Journal of Clinical Medicine

Editorial

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2 pages, 165 KiB

Open AccessEditorial

Special Issue: Sleep Bruxism—The Controversial Sleep Movement Activity

by Mieszko Wieckiewicz and Efraim Winocur

J. Clin. Med. 2020, 9(3), 880; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9030880 - 23 Mar 2020

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2875

Abstract

According to the current approach [1], bruxism is considered as two different behaviours observed during sleep and wakefulness, respectively, and the single definition for bruxism has been replaced by two separate definitions: Sleep bruxism is a masticatory muscle activity during sleep that is [...] Read more.

According to the current approach [1], bruxism is considered as two different behaviours observed during sleep and wakefulness, respectively, and the single definition for bruxism has been replaced by two separate definitions: Sleep bruxism is a masticatory muscle activity during sleep that is characterised as rhythmic (phasic) or non-rhythmic (tonic) and is not a movement disorder or a sleep disorder in otherwise healthy individuals [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sleep Bruxism—The Controversial Sleep Movement Activity)

Research

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11 pages, 247 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Correlations between Sleep Bruxism and Temporomandibular Disorders

by Brigitte Ohlmann, Moritz Waldecker, Michael Leckel, Wolfgang Bömicke, Rouven Behnisch, Peter Rammelsberg and Marc Schmitter

J. Clin. Med. 2020, 9(2), 611; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9020611 - 24 Feb 2020

Cited by 44 | Viewed by 6480

Abstract

The aim of this study was to identify correlations between sleep bruxism (SB) and temporomandibular disorders (TMD) as diagnosed by means of the research diagnostic criteria for temporomandibular disorders (RDC/TMD). Sleep bruxism was diagnosed on the basis of I) validated questionnaires, II) clinical [...] Read more.

The aim of this study was to identify correlations between sleep bruxism (SB) and temporomandibular disorders (TMD) as diagnosed by means of the research diagnostic criteria for temporomandibular disorders (RDC/TMD). Sleep bruxism was diagnosed on the basis of I) validated questionnaires, II) clinical symptoms, and III) electromyographic/electrocardiographic data. A total of 110 subjects were included in the study. Fifty-eight patients were identified as bruxers and 52 as nonbruxers. A psychosocial assessment was also performed. An RDC/TMD group-I diagnosis (myofascial pain) was made for 10 out of 58 bruxers, whereas none of the nonbruxers received a diagnosis of this type. No significant differences were found between bruxers and nonbruxers with regard to RDC/TMD group-II (disc displacement) and group-III (arthralgia, arthritis, arthrosis) diagnoses. Somatization was significantly more common among bruxers than nonbruxers. Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that somatization was the only factor significantly correlated with the diagnosis of myofascial pain. The results of this study indicate a correlation between myofascial pain, as diagnosed using the RDC/TMD, and somatization. It seems that somatization is a stronger predictor of an RDC/TMD diagnosis of myofascial pain than sleep bruxism is. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sleep Bruxism—The Controversial Sleep Movement Activity)

8 pages, 242 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Pain Predictors in a Population of Temporomandibular Disorders Patients

by Magdalena Osiewicz, Frank Lobbezoo, Bartosz Ciapała, Jolanta Pytko-Polończyk and Daniele Manfredini

J. Clin. Med. 2020, 9(2), 452; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9020452 - 6 Feb 2020

Cited by 30 | Viewed by 3724

Abstract

The aim of the present study was to assess the potential role of some biological, psychological, and social factors to predict the presence of painful temporomandibular disorders (TMDs) in a TMD-patient population. The study sample consisted of 109 consecutive adult patients (81.7% females; [...] Read more.

The aim of the present study was to assess the potential role of some biological, psychological, and social factors to predict the presence of painful temporomandibular disorders (TMDs) in a TMD-patient population. The study sample consisted of 109 consecutive adult patients (81.7% females; mean age 33.2 ± 14.7 years) who were split into two groups based on Research Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders (RDC/TMD) diagnoses: painful TMD and non-painful TMD. The presence of pain was adopted as the depended variable to be identified by the following independent variables (i.e., predictors): age, gender, bruxism, tooth wear, chewing gum, nail biting, perceived stress level, chronic pain-related impairment (GCPS), depression (DEP), and somatization (SOM). Single-variable logistic regression analysis showed a significant relationship between TMD pain and DEP with an odds ratio of 2.9. Building up a multiple variable model did not contribute to increase the predictive value of a TMD pain model related to the presence of depression. Findings from the present study supported the existence of a relationship between pain and depression in painful TMD patients. In the future, study designs should be improved by the adoption of the best available assessment approaches for each factor. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sleep Bruxism—The Controversial Sleep Movement Activity)

