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3D Printing of Biomaterials
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3D Printing of Biomaterials

A special issue of Journal of Functional Biomaterials (ISSN 2079-4983).

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 May 2018) | Viewed by 83136

Special Issue Editor

Prof. Dr. Daniël Wismeijer

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam, Department of Oral Function and Restorative Dentistry, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Three-dimensional printing, rapid prototyping, layered manufacturing and additive manufacturing are all terms used to describe direct manufacturing, building layer-by-layer, of digital information, defined in STL (standard tessellation language) of a CAD (computer aided design) file. A pre-designed object can, thus, be realized by a printing machine that builds it up by positioning layers of material on top of each other. Using this CAM (computer aided manufacturing) technology, virtual designs can be converted into functional parts.

This technology can also be used to print biologically-inert biomaterials; one can think of scaffolds that can be used in bone regeneration. Depending on the technology used in the CAM process, growth factors or other proteins can be incorporated into a material. Calcium phosphate scaffolds can be 3D printed and used in bone-augmentation procedures with appropriate shapes and sizes to facilitate bone growth in a desired morphology. One can produce complex biomedical patient-specific devices designed and tailored to the patient’s specific anatomy.

One can also think of patient-specific drug-delivery devices that can be custom-designed and 3D-manufactured to deliver medication in the direct vicinity where it is required.

Even the regeneration of more complex biological tissues, such muscles and nerves, and even the regeneration of organs, have been described.

Many 3D-printing technologies have been described and used in the 3D printing of biomaterials. SLA (selective laser sintering) fused deposition modeling stereo lithography, 3D plotting and bio printing are only a few.

The focus of this Special Issue is to provide a forum for original research articles, as well as critical reviews related to the progress that has been made in this field during the last decade, illustrating where we are at this time, expanding on results, newest advances, regulatory issues, and near future possibilities, as well as the limitations of this technology, as used in regenerative medicine.

Prof. Dr. Daniël Wismeijer
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Journal of Functional Biomaterials is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2700 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • 3D printing

  • Drug delivery

  • calcium phosphate scaffolds

  • rapid prototyping

  • CAD/CAM

  • Bio printing

  • bone regeneration

  • tissue regeneration

  • protein incorporation

  • 3D printable biomaterials

  • Cell printing

  • tissue engineering

  • regulatory issues

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Published Papers (5 papers)

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Research

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18 pages, 9231 KiB  
Article
Tissue Engineering Scaffolds Fabricated in Dissolvable 3D-Printed Molds for Patient-Specific Craniofacial Bone Regeneration
by Angela Alarcon De la Lastra, Katherine R. Hixon, Lavanya Aryan, Amanda N. Banks, Alexander Y. Lin, Andrew F. Hall and Scott A. Sell
J. Funct. Biomater. 2018, 9(3), 46; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb9030046 - 24 Jul 2018
Cited by 18 | Viewed by 7425
Abstract
The current gold standard treatment for oral clefts is autologous bone grafting. This treatment, however, presents another wound site for the patient, greater discomfort, and pediatric patients have less bone mass for bone grafting. A potential alternative treatment is the use of tissue [...] Read more.
The current gold standard treatment for oral clefts is autologous bone grafting. This treatment, however, presents another wound site for the patient, greater discomfort, and pediatric patients have less bone mass for bone grafting. A potential alternative treatment is the use of tissue engineered scaffolds. Hydrogels are well characterized nanoporous scaffolds and cryogels are mechanically durable, macroporous, sponge-like scaffolds. However, there has been limited research on these scaffolds for cleft craniofacial defects. 3D-printed molds can be combined with cryogel/hydrogel fabrication to create patient-specific tissue engineered scaffolds. By combining 3D-printing technology and scaffold fabrication, we were able to create scaffolds with the geometry of three cleft craniofacial defects. The scaffolds were then characterized to assess the effect of the mold on their physical properties. While the scaffolds were able to completely fill the mold, creating the desired geometry, the overall volumes were smaller than expected. The cryogels possessed porosities ranging from 79.7% to 87.2% and high interconnectivity. Additionally, the cryogels swelled from 400% to almost 1500% of their original dry weight while the hydrogel swelling did not reach 500%, demonstrating the ability to fill a defect site. Overall, despite the complex geometry, the cryogel scaffolds displayed ideal properties for bone reconstruction. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue 3D Printing of Biomaterials)
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14 pages, 10312 KiB  
Article
Implementation of Industrial Additive Manufacturing: Intelligent Implants and Drug Delivery Systems
by Jan Sher Akmal, Mika Salmi, Antti Mäkitie, Roy Björkstrand and Jouni Partanen
J. Funct. Biomater. 2018, 9(3), 41; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb9030041 - 29 Jun 2018
Cited by 49 | Viewed by 10524
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to demonstrate the ability of additive manufacturing, also known as 3D printing, to produce effective drug delivery devices and implants that are both identifiable, as well as traceable. Drug delivery devices can potentially be used for drug [...] Read more.
The purpose of this study is to demonstrate the ability of additive manufacturing, also known as 3D printing, to produce effective drug delivery devices and implants that are both identifiable, as well as traceable. Drug delivery devices can potentially be used for drug release in the direct vicinity of target tissues or the selected medication route in a patient-specific manner as required. The identification and traceability of additively manufactured implants can be administered through radiofrequency identification systems. The focus of this study is to explore how embedded medication and sensors can be added in different additive manufacturing processes. The concept is extended to biomaterials with the help of the literature. As a result of this study, a patient-specific drug delivery device can be custom-designed and additively manufactured in the form of an implant that can identify, trace, and dispense a drug to the vicinity of a selected target tissue as a patient-specific function of time for bodily treatment and restoration. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue 3D Printing of Biomaterials)
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Review

