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9 pages, 2877 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Focal Laser Photocoagulation on the Ganglion Cell Complex Thickness in Acute Central Serous Chorioretinopathy

by A Young Lee, Jinyoung Choi, Sang Un Lee, Chul Woo Kim and Daniel Duck-Jin Hwang

J. Clin. Med. 2024, 13(4), 1064; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13041064 - 13 Feb 2024

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Abstract

This study investigated the changes in the ganglion cell complex (GCC) of patients with acute central serous chorioretinopathy (CSC) following focal laser photocoagulation (FLP) and sought to determine its correlation with visual acuity (VA). Our retrospective study was conducted on 30 patients diagnosed [...] Read more.

This study investigated the changes in the ganglion cell complex (GCC) of patients with acute central serous chorioretinopathy (CSC) following focal laser photocoagulation (FLP) and sought to determine its correlation with visual acuity (VA). Our retrospective study was conducted on 30 patients diagnosed with acute CSC between January 2015 and April 2022, who underwent FLP within 3 months of symptom onset. The study assessed GCC changes by measuring the thickness of its inner retinal layers—retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL), ganglion cell layer (GCL), and inner plexiform layer (IPL) using optical coherence tomography (OCT). GCC thickness was compared between the affected and unaffected eyes and a healthy control group. VA was also assessed at baseline and at 1, 3, and 6 months post-treatment. VA showed significant improvement from 0.20 ± 0.14 at baseline to 0.10 ± 0.12 logMAR at 6 months post-treatment (p = 0.003). There was no significant change in GCC thickness over the 6-month period. No significant differences in GCC thickness were observed when comparing CSC eyes with fellow eyes or with normal controls at any time point. Final VA was significantly related only to baseline VA, with no correlation found with other factors, including RNFL, GCL, and IPL thickness. In summary, for patients with acute CSC undergoing FLP, our findings indicate that there is no significant change in GCC thickness detectable by OCT before and after the resolution of subretinal fluid (SRF), despite improvements in VA post-laser treatment. This suggests that any potential impact of FLP on GCC thickness may be minimal and not discernible with the current measurement methods, such as OCT, emphasizing that VA improvements may be primarily associated with alterations in the outer retina rather than the inner retina. Further studies with extended follow-up durations are warranted to evaluate any potential long-term changes in GCC. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in the Diagnosis and Treatment of Fundus Diseases)

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11 pages, 946 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Outer Retinal and Choroidal Changes in Adolescents with Long-Lasting Type 1 Diabetes

by Elisabetta Pilotto, Eleonora Cosmo, Tommaso Torresin, Marco Coppola, Joaquin Gutierrez De Rubalcava Doblas, Giulia Midena, Carlo Moretti and Edoardo Midena

J. Clin. Med. 2024, 13(1), 229; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13010229 - 30 Dec 2023

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Abstract

This study aimed to assess outer retinal layer (ORL), retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), choroid (Ch) and choriocapillaris (CC) modifications in adolescents with long-lasting (>10 years) type 1 diabetes (T1D) without (noDR) or with diabetic retinopathy (DR). ORL and RPE thickness were measured at [...] Read more.

This study aimed to assess outer retinal layer (ORL), retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), choroid (Ch) and choriocapillaris (CC) modifications in adolescents with long-lasting (>10 years) type 1 diabetes (T1D) without (noDR) or with diabetic retinopathy (DR). ORL and RPE thickness were measured at optical coherence tomography (OCT) macular scans. Vascular parameters of Ch and CC were quantified after elaboration of macular OCT-angiography (OCTA) images. Insulin dose and auxological and metabolic parameters were correlated with OCT and OCTA findings in patients. ORL thickness was higher in DR eyes than in noDR and healthy controls (HC), and RPE thickness was higher in noDR and DR eyes than in HC, with statistical significance for some sectors in noDR versus HC. No OCTA parameters of CC and Ch differed among groups, and no significant correlation was observed with auxological and metabolic parameters. In conclusion, ORL and RPE were both increased in adolescents with long-lasting T1D. Such changes were not associated with insulin dose and glycemia control, nor to any choroid or choriocapillaris flow change clinically detectable at OCTA, and they could be potential imaging biomarkers of disease progression. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in the Diagnosis and Treatment of Fundus Diseases)