10 pages, 1021 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Relationship between Sleep Bruxism Intensity and Renalase Concentration—An Enzyme Involved in Hypertension Development

by Helena Martynowicz, Mieszko Wieckiewicz, Rafal Poreba, Anna Wojakowska, Joanna Smardz, Lidia Januszewska, Iwona Markiewicz-Gorka, Grzegorz Mazur, Krystyna Pawlas and Pawel Gac

J. Clin. Med. 2020, 9(1), 16; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9010016 - 19 Dec 2019

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 2958

Abstract

Background and objectives: Renalase, a novel amine oxidase, is involved in the development of hypertension. Sleep bruxism (SB) is a sleep-related behavior characterized by rhythmic or non-rhythmic activity of the masticatory muscles, which leads to the mechanical wear of teeth, pain in the [...] Read more.

Background and objectives: Renalase, a novel amine oxidase, is involved in the development of hypertension. Sleep bruxism (SB) is a sleep-related behavior characterized by rhythmic or non-rhythmic activity of the masticatory muscles, which leads to the mechanical wear of teeth, pain in the masticatory muscles, and disturbed sleep. Recent studies indicate that SB plays a role in increased blood pressure. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the relationship between sleep bruxism intensity and renalase concentration, which may help in the future to elucidate the pathogenesis of hypertension and other cardiovascular disorders. Material and methods: SB was evaluated in 87 adult patients using single-night diagnostic polysomnography with video and audio recordings, and the episodes of bruxism were scored according to the standards of the American Academy of Sleep Medicine. The levels of serum renalase were measured in the patients using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kits. Results: SB (Bruxism Episode Index (BEI) ≥2) was diagnosed in 54% (n = 47) of the studied population, and the mean concentration of renalase was found to be decreased in the hypertensive group compared with the normotensive group (133.33 ± 160.71 vs 219.23 ± 220.58, p = 0.047). In addition, a linear negative correlation was observed between the renalase concentration and the body mass index (BMI) in the SB group (r = 0.38, p < 0.05) but not in controls. Thus, higher BEI and higher BMI were identified as factors independently associated with the lower concentration of renalase, but only in the group of patients which had a blood renalase concentration of >212.5 ng/mL. Conclusion: There exists an association between renalase concentration and SB intensity, and further studies are needed to clarify the role of renalase in the pathogenesis of hypertension and other cardiovascular disorders. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sleep Bruxism—The Controversial Sleep Movement Activity)

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17 pages, 1808 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Myorelaxant Effect of Transdermal Cannabidiol Application in Patients with TMD: A Randomized, Double-Blind Trial

by Aleksandra Nitecka-Buchta, Anna Nowak-Wachol, Kacper Wachol, Karolina Walczyńska-Dragon, Paweł Olczyk, Olgierd Batoryna, Wojciech Kempa and Stefan Baron

J. Clin. Med. 2019, 8(11), 1886; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm8111886 - 6 Nov 2019

Cited by 44 | Viewed by 27052

Abstract

(1) Background: The healing properties of cannabidiol (CBD) have been known for centuries. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the efficiency of the myorelaxant effect of CBD after the transdermal application in patients with myofascial pain. (2) Methods: The Polish version of [...] Read more.

(1) Background: The healing properties of cannabidiol (CBD) have been known for centuries. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the efficiency of the myorelaxant effect of CBD after the transdermal application in patients with myofascial pain. (2) Methods: The Polish version of the Research Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders (RDC/TMD Ia and Ib) was used. A total of 60 patients were enrolled in the study and were randomly divided into two groups: Group1 and Group2. The average age in Group1 was 23.2 years (SD) = 1.6 years) and in Group2, it was 22.6 years (SD = 1.86). This was a parallel and double-blind trial. Group1 received CBD formulation, whereas Group2 received placebo formulation for topical use. The masseter muscle activity was measured on days 0 and 14, with surface electromyography (sEMG) (Neurobit Optima 4, Neurobit System, Gdynia, Poland). Pain intensity in VAS (Visual Analogue Scale) was measured on days 0 and 14. (3) Results: in Group1, the sEMG masseter activity significantly decreased (11% in the right and 12.6% in the left masseter muscles). In Group2, the sEMG masseter activity was recorded as 0.23% in the right and 3.3% in the left masseter muscles. Pain intensity in VAS scale was significantly decreased in Group1: 70.2% compared to Group2: 9.81% reduction. Patients were asked to apply formulation twice a day for a period of 14 days. (4) Conclusion: The application of CBD formulation over masseter muscle reduced the activity of masseter muscles and improved the condition of masticatory muscles in patients with myofascial pain. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sleep Bruxism—The Controversial Sleep Movement Activity)

