). In contrast, unilateral shunting did not correlate with ipsilateral pulmonary vein oxygenation for any vein measured (p = 0.16–p > 0.99). In conclusion, the total burden of bilateral bubble shunting correlated with systemic oxygenation and may better reflect the total PAVM burden from all lung segments. Unilateral correlation may be adversely influenced by non-standardized approaches to pulmonary vein sampling. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Echocardiography in Pediatric Heart Disease)
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8 pages, 3846 KiB  
Article
First-Trimester Ultrasound Imaging for Prenatal Assessment of the Extended Cardiovascular System Using the Cardiovascular System Sonographic Evaluation Algorithm (CASSEAL)
by Zita M. Gambacorti-Passerini, Cristina Martínez Payo, Coral Bravo Arribas, Santiago García-Tizón Larroca, Natalio García-Honduvilla, Miguel A. Ortega, Ricardo Pérez Fernández-Pachecho and Juan De León Luis
J. Cardiovasc. Dev. Dis. 2023, 10(8), 340; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcdd10080340 - 7 Aug 2023
Viewed by 1944
Abstract
Introduction and objectives: To compare fetal images obtained at the first- and second-trimester ultrasound scan when applying the Cardiovascular System Sonographic Evaluation Algorithm (CASSEAL). Methods: Using the CASSEAL protocol, nine sequential axial views were acquired in B-mode and color Doppler at the first- [...] Read more.
Introduction and objectives: To compare fetal images obtained at the first- and second-trimester ultrasound scan when applying the Cardiovascular System Sonographic Evaluation Algorithm (CASSEAL). Methods: Using the CASSEAL protocol, nine sequential axial views were acquired in B-mode and color Doppler at the first- and second-trimester ultrasound scans, visualizing the main components of the extended fetal cardiovascular system. Images were compared qualitatively between both trimesters. Results: We obtained comparable images for all the nine axial views described in the CASSEAL protocol, with few differences and limitations. Conclusions: The CASSEAL protocol is reproducible in the first trimester, and could help in the early detection of fetal cardiovascular abnormalities. It represents a promising additional tool in order to increase the CHD detection rate. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Echocardiography in Pediatric Heart Disease)
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13 pages, 433 KiB  
Article
Cardiac Function and Serum Biomarkers throughout Staged Fontan Palliation: A Prospective Observational Study
by J. P. G. van der Ven, V P. Kamphuis, E van den Bosch, D Gnanam, C Terol, A J. J. C. Bogers, J. M. P. J. Breur, R. M. F. Berger, N. A. Blom, A. D. J. ten Harkel, L. Koopman and W. A. Helbing
J. Cardiovasc. Dev. Dis. 2023, 10(7), 289; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcdd10070289 - 7 Jul 2023
Viewed by 1606
Abstract
Fontan patients undergo multiple cardiothoracic surgeries in childhood. Following these procedures, ventricular function is temporarily decreased, and recovers over months. This is presumably related to cardiopulmonary bypass, but this is incompletely understood. Throughout the Fontan palliation, cardiac function is also affected by volume [...] Read more.
Fontan patients undergo multiple cardiothoracic surgeries in childhood. Following these procedures, ventricular function is temporarily decreased, and recovers over months. This is presumably related to cardiopulmonary bypass, but this is incompletely understood. Throughout the Fontan palliation, cardiac function is also affected by volume unloading. We aimed to gain insight into the biological processes related to impaired ventricular function and recovery following Fontan palliations using a panel of biomarkers. Furthermore, we described changes in ventricular function across the Fontan palliation due to volume unloading. We performed a prospective multicenter observational study in patients undergoing partial (PCPC) or total cavo-pulmonary connection (TCPC). Patients underwent assessment—including echocardiography and blood sampling—before surgery (T1), at first follow-up (T2), and 1 year after their procedures (T3). Blood samples were analyzed using a biomarker panel (OLINK CVD-III). Ninety-two biomarkers were expressed as principal components (PC) to limit multiple statistical testing. We included 32 PCPC patients aged 7.2 [5.3–10.3] months, and 28 TCPC patients aged 2.7 [2.2–3.8] years. The single ventricular longitudinal strain (SV GLS) temporarily decreased for PCPC patients at T2 (−15.1 ± 5.6 (T1) to −13.5 ± 5.2 (T2) to −17.3 ± 4.5 (T3), p < 0.047 for all differences), but not following TCPC. The serum biomarkers were expressed as 4 PCs. PC1, including biomarkers of cell–cell adhesion, was not related to any patient characteristic. PC2, including biomarkers of superoxide anion regulation, increased at T2. PC3, including biomarkers of cardiovascular development, related to the stage of Fontan palliation. PC4 was of uncertain biological or clinical significance. No PC was found that related to ventricular performance. The SV GLS was temporarily diminished following PCPC, but not following TCPC. Several biomarkers were related to post-operative stress and adaptation to the PCPC or TCPC circulation, but none were related to the outcome. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Echocardiography in Pediatric Heart Disease)
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Review

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22 pages, 2390 KiB  
Review
Cardiovascular Sequelae of Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia in Preterm Neonates Born before 32 Weeks of Gestational Age: Impact of Associated Pulmonary and Systemic Hypertension
by Pramod Pharande, Arvind Sehgal and Samuel Menahem
J. Cardiovasc. Dev. Dis. 2024, 11(8), 233; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcdd11080233 - 26 Jul 2024
Viewed by 1201
Abstract
Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) remains the most common respiratory disorder of prematurity for infants born before 32 weeks of gestational age (GA). Early and prolonged exposure to chronic hypoxia and inflammation induces pulmonary hypertension (PH) with the characteristic features of a reduced number and [...] Read more.
Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) remains the most common respiratory disorder of prematurity for infants born before 32 weeks of gestational age (GA). Early and prolonged exposure to chronic hypoxia and inflammation induces pulmonary hypertension (PH) with the characteristic features of a reduced number and increased muscularisation of the pulmonary arteries resulting in an increase in the pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) and a fall in their compliance. BPD and BPD-associated pulmonary hypertension (BPD-PH) together with systemic hypertension (sHTN) are chronic cardiopulmonary disorders which result in an increased mortality and long-term problems for these infants. Previous studies have predominantly focused on the pulmonary circulation (right ventricle and its function) and developing management strategies accordingly for BPD-PH. However, recent work has drawn attention to the importance of the left-sided cardiac function and its impact on BPD in a subset of infants arising from a unique pathophysiology termed postcapillary PH. BPD infants may have a mechanistic link arising from chronic inflammation, cytokines, oxidative stress, catecholamines, and renin–angiotensin system activation along with systemic arterial stiffness, all of which contribute to the development of BPD-sHTN. The focus for the treatment of BPD-PH has been improvement of the right heart function through pulmonary vasodilators. BPD-sHTN and a subset of postcapillary PH may benefit from afterload reducing agents such as angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors. Preterm infants with BPD-PH are at risk of later cardiac and respiratory morbidities as young adults. This paper reviews the current knowledge of the pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment of BPD-PH and BPD-sHTN. Current knowledge gaps and emerging new therapies will also be discussed. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Echocardiography in Pediatric Heart Disease)
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