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18 pages, 785 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Association between Subretinal Drusenoid Deposits and Age-Related Macular Degeneration in Multimodal Retinal Imaging

by Elżbieta Krytkowska, Joanna Olejnik-Wojciechowska, Aleksandra Grabowicz, Krzysztof Safranow and Anna Machalińska

J. Clin. Med. 2023, 12(24), 7728; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm12247728 - 16 Dec 2023

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Abstract

Multimodal retinal imaging enables the detection of subretinal drusenoid deposits (SDD) with significantly greater accuracy compared to fundus photography. The study aimed to analyze a relationship between the presence of SDD, the clinical picture of AMD, and disease progression in a 3 year [...] Read more.

Multimodal retinal imaging enables the detection of subretinal drusenoid deposits (SDD) with significantly greater accuracy compared to fundus photography. The study aimed to analyze a relationship between the presence of SDD, the clinical picture of AMD, and disease progression in a 3 year follow-up. A total of 602 eyes of 339 patients with a diagnosis of AMD, of which 121 (55%) had SDD confirmed in multimodal retinal imaging, were enrolled in the study. SDD was related to a more advanced stage of AMD (p = 0.008), especially with the presence of geographic atrophy (OR = 4.11, 95% CI 2.02–8.38, p < 0.001). Eyes with SDD presented significantly lower choroidal and retinal thickness (ATC: 210.5 μm, CRT: 277 μm, respectively) and volume (AVC: 0.17 mm³, CRV: 8.29 mm³, p < 0.001, respectively) compared to SDD-negative eyes (ATC: 203 μm, CRT: 277 μm; AVC: 7.08 mm³, 8.54 mm³, p < 0.001). Accordingly, the prevalence of pachychoroids and pachyvessels was significantly lower in the SDD present group than in eyes without SDD (p = 0.004; p = 0.04, respectively). Neither demographic factors, lipid profile, genetic predisposition, systemic vascular disease comorbidities, nor parameters of retinal vessels were affected by the presence of SDD. We found no effect of SDD presence on AMD progression (p = 0.12). The presence of SDD appeared to be related to local rather than systemic factors. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in the Diagnosis and Treatment of Fundus Diseases)

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10 pages, 2101 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Comparisons of Clinical Characteristics and Surgical Outcomes of Epiretinal Membrane Foveoschisis to Typical Epiretinal Membrane

by Taku Sasaki, Yoshitsugu Matsui, Kumiko Kato, Shinichiro Chujo, Satoshi Maeda, Atsuta Ozaki, Kengo Ikesugi, Masahiko Sugimoto, Hisashi Matsubara and Mineo Kondo

J. Clin. Med. 2023, 12(12), 4009; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm12124009 - 12 Jun 2023

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Abstract

Epiretinal membrane (ERM) foveoschisis is a recently proposed clinical entity. The purpose of this study was to compare the clinical characteristics and surgical outcomes of eyes with ERM foveoschisis to those of typical ERM. The medical records of all patients with ERM-related disorders [...] Read more.

Epiretinal membrane (ERM) foveoschisis is a recently proposed clinical entity. The purpose of this study was to compare the clinical characteristics and surgical outcomes of eyes with ERM foveoschisis to those of typical ERM. The medical records of all patients with ERM-related disorders examined between 2011 and 2020 were reviewed. ERM foveoschisis was defined by the clinical criteria proposed by an international panel of experts on ERMs. The background factors, clinical characteristics, and surgical outcomes of ERM foveoschisis were compared to those of typical ERM. Forty eyes with ERM foveoschisis were compared to 333 eyes with typical ERM. The percentage of women was significantly higher in the ERM foveoschisis group (92.5%) than in the typical ERM group (48.9%, p < 0.001). The central macular thickness (CMT) was significantly thinner in the ERM foveoschisis group (340 ± 110 μm) than in the typical ERM groups (476 ± 111 μm, p < 0.01). The degree of improvement in the best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) three months after the surgery did not differ between the two groups (p = 0.59). These results suggest that the ERM foveoschisis is more likely to occur in women and that the prognosis after surgery is comparable to typical ERM. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in the Diagnosis and Treatment of Fundus Diseases)