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10 pages, 972 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Relationship between Sleep Bruxism and Obstructive Sleep Apnea Based on Polysomnographic Findings

by Helena Martynowicz, Pawel Gac, Anna Brzecka, Rafal Poreba, Anna Wojakowska, Grzegorz Mazur, Joanna Smardz and Mieszko Wieckiewicz

J. Clin. Med. 2019, 8(10), 1653; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm8101653 - 11 Oct 2019

Cited by 81 | Viewed by 9144

Abstract

Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is the most common sleep disorder. Sleep bruxism (SB) is a masticatory muscle activity during sleep that commonly co-occurs with OSA. The presented study aimed to assess this relationship and to identify factors affecting this co-occurrence. Adult patients ( [...] Read more.

Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is the most common sleep disorder. Sleep bruxism (SB) is a masticatory muscle activity during sleep that commonly co-occurs with OSA. The presented study aimed to assess this relationship and to identify factors affecting this co-occurrence. Adult patients (n = 110) were evaluated for OSA and SB in a sleep laboratory using polysomnography. The episodes of bruxism and respiratory events were scored according to the standards of the American Academy of Sleep Medicine. The prevalence of OSA and SB was found to be 86.37% and 50%, respectively. The bruxism episode index (BEI) was increased in the group with mild and moderate OSA (apnea–hypopnea index (AHI) <30) compared to that in the group with severe OSA (AHI ≥ 30) (5.50 ± 4.58 vs. 1.62 ± 1.28, p < 0.05). A positive correlation between AHI and BEI was observed in the group with AHI < 30. Regression analysis indicated that higher AHI, male gender, and diabetes were independent predictors for the increased BEI in group with AHI < 30. The relationship between OSA and SB depends on the degree of severity of OSA. OSA is correlated with SB in mild and moderate cases of OSA in the group of patients with increased risk of OSA. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sleep Bruxism—The Controversial Sleep Movement Activity)

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10 pages, 1322 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Correlation between Sleep Bruxism, Stress, and Depression—A Polysomnographic Study

by Joanna Smardz, Helena Martynowicz, Anna Wojakowska, Monika Michalek-Zrabkowska, Grzegorz Mazur and Mieszko Wieckiewicz

J. Clin. Med. 2019, 8(9), 1344; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm8091344 - 29 Aug 2019

Cited by 47 | Viewed by 9615

Abstract

Background and objectives: Sleep bruxism is a common phenomenon that can affect approximately 13% of adult population. It is estimated that bruxism can be caused by three types of factors: biological, psychological, and exogenous. There are many scientific reports about the coexistence of [...] Read more.

Background and objectives: Sleep bruxism is a common phenomenon that can affect approximately 13% of adult population. It is estimated that bruxism can be caused by three types of factors: biological, psychological, and exogenous. There are many scientific reports about the coexistence of bruxism, stress, and psychoemotional disorders. The aim of this study is to evaluate the possible correlation between occurrence of sleep bruxism and perceived stress and depressive symptoms. Material and methods: The material of this study consisted of 77 patients of Clinic of Prosthetic Dentistry operating at the Department of Prosthetic Dentistry, Wroclaw Medical University, Poland in which after using guidelines of the American Academy of Sleep Medicine probable sleep bruxism was fund. Patients then underwent video-polysomnography. Exposure to perceived stress was evaluated with Perceived Stress Scale-10 (PSS-10). Occurrence of depressive symptoms was evaluated with Beck’s Depression Inventory (BDI). Results: The analysis showed lack of statistically significant correlation between Bruxism Episodes Index (BEI) and Perceived Stress Scale–10 and Beck’s Depression Inventory scores (p = 0.64, p = 0.65; respectively), also when comparing study group (bruxers) and control group (non-bruxers) (p = 0.88, p = 0.77; respectively). Conclusion: Intensity of sleep bruxism was not statistically significantly correlated with self-reported perceived stress and depression. This issue requires further research. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sleep Bruxism—The Controversial Sleep Movement Activity)

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15 pages, 408 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Bruxoff Device as a Screening Method for Sleep Bruxism in Dental Practice

by Klara Saczuk, Barbara Lapinska, Paulina Wilmont, Lukasz Pawlak and Monika Lukomska-Szymanska

J. Clin. Med. 2019, 8(7), 930; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm8070930 - 28 Jun 2019

Cited by 25 | Viewed by 5436

Abstract

Sleep bruxism (SB) is a masticatory muscle activity during sleep and a common phenomenon. Severe SB can have a serious impact on the success of dental treatment. Reliable methods of screening and diagnosing patients with SB are crucial. Therefore, in this study, a [...] Read more.

