Journal of Functional Biomaterials

18 pages, 26935 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Recombinant Humanized Collagen Enhances Secreted Protein Levels of Fibroblasts and Facilitates Rats’ Skin Basement Membrane Reinforcement

by Shijia Ye, Boyu Chen, Lakshmi Jeevithan, Haoze Yang, Yaqi Kong, Xiaozhen Diao and Wenhui Wu

J. Funct. Biomater. 2025, 16(2), 47; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb16020047 (registering DOI) - 1 Feb 2025

Abstract

Collagen and its peptides exhibit remarkable antioxidant activity, superior biocompatibility, and water solubility, making them a significant research focus in skin care. Hence, the recombinant humanized collagen types I, III, and XVII complexed with niacinamide were developed to address damage in human foreskin [...] Read more.

Collagen and its peptides exhibit remarkable antioxidant activity, superior biocompatibility, and water solubility, making them a significant research focus in skin care. Hence, the recombinant humanized collagen types I, III, and XVII complexed with niacinamide were developed to address damage in human foreskin fibroblasts (HFF-1) caused by ultraviolet radiation and to evaluate basement membrane proteins in a rat skin model. The Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) assay showed that higher concentrations of the complex increased the survival of damaged cells by approximately 10% and 22%, respectively, compared to the normal group after 16 and 48 h of treatment. Further biochemical analyses using ELISA and immunofluorescence (IF) confirmed that the complex enhanced the expression of collagen type IV, laminin, P63, and transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) in the damaged cells. Additionally, the complex boosted the activity of the basement membrane in rat skin and stimulated the secretion of integrin, laminin, and perlecan. Overall, the recombinant humanized collagen complex effectively reinforced the skin’s basement membrane. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Biomaterials for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine)

38 pages, 3106 KiB

Open AccessReview

Exploring the Properties and Indications of Chairside CAD/CAM Materials in Restorative Dentistry

by Codruţa-Eliza Ille, Anca Jivănescu, Daniel Pop, Eniko Tunde Stoica, Razvan Flueras, Ioana-Cristina Talpoş-Niculescu, Raluca Mioara Cosoroabă, Ramona-Amina Popovici and Iustin Olariu

J. Funct. Biomater. 2025, 16(2), 46; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb16020046 (registering DOI) - 1 Feb 2025

Abstract

The present review provides an up-to-date overview of chairside CAD/CAM materials used in restorative dentistry, focusing on their classification, properties, and clinical applications. If CAD/CAM technology was only an aspiration in the past, a higher proportion of clinics are employing it nowadays. The [...] Read more.

The present review provides an up-to-date overview of chairside CAD/CAM materials used in restorative dentistry, focusing on their classification, properties, and clinical applications. If CAD/CAM technology was only an aspiration in the past, a higher proportion of clinics are employing it nowadays. The market is overflowing with biomaterials, and these materials are constantly evolving, making it challenging for practitioners to choose the most appropriate one, especially in correlation with patients’ medical diseases. The evolution of CAD/CAM technology has revolutionized dental practice, enabling the efficient fabrication of high-quality restorations in a single appointment. The main categories of chairside CAD/CAM materials include feldspathic ceramics, leucite-reinforced ceramics, lithium disilicate, zirconia, hybrid ceramics, and acrylic resins. The mechanical, physical, and aesthetic properties of these materials are discussed, along with their advantages and limitations for different clinical scenarios. Factors influencing material selection, such as strength, aesthetics, and ease of use, are also assessed. Ultimately, the guiding principle of dentistry is minimally invasive treatment following the particularity of the clinical case to obtain the envisioned result. Correlating all these factors, a simple, up-to-date classification is required to begin an individualized treatment. By synthesizing current evidence, this comprehensive review aims to guide clinicians in selecting appropriate chairside CAD/CAM materials to achieve optimal functional and aesthetic outcomes in restorative procedures. The integration of digital workflows and continued development of novel materials promise to further enhance the capabilities of chairside CAD/CAM systems in modern dental practice. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue State-of-the-Art Dental Adhesives and Restorative Composites)

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18 pages, 1206 KiB

Open AccessReview

Recent Advancements in Chitosan-Based Biomaterials for Wound Healing

by Jahnavi Shah, Dhruv Patel, Dnyaneshwari Rananavare, Dev Hudson, Maxwell Tran, Rene Schloss, Noshir Langrana, Francois Berthiaume and Suneel Kumar

J. Funct. Biomater. 2025, 16(2), 45; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb16020045 - 30 Jan 2025

Abstract

Chitosan is a positively charged natural polymer with several properties conducive to wound-healing applications, such as biodegradability, structural integrity, hydrophilicity, adhesiveness to tissue, and bacteriostatic potential. Along with other mechanical properties, some of the properties discussed in this review are antibacterial properties, mucoadhesive [...] Read more.

