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Multifactorial Causation and Therapies of Myopia
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Multifactorial Causation and Therapies of Myopia

A special issue of Journal of Clinical Medicine (ISSN 2077-0383). This special issue belongs to the section "Ophthalmology".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (28 October 2024) | Viewed by 6730

Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. César Villa Collar

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Pharmacy, Biotechnology, Nutrition, Optics and Optometry, Faculty of Biomedical and Health Sciences, European University of Madrid, 28670 Villaviciosa de Odón, Madrid, Spain
Interests: myopia control; irregular cornea; optical quality of the eye; refractive surgery
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Cristina Alvarez-Peregrina

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Optometry and Vision, Faculty of Optics and Optometry, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28037 Madrid, Spain
Interests: myopia; sport vision; optometry; visual health; refractive errors; contact lenses
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Prof. Dr. David Piñero

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Optics, Pharmacology and Anatomy, University of Alicante, 03690 Alicante, Spain
Interests: cornea; refractive surgery; cataract; ocular surface; ocular imaging
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The prevalence of myopia continues to increase and fulfills the forecasts set out years ago. According to these data, we are facing a pandemic with enormous clinical and research interest, since its comorbidities have a negative impact on public health and its financing.

This Special Issue aims to review the current situation and future prospects for myopia, from its causes to its current management and possible control.

These topics of interest include:

  • The epidemiology of myopia;
  • Theories about myopia, the role of accommodation, the retina, the choroid, and the sclera;
  • Myopia and genetics;
  • Premyopia, simple myopia, and pathological myopia;
  • The prevention of atropine and sunlight, and myopia progression risk;
  • Efficacy, predictability, and safety in short-, medium-, and long-term pharmacological and optical treatments (ophthalmic lenses, orthokeratology, and soft contact lenses), and rebound effects, application protocols, and predictors of success;
  • Light and myopia (blue light and red light in myopia control), as well as other treatments used for simple myopia and pathological myopia;
  • New and emerging myopia management strategies.
  • Binocular vision (phorias, AC/A, accommodative LAG, etc) and ocular optics (axial length, anterior and vitreous chamber, high-order aberrations, etc) in myopia
  • Artificial intelligence applied to myopia

Prof. Dr. César Villa Collar
Dr. Cristina Alvarez-Peregrina
Prof. Dr. David Piñero
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Journal of Clinical Medicine is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • epidemiology
  • genetics
  • premyopia
  • simple and pathological myopia
  • orthokeratology
  • lenses for myopia control
  • blue light and red light
  • binocular vision and ocular optics
  • artificial intelligence

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Further information on MDPI's Special Issue polices can be found here.

Published Papers (4 papers)