Sleep bruxism (SB) is a masticatory muscle activity during sleep and a common phenomenon. Severe SB can have a serious impact on the success of dental treatment. Reliable methods of screening and diagnosing patients with SB are crucial. Therefore, in this study, a Bruxoff device as a potential screening and diagnostic method for sleep bruxism was evaluated. A total of 60 adults participated in this study: 35 patients with symptoms of bruxism (study group) and 25 asymptomatic patients (control group). Data were recorded using Bruxoff. All symptomatic patients participating in the study turned out to be bruxers, while not all asymptomatic patients turned out to be non-bruxers according to the Bruxoff device. Bruxoff is a simple screening device that can be safely used to evaluate masseter muscle activity during sleep. Since the device does not have a built-in microphone and/or video camera and, therefore, cannot record grinding sounds, the objective capabilities of Bruxoff as a single diagnostic device for sleep bruxism are limited. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sleep Bruxism—The Controversial Sleep Movement Activity)

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8 pages, 223 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Prevalence of Function-Dependent Temporomandibular Joint and Masticatory Muscle Pain, and Predictors of Temporomandibular Disorders among Patients with Lyme Disease

by Magdalena Osiewicz, Daniele Manfredini, Grażyna Biesiada, Jacek Czepiel, Aleksander Garlicki, Ghizlane Aarab, Jolanta Pytko-Polończyk and Frank Lobbezoo

J. Clin. Med. 2019, 8(7), 929; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm8070929 - 28 Jun 2019

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 3750

Abstract

The aim was to determine the occurrence of temporomandibular disorders (TMDs) in patients with Lyme disease (LD), and to estimate the contribution of factors that may identify TMD among LD patients. In seventy-six (N = 76) adult patients with LD (mean age [...] Read more.

The aim was to determine the occurrence of temporomandibular disorders (TMDs) in patients with Lyme disease (LD), and to estimate the contribution of factors that may identify TMD among LD patients. In seventy-six (N = 76) adult patients with LD (mean age 57.6 ± 14.6 years) and 54 healthy non-Lyme volunteers with a mean age of 56.4 ± 13.5 years, possible function (i.e., non-pain) diagnoses were established using the Research Diagnostic Criteria of Temporomandibular Disorders (RDC/TMD). Pain diagnoses were established by means of the function-dependent dynamic and static tests. The two groups did not significantly differ in the frequency of disc displacements diagnoses and function-dependent pain diagnoses. LD showed a significantly higher frequency (p < 0.001) of osteoarthrosis than the control group. For the prediction of pain diagnoses in LD patients, the single regression analyses pointed out an association with age, sleep bruxism (SB), and awake bruxism (AB). Two predictors (i.e., SB (p = 0.002) and AB (p = 0.017)) were statistically significant in the final multiple variable model. The frequency of TMD in patients with LD based on function-dependent tests was not significantly different from that in the control group. This investigation suggests that the contribution of bruxism to the differentiation between patients with Lyme and TMD is high. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sleep Bruxism—The Controversial Sleep Movement Activity)

20 pages, 2844 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Origanum majorana Essential Oil Inhalation during Neurofeedback Training Reduces Saliva Myeloperoxidase Activity at Session-1 in Bruxistic Patients

by José Joaquín Merino, José María Parmigiani-Izquierdo, María Elvira López-Oliva and María Eugenia Cabaña-Muñoz

J. Clin. Med. 2019, 8(2), 158; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm8020158 - 31 Jan 2019

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 4605

Abstract

Introduction: Bruxism affects teeth and provokes sleep alterations. We evaluated whether saliva Myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity could be reduced after 21 neurofeedback training (NO) sessions in Origanum majorana (AE) bruxistic-treated patients (n = 12 patients, 120 saliva samples). The term divergence [...] Read more.