Chitosan is a positively charged natural polymer with several properties conducive to wound-healing applications, such as biodegradability, structural integrity, hydrophilicity, adhesiveness to tissue, and bacteriostatic potential. Along with other mechanical properties, some of the properties discussed in this review are antibacterial properties, mucoadhesive properties, biocompatibility, high fluid absorption capacity, and anti-inflammatory response. Chitosan forms stable complexes with oppositely charged polymers, arising from electrostatic interactions between (+) amino groups of chitosan and (−) groups of other polymers. These polyelectrolyte complexes (PECs) can be manufactured using various materials and methods, which brings a diversity of formulations and properties that can be optimized for specific wound healing as well as other applications. For example, chitosan-based PEC can be made into dressings/films, hydrogels, and membranes. There are various pros and cons associated with manufacturing the dressings; for instance, a layer-by-layer casting technique can optimize the nanoparticle release and affect the mechanical strength due to the formation of a heterostructure. Furthermore, chitosan’s molecular weight and degree of deacetylation, as well as the nature of the negatively charged biomaterial with which it is cross-linked, are major factors that govern the mechanical properties and biodegradation kinetics of the PEC dressing. The use of chitosan in wound care products is forecasted to drive the growth of the global chitosan market, which is expected to increase by approximately 14.3% within the next decade. This growth is driven by products such as chitoderm-containing ointments, which provide scaffolding for skin cell regeneration. Despite significant advancements, there remains a critical gap in translating chitosan-based biomaterials from research to clinical applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Functional Biomaterials for Skin Wound Healing)

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10 pages, 1784 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Impact of Strength Parameters and Material Structure of Bone Plates on Displacement of Bone Fragments in the Injured Area

by Arkadiusz Szarek, Grzegorz Golański, Zbigniew Bałaga, Marcin Godzierz and Mariusz Radecki

J. Funct. Biomater. 2025, 16(2), 44; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb16020044 - 29 Jan 2025

Abstract

The study is a metallographic analysis of commercial bone plates used for stabilizing long bones. The plates examined were delivered to the hospital in different years, and the course of treatment of patients with similar goniometric and anthropometric parameters varied dramatically. To determine [...] Read more.

The study is a metallographic analysis of commercial bone plates used for stabilizing long bones. The plates examined were delivered to the hospital in different years, and the course of treatment of patients with similar goniometric and anthropometric parameters varied dramatically. To determine the characteristics of displacement of bony fragments in the area of the simulated fracture and relate it to the strength parameters of the bone plate, experimental tests were carried out on composite femurs loaded according to the biomechanical loading model at known values of forces acting on the femoral head. In order to assess the influence of material parameters of the plate on the biomechanics of the bone–bone plate system, microstructural and strength tests were performed, i.e., three-point bending tests, chemical composition and hardness assessments, as well as evaluation of the state of internal stresses in the tested materials. The research conducted allowed us to develop guidelines for companies producing bone fixations and orthopedic surgeons who use bone plates to stabilize bones after mechanical trauma, allowing the plates to be tailored to individual patient characteristics. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomaterials in Bone Reconstruction)

19 pages, 3130 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Development and Characterization of a Gelatin-Based Photoactive Hydrogel for Biomedical Application

by Antanas Straksys, Adei Abouhagger, Monika Kirsnytė-Šniokė, Tatjana Kavleiskaja, Arunas Stirke and Wanessa C. M. A. Melo

J. Funct. Biomater. 2025, 16(2), 43; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb16020043 - 29 Jan 2025

Abstract

Photoactive hydrogels facilitate light-triggered photochemical processes, positioning them as innovative solutions in biomedical applications, especially in antimicrobial photodynamic therapy. This study presents a novel methylene blue-based photoactive hydrogel designed as a topical gel solution to overcome the limitations of traditional pad-based systems by [...] Read more.

Photoactive hydrogels facilitate light-triggered photochemical processes, positioning them as innovative solutions in biomedical applications, especially in antimicrobial photodynamic therapy. This study presents a novel methylene blue-based photoactive hydrogel designed as a topical gel solution to overcome the limitations of traditional pad-based systems by offering enhanced adaptability to irregular wound surfaces, uniform photosensitizer distribution, and deeper therapeutic light penetration. This study investigated the development of hydrogels by cross-linking gelatin with glutaraldehyde (GA) and incorporating methylene blue (MB) to investigate the effects of cross-linking density, network structure, and small molecule inclusion on hydrogel properties. The results showed that while glutaraldehyde concentration influenced swelling behavior and network structure, the inclusion of MB altered these properties, particularly reducing swelling and MB retention at higher GA concentrations. Rheological and thermal analyses confirmed that higher GA concentrations made the hydrogels more rigid, with MB influencing both mechanical and thermal properties. Additionally, the hydrogels exhibited enhanced antimicrobial properties through increased reactive oxygen species production, particularly in light-activated conditions, demonstrating the potential of MB-based photoactive hydrogels for improving antimicrobial efficacy, especially against S. aureus, E. coli, and C. albicans, offering as a possible alternative to traditional antimicrobial treatments. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Functional Hydrogels for Drug Delivery Applications)