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13 pages, 6105 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Electroretinographic and Optical Coherence Tomographic Evaluations of Eyes with Vitreoretinal Lymphoma

by Jun Makita, Yuji Yoshikawa, Junji Kanno, Yuro Igawa, Tomoyuki Kumagai, Shunichiro Takano, Takeshi Katsumoto, Takuhei Shoji, Masayuki Shibuya and Kei Shinoda

J. Clin. Med. 2023, 12(12), 3957; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm12123957 - 9 Jun 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1507

Abstract

Vitreoretinal lymphomas (VRLs) present with different clinical characteristics. However, only a few case reports have been published that evaluated the retinal function and the retinal morphology. The relationship between retinal morphology and function of eyes with a vitreoretinal lymphoma (VRL) was investigated via [...] Read more.

Vitreoretinal lymphomas (VRLs) present with different clinical characteristics. However, only a few case reports have been published that evaluated the retinal function and the retinal morphology. The relationship between retinal morphology and function of eyes with a vitreoretinal lymphoma (VRL) was investigated via optical coherence tomography (OCT) and electroretinography (ERG). The ERG and OCT findings in 11 eyes of 11 patients (69.4 ± 11.5 years old) who were diagnosed with VRL at the Saitama Medical University Hospital between December 2016 to May 2022 were studied. The decimal best-corrected visual acuity ranged from hand movements to 1.2 (median 0.2). Histopathological studies of the vitreous specimens showed class II VRL in one eye, class III VRL in seven eyes, class IV VRL in two eyes, and class V VRL in one eye. The IgH gene rearrangement was positive in three of the six eyes tested. The OCT images showed morphological abnormalities in 10 of the 11 (90.9%) eyes. Severe attenuation was found for the amplitudes of the b-wave of the DA 0.01 ERG in 6 of 11 eyes (54.5%), the DA 3.0 a-wave in 5 of 11 eyes (45.5%), the DA 3.0 b-wave in 36.4%, the LA 3.0 a-wave in 36.4%, the LA 3.0 b-wave in 18.2%, and flicker responses in 36.4% of the eyes. None of the DA 3.0 ERGs had a negative shape (b/a < 1.0). In the five eyes in which the a-wave was severely attenuated, hyperreflective dots were observed subretinally. The ERG analysis in eyes with a VRL indicates a relatively severe dysfunction of the outer retinal layer and was helpful in determining the site of the morphological changes in eyes with VRL. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in the Diagnosis and Treatment of Fundus Diseases)

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9 pages, 2481 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Choroidal and Retinal Imaging Biomarkers in Different Types of Macular Neovascularization

by Lisa Toto, Maria Ludovica Ruggeri, Federica Evangelista, Chiara Trivigno, Rossella D’Aloisio, Chiara De Nicola, Pasquale Viggiano, Emanuele Doronzo, Marta Di Nicola, Annamaria Porreca and Rodolfo Mastropasqua

J. Clin. Med. 2023, 12(3), 1140; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm12031140 - 1 Feb 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2083

Abstract

Background: The aim of this study was to investigate optical coherence tomography (OCT) and OCT angiography (OCTA) parameters in patients with neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nAMD) and macular neovascularization (MNV) type 1, type 2, and type 3. Methods: In this retrospective study, 105 [...] Read more.

Background: The aim of this study was to investigate optical coherence tomography (OCT) and OCT angiography (OCTA) parameters in patients with neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nAMD) and macular neovascularization (MNV) type 1, type 2, and type 3. Methods: In this retrospective study, 105 treatment-naïve eyes of 105 patients (60 men and 45 women) with a definite diagnosis of active nAMD and MNV of different types and 105 frequency-matched age and gender healthy subjects were evaluated (61 men and 44 women). All subjects underwent a full ophthalmic examination and multimodal imaging assessment, including spectral domain (SD) OCT and OCTA. The main outcome measures were choroidal vascularity index (CVI), subfoveal choroidal thickness (SFCT), central macular thickness (CMT), and outer retina to choriocapillaris (ORCC) MNV flow area (ORCCFA). Results: Significant differences were found in terms of CVI, CMT, and ORCCFA between MNV 1 and the two other groups. CVI was significantly different between MNV 1 and healthy control patients (p < 0.001) and between MNV 1 and MNV 2 (p < 0.001). ORCCFA and CMT were significantly different between MNV1 and MNV2 (p < 0.005). The difference in subfoveal CT between the three groups was not statistically significant (p = 0.458). A significant negative correlation was found between CVI and ORCCFA. Furthermore, CVI showed a positive correlation with subfoveal CT. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in the Diagnosis and Treatment of Fundus Diseases)