Introduction: Bruxism affects teeth and provokes sleep alterations. We evaluated whether saliva Myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity could be reduced after 21 neurofeedback training (NO) sessions in Origanum majorana (AE) bruxistic-treated patients (n = 12 patients, 120 saliva samples). The term divergence evaluates cerebral activity, which was compared between bruxistic patients with/without this essential oil exposure during 21 NO training sessions (n = 12, n = 120 saliva samples). The nasal filter used allow us to vehiculizate this Origanum majorana essential oil in patients. MPO activity was measured in six training NO sessions (Session S1, 6, 12, 18, 21). We included a total of 104 patients and 500 saliva samples. Results: there was a fast reduction in MPO activity after NO session-1 in bruxistic patients; divergence (an index of NO training brain efficacy) is the difference in cerebral activity found between pre-training and post-training levels. Thus, Divergence can fluctuate during NO training before reaching a final calm state after many sessions (21). Repeated NO training lead to habituation in so far as cerebral activity as well as MPO activity after 21 training sessions. Origanum majorana essential oil modulates cerebral activity at certain training sessions in bruxistic patients. Stress levels were reduced on the perceived stress scores (PSS: Cohen Scale) after 21 NO sessions than for those bruxistic without NO training sessions. Conclusions: MPO activity could predict stress level in bruxistic patients and repeated NO reduced their stress level; Origanum majorana essential oil enhanced these anxiolytic effects. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sleep Bruxism—The Controversial Sleep Movement Activity)

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12 pages, 949 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Associations among Bruxism, Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease, and Tooth Wear

by Yuanyuan Li, Fan Yu, Lina Niu, Wei Hu, Yong Long, Franklin R. Tay and Jihua Chen

J. Clin. Med. 2018, 7(11), 417; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm7110417 - 6 Nov 2018

Cited by 41 | Viewed by 8409

Abstract

The relationship between bruxism and tooth wear is contentious in the literature. The pathophysiological processes of tooth wear may be complicated by the relationship between bruxism and gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). The objective of this study was to evaluate the associations among bruxism, [...] Read more.

The relationship between bruxism and tooth wear is contentious in the literature. The pathophysiological processes of tooth wear may be complicated by the relationship between bruxism and gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). The objective of this study was to evaluate the associations among bruxism, GERD, and tooth wear. Two complementary studies were performed: a case-control study to verify the linkage between GERD and bruxism and a cross-sectional study on the same cohort to establish the connection between GERD and tooth wear in bruxism patients. A cohort of 363 consecutive bruxism patients and 363 matched control participants were recruited. Gastroesophageal reflux disease was diagnosed in accordance with the Montreal criteria. Tooth wear was scored based on the index recommended by Smith and Knight. Logistic regression analyses were performed. After adjustment, GERD was identified as a risk factor of bruxism. Bruxism with reflux symptoms for extensive time-periods was associated with severe tooth wear for the whole dentition (odds ratio, 4.70, 95% confidence interval, 2.04–10.83). Increased odds ratios for severe tooth wear were also found in all tooth locations and palatal/lingual and occlusal/incisal surfaces of bruxism patients with GERD for extensive time-periods. In conclusion, strong associations were identified among bruxism, GERD, and tooth wear. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sleep Bruxism—The Controversial Sleep Movement Activity)

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9 pages, 237 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluation of Intensity of Sleep Bruxism in Arterial Hypertension

by Helena Martynowicz, Pawel Dymczyk, Marzena Dominiak, Klaudia Kazubowska, Robert Skomro, Rafal Poreba, Paweł Gac, Anna Wojakowska, Grzegorz Mazur and Mieszko Wieckiewicz

J. Clin. Med. 2018, 7(10), 327; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm7100327 - 5 Oct 2018

Cited by 33 | Viewed by 3871

Abstract

Sleep bruxism (SB) is a masticatory muscle activity during sleep that is characterized as rhythmic (phasic) or non-rhythmic (tonic). The recent hypothesis on the etiology of SB supports the role of the central and autonomic nervous systems. Therefore, in this study, we aimed [...] Read more.