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14 pages, 383 KiB  
Review
Recent Advances in Biomaterials for 3D Printing and Tissue Engineering
by Udayabhanu Jammalamadaka and Karthik Tappa
J. Funct. Biomater. 2018, 9(1), 22; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb9010022 - 1 Mar 2018
Cited by 412 | Viewed by 28208
Abstract
Three-dimensional printing has significant potential as a fabrication method in creating scaffolds for tissue engineering. The applications of 3D printing in the field of regenerative medicine and tissue engineering are limited by the variety of biomaterials that can be used in this technology. [...] Read more.
Three-dimensional printing has significant potential as a fabrication method in creating scaffolds for tissue engineering. The applications of 3D printing in the field of regenerative medicine and tissue engineering are limited by the variety of biomaterials that can be used in this technology. Many researchers have developed novel biomaterials and compositions to enable their use in 3D printing methods. The advantages of fabricating scaffolds using 3D printing are numerous, including the ability to create complex geometries, porosities, co-culture of multiple cells, and incorporate growth factors. In this review, recently-developed biomaterials for different tissues are discussed. Biomaterials used in 3D printing are categorized into ceramics, polymers, and composites. Due to the nature of 3D printing methods, most of the ceramics are combined with polymers to enhance their printability. Polymer-based biomaterials are 3D printed mostly using extrusion-based printing and have a broader range of applications in regenerative medicine. The goal of tissue engineering is to fabricate functional and viable organs and, to achieve this, multiple biomaterials and fabrication methods need to be researched. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue 3D Printing of Biomaterials)
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16 pages, 7198 KiB  
Review
Novel Biomaterials Used in Medical 3D Printing Techniques
by Karthik Tappa and Udayabhanu Jammalamadaka
J. Funct. Biomater. 2018, 9(1), 17; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb9010017 - 7 Feb 2018
Cited by 337 | Viewed by 27788
Abstract
The success of an implant depends on the type of biomaterial used for its fabrication. An ideal implant material should be biocompatible, inert, mechanically durable, and easily moldable. The ability to build patient specific implants incorporated with bioactive drugs, cells, and proteins has [...] Read more.
The success of an implant depends on the type of biomaterial used for its fabrication. An ideal implant material should be biocompatible, inert, mechanically durable, and easily moldable. The ability to build patient specific implants incorporated with bioactive drugs, cells, and proteins has made 3D printing technology revolutionary in medical and pharmaceutical fields. A vast variety of biomaterials are currently being used in medical 3D printing, including metals, ceramics, polymers, and composites. With continuous research and progress in biomaterials used in 3D printing, there has been a rapid growth in applications of 3D printing in manufacturing customized implants, prostheses, drug delivery devices, and 3D scaffolds for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. The current review focuses on the novel biomaterials used in variety of 3D printing technologies for clinical applications. Most common types of medical 3D printing technologies, including fused deposition modeling, extrusion based bioprinting, inkjet, and polyjet printing techniques, their clinical applications, different types of biomaterials currently used by researchers, and key limitations are discussed in detail. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue 3D Printing of Biomaterials)
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Other

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9 pages, 1529 KiB  
Technical Note
The 3D Printing of Calcium Phosphate with K-Carrageenan under Conditions Permitting the Incorporation of Biological Components—A Method
by Cindy Kelder, Astrid Diana Bakker, Jenneke Klein-Nulend and Daniël Wismeijer
J. Funct. Biomater. 2018, 9(4), 57; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb9040057 - 17 Oct 2018
Cited by 23 | Viewed by 8203
Abstract
Critical-size bone defects are a common clinical problem. The golden standard to treat these defects is autologous bone grafting. Besides the limitations of availability and co-morbidity, autografts have to be manually adapted to fit in the defect, which might result in a sub-optimal [...] Read more.
Critical-size bone defects are a common clinical problem. The golden standard to treat these defects is autologous bone grafting. Besides the limitations of availability and co-morbidity, autografts have to be manually adapted to fit in the defect, which might result in a sub-optimal fit and impaired healing. Scaffolds with precise dimensions can be created using 3-dimensional (3D) printing, enabling the production of patient-specific, ‘tailor-made’ bone substitutes with an exact fit. Calcium phosphate (CaP) is a popular material for bone tissue engineering due to its biocompatibility, osteoconductivity, and biodegradable properties. To enhance bone formation, a bioactive 3D-printed CaP scaffold can be created by combining the printed CaP scaffold with biological components such as growth factors and cytokines, e.g., vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2), and interleukin-6 (IL-6). However, the 3D-printing of CaP with a biological component is challenging since production techniques often use high temperatures or aggressive chemicals, which hinders/inactivates the bioactivity of the incorporated biological components. Therefore, in our laboratory, we routinely perform extrusion-based 3D-printing with a biological binder at room temperature to create porous scaffolds for bone healing. In this method paper, we describe in detail a 3D-printing procedure for CaP paste with K-carrageenan as a biological binder. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue 3D Printing of Biomaterials)
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