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Research

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10 pages, 983 KiB  
Article
One-Year Outcome of Intravitreal Injection of Ranibizumab Biosimilar for Myopic Choroidal Neovascularization in Japanese Patients
by Mami Tomita, Manabu Yamamoto, Kumiko Hirayama, Akika Kyo, Norihiko Misawa, Gen Kinari, Takeya Kohno and Shigeru Honda
J. Clin. Med. 2024, 13(16), 4641; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13164641 - 8 Aug 2024
Viewed by 763
Abstract
Objectives: To evaluate the one-year outcomes of intravitreal ranibizumab biosimilar (RBZ-BS) injections for myopic choroidal neovascularization (mCNV) in Japanese patients. Methods: Twenty-one patients (mean age 69.0 years; 4 males, 17 females) with high myopia and mCNV were retrospectively reviewed. Twelve were treatment-naïve, and [...] Read more.
Objectives: To evaluate the one-year outcomes of intravitreal ranibizumab biosimilar (RBZ-BS) injections for myopic choroidal neovascularization (mCNV) in Japanese patients. Methods: Twenty-one patients (mean age 69.0 years; 4 males, 17 females) with high myopia and mCNV were retrospectively reviewed. Twelve were treatment-naïve, and nine had previous anti-VEGF treatments. Efficacy measures included best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) and central macular thickness (CMT). Results: The treatment-naïve group showed significant BCVA improvement from 0.55 ± 0.34 at baseline to 0.24 ± 0.28 at 12 months. The previously treated group had no significant BCVA changes. CMT significantly decreased in both groups: from 295.3 ± 105.2 µm to 207.3 ± 63.0 µm in the treatment-naïve group, and from 196.1 ± 62.0 µm to 147.2 ± 50.1 µm in the previously treated group. Dry macula rates were high: 83% at 3 months and 83% at 12 months in the treatment-naïve group, and 67% at 3 months and 89% at 12 months in the previously treated group. No adverse events were reported. Conclusions: These findings indicate that RBZ-BS is an effective and safe treatment for mCNV, particularly in treatment-naïve patients. The use of RBZ-BS offers a cost-effective alternative to original ranibizumab, reducing financial burdens while maintaining high therapeutic efficacy. Further studies with larger sample sizes and longer follow-up periods are needed to confirm these results and evaluate long-term outcomes and cost-effectiveness. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Multifactorial Causation and Therapies of Myopia)
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12 pages, 2227 KiB  
Article
Ocular Biometry Percentile Curves and Their Relation to Myopia Development in Indian Children
by Aparna Gopalakrishnan, Viswanathan Sivaraman, Jameel Rizwana Hussaindeen, Meenakshi Swaminathan, Alex Gentle, James A. Armitage and Simon Backhouse
J. Clin. Med. 2024, 13(10), 2867; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13102867 - 13 May 2024
Viewed by 1204
Abstract
Background: The aim of the present study was to provide ocular biometry percentile values for Indian children between the ages of 6 and 12 and to validate the usefulness of centiles in predicting myopia development. Methods: The study was part of a longitudinal [...] Read more.
Background: The aim of the present study was to provide ocular biometry percentile values for Indian children between the ages of 6 and 12 and to validate the usefulness of centiles in predicting myopia development. Methods: The study was part of a longitudinal study—the Sankara Nethralaya Tamil Nadu Essilor Myopia Study (STEM), where objective refraction and ocular biometry were measured for children studying in grades 1, 4, and 6 at baseline (2019–2020). These data were used to generate ocular biometry percentile curves (both for axial length (AL) and AL/corneal curvature (AL/CR) ratios). The usefulness of percentile values in predicting myopia development was estimated from follow-up data (2022). Results: The total number of children in the three grades at baseline was 4514 (age range 6 to 12). Boys represented 54% (n = 2442) of the overall sample. The prevalence of myopia at baseline was 11.7% (95% CI from 10.8 to 12.7%) in these three grades. Both the AL and AL/CR ratio centiles showed a linear trend with an increase in AL and AL/CR with increasing grades (p < 0.001) for all percentiles (2, 5, 10, 25, 50, 75, 90, 95, 98, and 99) when stratified by sex. In the follow-up data (n = 377), the 75th and 50th percentiles of the AL/CR ratio had an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.79 and 0.72 to predict myopia onset for grade 4 and 6 children at baseline. Combining baseline AL with the centile shift in follow-up as a predictor increased the AUC to 0.83. Conclusions: The present study has provided centile values specific for Indian children between the ages of 6 and 12 to monitor and intervene where children are at a higher risk of myopia development. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Multifactorial Causation and Therapies of Myopia)
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9 pages, 937 KiB  
Article
Safety, Efficacy, and Visual Performance of an Orthokeratology Lens with Increased Compression Factor
by Elena Martínez-Plaza, Cecilia Zamora Castro, Ainhoa Molina-Martín and David P. Piñero
J. Clin. Med. 2024, 13(2), 587; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13020587 - 19 Jan 2024
Viewed by 1205
Abstract
The aim was to evaluate the safety, efficacy, and visual performance of an orthokeratology lens with an increased compression factor (ICF) of 1.25 D in a 3-month follow-up. Thirty-six myopic patients (5 males and 31 females; 24.2 ± 5.8 years) were fitted with [...] Read more.
The aim was to evaluate the safety, efficacy, and visual performance of an orthokeratology lens with an increased compression factor (ICF) of 1.25 D in a 3-month follow-up. Thirty-six myopic patients (5 males and 31 females; 24.2 ± 5.8 years) were fitted with Alexa AR (Tiedra Farmacéutica S.L., Madrid, Spain) contact lenses (CLs) and twenty participants finished the follow-up. Visual acuity (VA), subjective refraction, primary spherical and primary coma aberrations, keratometry, central pachymetry, and ocular surface evaluation were performed at baseline and after 1 night, 1 week, 1 month, and 3 months of CL wear. The differences among visits were analyzed using a repeated-measures analysis of variance or the Friedman test. The spherical equivalent decreased (p ≤ 0.005), and the uncorrected VA improved (p < 0.001) until the first week. Corneal and ocular aberrations showed a significant increase (p ≤ 0.02). A significant decrease (p < 0.001) was found for keratometry values. No significant changes were observed in either central pachymetry or ocular surface parameters among study visits. In conclusion, an orthokeratology CL with an ICF of 1.25 D provides good safety, efficacy, and visual performance in a 3-month follow-up. Seven days of orthokeratology wear are enough to achieve the full myopic compensation, resulting in satisfactory VA. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Multifactorial Causation and Therapies of Myopia)
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Review

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12 pages, 913 KiB  
Review
Myopia Is an Ischemic Eye Condition: A Review from the Perspective of Choroidal Blood Flow
by Jiaul Baksh, Deokho Lee, Kiwako Mori, Yan Zhang, Hidemasa Torii, Heonuk Jeong, Jing Hou, Kazuno Negishi, Kazuo Tsubota and Toshihide Kurihara
J. Clin. Med. 2024, 13(10), 2777; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13102777 - 9 May 2024
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2874
Abstract
Myopia is a common refractive error that affects a large proportion of the population. Recent studies have revealed that alterations in choroidal thickness (ChT) and choroidal blood flow (ChBF) play important roles in the progression of myopia. Reduced ChBF could affect scleral cellular [...] Read more.
Myopia is a common refractive error that affects a large proportion of the population. Recent studies have revealed that alterations in choroidal thickness (ChT) and choroidal blood flow (ChBF) play important roles in the progression of myopia. Reduced ChBF could affect scleral cellular matrix remodeling, which leads to axial elongation and further myopia progression. As ChT and ChBF could be used as potential biomarkers for the progression of myopia, several recent myopia treatments have targeted alterations in ChT and ChBF. Our review provides a comprehensive overview of the recent literature review on the relationship between ChBF and myopia. We also highlight the importance of ChT and ChBF in the progression of myopia and the potential of ChT as an important biomarker for myopia progression. This summary has significant implications for the development of novel strategies for preventing and treating myopia. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Multifactorial Causation and Therapies of Myopia)
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