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Evolution and New Horizons of Endoscopy in Inflammatory Bowel Diseases
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Evolution and New Horizons of Endoscopy in Inflammatory Bowel Diseases

A special issue of Journal of Clinical Medicine (ISSN 2077-0383). This special issue belongs to the section "Gastroenterology & Hepatopancreatobiliary Medicine".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 December 2021) | Viewed by 22672

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Mariangela Allocca

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Gastroenterology and Endoscopy Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
Interests: inflammatory bowel disease; Crohn’s disease; ulcerative colitis; endoscopy; chromoendoscopy; bowel ultrasound; cross-sectional imaging; biologics; small molecules; fecal calprotectin
Dr. Ferdinando D'Amico

E-Mail Website
Co-Guest Editor
Gastroenterology and Endoscopy Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
Interests: inflammatory bowel disease; Crohn’s disease; ulcerative colitis; endoscopy; chromoendoscopy; biologics; small molecules; fecal calprotectin

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis are chronic inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs) requiring periodic monitoring to assess disease activity. To date, endoscopy is the gold standard for the management of IBD patients. It makes it possible to evaluate disease activity, to define the response to therapy, and to predict disease relapses and negative outcomes such as surgery and hospitalization. Furthermore, patients with IBD have a greater risk of developing colorectal cancer, and endoscopy plays a key role in colorectal cancer screening. This Special Issue of the Journal of Clinical Medicine, entitled “Evolution and New Horizons of Endoscopy in Inflammatory Bowel Diseases”, is devoted to articles that review the new endoscopic approaches in the field of IBD, focusing on chromoendoscopy techniques and on the application of artificial intelligence in clinical practice. In addition, this Special Issue will also highlight recent advances in bowel preparation and the role of available endoscopic scores in the follow-up of IBD patients. Data from clinical trials and real-life studies will be reported in order to provide clinicians with practical suggestions and to highlight unmet needs and future challenges.

Dr. Mariangela Allocca
Guest Editor
Dr. Ferdinando D'Amico
Co-Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Journal of Clinical Medicine is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • Crohn’s disease
  • ulcerative colitis
  • inflammatory bowel disease
  • endoscopy
  • chromoendoscopy
  • artificial intelligence

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Published Papers (5 papers)