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13 pages, 7873 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Characteristics and Classification of Choroidal Caverns in Patients with Various Retinal and Chorioretinal Diseases

by Xiaohong Guo, Yao Zhou, Chenyang Gu, Yingjie Wu, Hui Liu, Qing Chang, Bo Lei and Min Wang

J. Clin. Med. 2022, 11(23), 6994; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm11236994 - 26 Nov 2022

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 1864

Abstract

Purpose: To investigate the features of choroidal caverns in diverse retinal diseases with swept-source optical coherence tomography (SS-OCT). Methods: Subjects with normal eyes, retinitis pigmentosa (RP), wet age-related macular degeneration (wAMD), acute central serous chorioretinopathy (CSC), or chronic CSC were enrolled. The characteristics [...] Read more.

Purpose: To investigate the features of choroidal caverns in diverse retinal diseases with swept-source optical coherence tomography (SS-OCT). Methods: Subjects with normal eyes, retinitis pigmentosa (RP), wet age-related macular degeneration (wAMD), acute central serous chorioretinopathy (CSC), or chronic CSC were enrolled. The characteristics of choroidal caverns were evaluated with SS-OCT. The prevalence of choroidal caverns in retinal diseases and the correlations between the number, width and depth of choroidal caverns with the thickness of choroid were analyzed. Results: Among 315 eyes of 220 subjects, choroidal caverns were found in 110 eyes (34.9%). Choroidal caverns were divided into two categories based on their location and size. Type I was small and usually lobulated, presented in the choroidal capillary and Sattler’s layers. Type II was larger, usually isolated, and presented in the Sattler’s and Haller’s layers. The prevalence of type I in subjects with normal eyes, RP, wAMD, acute CSC, or chronic CSC was 17.4%, 19.6%, 1.6%, 32.8%, and 85.2%, respectively, while that of type II was 0%, 0%, 21.3%, 13.8%, and 53.7%, respectively. The number, width, and thickness of type II choroidal caverns correlated positively with macular choroidal thickness. Conclusions: Choroidal caverns could be divided into two categories. Type II choroidal caverns appeared associated with the pachychoroid spectrum and RPE atrophic diseases. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in the Diagnosis and Treatment of Fundus Diseases)

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7 pages, 1510 KiB

Open AccessBrief Report

Effects of Smoothing and Adaptive Filtering in Multifocal Electroretinography (mfERG)

by Christopher Patrick Long and Hossein Ameri

J. Clin. Med. 2023, 12(16), 5286; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm12165286 - 14 Aug 2023

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Abstract

(1) Background: mfERG testing is used to study the function of cone photoreceptors in the central retina. Various filters including “smoothing” (Smooth) and “adaptive data filtering” (Adapt) are used to simplify raw data. This study will seek to characterize the effect of data [...] Read more.

(1) Background: mfERG testing is used to study the function of cone photoreceptors in the central retina. Various filters including “smoothing” (Smooth) and “adaptive data filtering” (Adapt) are used to simplify raw data. This study will seek to characterize the effect of data modification on raw patient data. (2) Methods: This was a retrospective study of patients with mfERG results at our institution. For each patient, raw mfERG data without filtering, with smooth level 4 modifier applied, and with adapt level 4 applied were collected and compared. (4) Conclusions: In all patients, smoothing and adaptive filter modifiers create statistically significant differences in both P1 latency and P1 amplitude values when compared to raw data. The impacts of these filters demonstrated in this study should impact physicians’ decision making when interpreting mfERG results. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in the Diagnosis and Treatment of Fundus Diseases)

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