Sleep bruxism (SB) is a masticatory muscle activity during sleep that is characterized as rhythmic (phasic) or non-rhythmic (tonic). The recent hypothesis on the etiology of SB supports the role of the central and autonomic nervous systems. Therefore, in this study, we aimed to assess the intensity of SB in patients with arterial hypertension. A total of 70 adults participated in this study: 35 patients with hypertension (study group) and 35 normotensive subjects (control group). Data were recorded using home portable cardiorespiratory polygraphy. The bruxism episode index (BEI) in the study group was found to be significantly higher compared to the control group (3.4 ± 3.25 vs. 2.35 ± 2.29, p = 0.04). Hypertension, higher body mass index (BMI), lower values of mean oxygen saturation (SpO₂), and a higher percentage of SpO₂ < 90% constituted independent risk factors for increased BEI. These results suggest the need for special oral care in hypertensive patients, patients with higher BMI, lower values of SpO₂ and a higher percentage of SpO₂ < 90%. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sleep Bruxism—The Controversial Sleep Movement Activity)

Review

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11 pages, 521 KiB

Open AccessReview

Evaluation of Biofeedback Usefulness in Masticatory Muscle Activity Management—A Systematic Review

by Wojciech Florjanski, Andrzej Malysa, Sylwia Orzeszek, Joanna Smardz, Anna Olchowy, Anna Paradowska-Stolarz and Mieszko Wieckiewicz

J. Clin. Med. 2019, 8(6), 766; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm8060766 - 30 May 2019

Cited by 39 | Viewed by 4741

Abstract

Temporomandibular disorders (TMD) have multifactorial and complex etiology. Regardless of their etiology, all those conditions may result in centrally mediated chronic muscle pain, myalgia, myofascial pain, myofibrotic contracture, myosistis, myospasm, headache and a variety of neck, shoulder, upper back and lower back pain. [...] Read more.

Temporomandibular disorders (TMD) have multifactorial and complex etiology. Regardless of their etiology, all those conditions may result in centrally mediated chronic muscle pain, myalgia, myofascial pain, myofibrotic contracture, myosistis, myospasm, headache and a variety of neck, shoulder, upper back and lower back pain. Biofeedback (BF) is one of methods that has been used for more than 50 years in rehabilitation to facilitate normal movement patterns after injuries. Some studies suggest that biofeedback may be an effective treatment option for patients with different muscle disorders. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficiency of biofeedback in masticatory muscle activity management in the light of current medical literature. The authors followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines for this systematic review. The authors searched the MEDLINE, Scopus, Web of Science, CINAHL databases to identify relevant publications. Finally 10 papers were included. Most of the selected studies showed a significant correlation between biofeedback usage and reduction of masticatory muscle activity. By analyzing qualified studies, it can be concluded that biofeedback can be an effective tool in masticatory muscle activity management. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sleep Bruxism—The Controversial Sleep Movement Activity)

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11 pages, 918 KiB

Open AccessReview

The Co-Occurrence of Sexsomnia, Sleep Bruxism and Other Sleep Disorders

by Helena Martynowicz, Joanna Smardz, Tomasz Wieczorek, Grzegorz Mazur, Rafal Poreba, Robert Skomro, Marek Zietek, Anna Wojakowska, Monika Michalek and Mieszko Wieckiewicz

J. Clin. Med. 2018, 7(9), 233; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm7090233 - 23 Aug 2018

Cited by 22 | Viewed by 10926

Abstract

Background: Sleep sex also known as sexsomnia or somnambulistic sexual behavior is proposed to be classified as NREM (non-rapid eye movement) parasomnia (as a clinical subtype of disorders of arousal from NREM sleep—primarily confusional arousals or less commonly sleepwalking), but it has also [...] Read more.

Background: Sleep sex also known as sexsomnia or somnambulistic sexual behavior is proposed to be classified as NREM (non-rapid eye movement) parasomnia (as a clinical subtype of disorders of arousal from NREM sleep—primarily confusional arousals or less commonly sleepwalking), but it has also been described in relation to REM (rapid eye movement) parasomnias. Methods: The authors searched the PubMed database to identify relevant publications and present the co-occurrence of sexsomnia and other sleep disorders as a non-systematic review with case series. Results: In the available literature the comorbidity of sexsomnia and other sleep disorders were reported mainly in case reports and less in case series. Sexsomnia was reported both with one and with multiple sleep-related disorders, with NREM parasomnias and obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) being the most commonly reported. Furthermore, the authors enrich the article with new findings concerning two novel cases of sleep bruxism triggering recurrent sexsomnia episodes. Conclusions: Sexsomnia has still not been reported in the literature as often as other parasomnias. The coexistence of sexsomnia and other sleep-related disorders should be more thoroughly examined. This could help both in sexsomnia as well as other sleep-related disorders management. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sleep Bruxism—The Controversial Sleep Movement Activity)

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