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Review

13 pages, 1731 KiB  
Review
Histological Scores in Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Diseases: The State of the Art
by Edoardo Vespa, Ferdinando D’Amico, Mauro Sollai, Mariangela Allocca, Federica Furfaro, Alessandra Zilli, Arianna Dal Buono, Roberto Gabbiadini, Silvio Danese and Gionata Fiorino
J. Clin. Med. 2022, 11(4), 939; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm11040939 - 11 Feb 2022
Cited by 30 | Viewed by 9916
Abstract
The histological assessment has been advocated as a detailed and accurate measure of disease activity in inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). In ulcerative colitis (UC), histological activity has been demonstrated to be associated with higher rates of relapse, prolonged corticosteroid use and long-term complications, [...] Read more.
The histological assessment has been advocated as a detailed and accurate measure of disease activity in inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). In ulcerative colitis (UC), histological activity has been demonstrated to be associated with higher rates of relapse, prolonged corticosteroid use and long-term complications, even when endoscopic remission is achieved. Therefore, histological healing may represent a potential treatment target. Several histological scores have been developed and are available today. The Robarts histopathology index (RHI) and the Nancy index (NI) are the only two recommended by the European Crohn’s and Colitis Organization (ECCO) for use in patients with UC. Conversely, in Crohn’s disease (CD), the discontinuous nature of lesions has limited standardized histological assessment. Most of the available histological scoring systems in CD are complex and not validated. The aim of this review is to comprehensively summarize the latest evidence regarding histological scoring systems in IBD. We guide the reader through understanding the importance of an accurate microscopic evaluation using validated scoring systems, highlighting the strengths and pitfalls of each score. The priorities of future research needs are also addressed. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Evolution and New Horizons of Endoscopy in Inflammatory Bowel Diseases)
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16 pages, 2460 KiB  
Review
Evolution and New Horizons of Endoscopy in Inflammatory Bowel Diseases
by Tommaso Lorenzo Parigi, Elisabetta Mastrorocco, Leonardo Da Rio, Mariangela Allocca, Ferdinando D’Amico, Alessandra Zilli, Gionata Fiorino, Silvio Danese and Federica Furfaro
J. Clin. Med. 2022, 11(3), 872; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm11030872 - 7 Feb 2022
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 3659
Abstract
Endoscopy is the mainstay of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) evaluation and the pillar of colorectal cancer surveillance. Endoscopic equipment, both hardware and software, are advancing at an incredible pace. Virtual chromoendoscopy is now widely available, allowing the detection of subtle inflammatory changes, thus [...] Read more.
Endoscopy is the mainstay of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) evaluation and the pillar of colorectal cancer surveillance. Endoscopic equipment, both hardware and software, are advancing at an incredible pace. Virtual chromoendoscopy is now widely available, allowing the detection of subtle inflammatory changes, thus reducing the gap between endoscopic and histologic assessment. The progress in the field of artificial intelligence (AI) has been remarkable, and numerous applications are now in an advanced stage of development. Computer-aided diagnosis (CAD) systems are likely to reshape most of the evaluations that are now prerogative of human endoscopists. Furthermore, sophisticated tools such as endocytoscopy and probe-based confocal laser endomicroscopy (pCLE) are enhancing our assessment of inflammation and dysplasia. Finally, pCLE combined with molecular labeling could pave the way to a new paradigm of personalized medicine. This review aims to summarize the main changes that occurred in the field of IBD endoscopy and to explore the most promising novelties. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Evolution and New Horizons of Endoscopy in Inflammatory Bowel Diseases)
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12 pages, 656 KiB  
Review
Artificial Endoscopy and Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Welcome to the Future
by Virginia Solitano, Alessandra Zilli, Gianluca Franchellucci, Mariangela Allocca, Gionata Fiorino, Federica Furfaro, Ferdinando D’Amico, Silvio Danese and Sameer Al Awadhi
J. Clin. Med. 2022, 11(3), 569; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm11030569 - 24 Jan 2022
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 3199
Abstract
Artificial intelligence (AI) is assuming an increasingly important and central role in several medical fields. Its application in endoscopy provides a powerful tool supporting human experiences in the detection, characterization, and classification of gastrointestinal lesions. Lately, the potential of AI technology has been [...] Read more.
Artificial intelligence (AI) is assuming an increasingly important and central role in several medical fields. Its application in endoscopy provides a powerful tool supporting human experiences in the detection, characterization, and classification of gastrointestinal lesions. Lately, the potential of AI technology has been emerging in the field of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), where the current cornerstone is the treat-to-target strategy. A sensible and specific tool able to overcome human limitations, such as AI, could represent a great ally and guide precision medicine decisions. Here we reviewed the available literature on the endoscopic applications of AI in order to properly describe the current state-of-the-art and identify the research gaps in IBD at the dawn of 2022. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Evolution and New Horizons of Endoscopy in Inflammatory Bowel Diseases)
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16 pages, 2426 KiB  
Review
Colorectal Cancer Surveillance in Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Diseases: Chromoendoscopy or Non-Chromoendoscopy, That Is the Question
by Roberto Gabbiadini, Ferdinando D’Amico, Alessandro De Marco, Maria Terrin, Alessandra Zilli, Federica Furfaro, Mariangela Allocca, Gionata Fiorino and Silvio Danese
J. Clin. Med. 2022, 11(3), 509; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm11030509 - 20 Jan 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2801
Abstract
Subjects affected by ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease with colonic localization have an increased risk of colorectal cancer (CRC). Surveillance colonoscopy is recommended by international guidelines as it can detect early-stage CRC. Based on previous evidence, in 2015 the Surveillance for Colorectal Endoscopic [...] Read more.
Subjects affected by ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease with colonic localization have an increased risk of colorectal cancer (CRC). Surveillance colonoscopy is recommended by international guidelines as it can detect early-stage CRC. Based on previous evidence, in 2015 the Surveillance for Colorectal Endoscopic Neoplasia Detection and Management in Inflammatory Bowel Disease Patients International Consensus indicated dye chromoendoscopy (DCE) as the most effective technique for detecting dysplasia. However, advances in endoscopic technology such as high-definition colonoscopes and dye-less virtual chromoendoscopy (VCE) may change future practice. In this review, we summarize the available evidence on CRC surveillance in IBD, focusing on the emerging role of high-definition white light endoscopy (HD-WLE) and VCE over the standard DCE, and the current role of random biopsies. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Evolution and New Horizons of Endoscopy in Inflammatory Bowel Diseases)
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20 pages, 652 KiB  
Review
Cross-Sectional Imaging Instead of Colonoscopy in Inflammatory Bowel Diseases: Lights and Shadows
by Ludovico Alfarone, Arianna Dal Buono, Vincenzo Craviotto, Alessandra Zilli, Gionata Fiorino, Federica Furfaro, Ferdinando D’Amico, Silvio Danese and Mariangela Allocca
J. Clin. Med. 2022, 11(2), 353; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm11020353 - 12 Jan 2022
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2116
Abstract
International guidelines recommend a treat-to-target strategy with a close monitoring of disease activity and therapeutic response in inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). Colonoscopy (CS) represents the current first-line procedure for evaluating disease activity in IBD. However, as it is expensive, invasive and poorly accepted [...] Read more.
International guidelines recommend a treat-to-target strategy with a close monitoring of disease activity and therapeutic response in inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). Colonoscopy (CS) represents the current first-line procedure for evaluating disease activity in IBD. However, as it is expensive, invasive and poorly accepted by patients, CS is not appropriate for frequent and repetitive reassessments of disease activity. Recently, cross-sectional imaging techniques have been increasingly shown as reliable tools for assessing IBD activity. While computed tomography (CT) is hampered by radiation risks, routine implementation of magnetic resonance enterography (MRE) for close monitoring is limited by its costs, low availability and long examination time. Novel magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-based techniques, such as diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI), can overcome some of these weaknesses and have been shown as valuable options for IBD monitoring. Bowel ultrasound (BUS) is a noninvasive, highly available, cheap, and well accepted procedure that has been demonstrated to be as accurate as CS and MRE for assessing and monitoring disease activity in IBD. Furthermore, as BUS can be quickly performed at the point-of-care, it allows for real-time clinical decision making. This review summarizes the current evidence on the use of cross-sectional imaging techniques as cost-effective, noninvasive and reliable alternatives to CS for monitoring patients with IBD. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Evolution and New Horizons of Endoscopy in Inflammatory Bowel Diseases)
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