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21 pages, 4188 KiB

Open AccessReview

Preservation Strategies for Interfacial Integrity in Restorative Dentistry: A Non-Comprehensive Literature Review

by Carmem S. Pfeifer, Fernanda S. Lucena and Fernanda M. Tsuzuki

J. Funct. Biomater. 2025, 16(2), 42; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb16020042 - 26 Jan 2025

Abstract

The preservation of interfacial integrity in esthetic dental restorations remains a critical challenge, with hybrid layer degradation being a primary factor in restoration failure. This degradation is driven by a combination of host-derived enzymatic activity, including matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), bacterial proteases, and hydrolytic [...] Read more.

The preservation of interfacial integrity in esthetic dental restorations remains a critical challenge, with hybrid layer degradation being a primary factor in restoration failure. This degradation is driven by a combination of host-derived enzymatic activity, including matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), bacterial proteases, and hydrolytic breakdown of the polymerized adhesive due to moisture exposure. This review examines the multifactorial mechanisms underlying hybrid layer degradation and presents current advancements in restorative materials aimed at counteracting these effects. Principal strategies include collagen preservation through the inhibition of enzymatic activity, the integration of antimicrobial agents to limit biofilm formation, and the use of ester-free, hydrolysis-resistant polymeric systems. Recent research highlights acrylamide-based adhesives, which exhibit enhanced resistance to acidic and enzymatic environments, as well as dual functionality in collagen stabilization. Furthermore, innovations in bioactive resins and self-healing materials present promising future directions for developing adhesives that actively contribute to long-term restoration stability. These findings underscore the importance of continuous advancements in adhesive technology to enhance the durability and clinical performance of dental restorations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue State-of-the-Art Dental Adhesives and Restorative Composites)

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16 pages, 4184 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Radiosensitization of Rare-Earth Nanoparticles Based on the Consistency Between Its K-Edge and the X-Ray Bremsstrahlung Peak

by Xiang Zhu, Cheng-Jie Qiu, Jiao-Jiao Cao, Dida Duosiken, Yuhan Zhang, Ben-Gen Pei, Ke Tao and Si-Jian Pan

J. Funct. Biomater. 2025, 16(2), 41; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb16020041 - 24 Jan 2025

Abstract

Nanoparticle-based X-ray radiosensitization strategies have garnered significant attention in recent years. However, the underlying mechanisms of radiosensitization remain incompletely understood. In this work, we explore the influence of the K-edge effect in the X-ray absorption of nanomaterials on sensitization. Due to the alignment [...] Read more.

Nanoparticle-based X-ray radiosensitization strategies have garnered significant attention in recent years. However, the underlying mechanisms of radiosensitization remain incompletely understood. In this work, we explore the influence of the K-edge effect in the X-ray absorption of nanomaterials on sensitization. Due to the alignment of the K-edge of thulium (Tm) with the Bremsstrahlung peak in the energy spectrum of medical X-ray accelerators, the following four different rare-earth nanomaterials with varying Tm percentages were designed: NaTmF₄, NaTm_0.6Lu_0.4F₄, NaTm_0.4Lu_0.6F₄, and NaLuF₄. We evaluated the X-ray absorption and the ability to generate secondary electrons and reactive oxygen species (ROS) of these nanoparticles. The radiosensitizing effect was evaluated through clonogenic assays. Our results showed that the K-edge effect affected secondary electron generation but did not significantly change ROS production. Nonetheless, NaTmF₄ induced marginally more DNA damage in the U87 cells than the other cell types. NaTmF₄ also exhibited superior radiosensitization efficacy against the U87 tumor cells. This shows that secondary electrons and ROS play pivotal roles in radiosensitization, which might be crucial to improving cancer treatment efficacy through enhanced radiation therapy outcomes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Biomaterials and Devices for Healthcare Applications)

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23 pages, 2254 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Microbial Diversity and Biofilm Characteristics of d-PTFE Membranes Used for Socket Preservation: A Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial

by Barbara Franović, Marija Čandrlić, Marko Blašković, Ira Renko, Katarina Komar Milas, Elitza Petkova Markova-Car, Bojana Mohar Vitezić, Dragana Gabrić, Ivana Gobin, Sabina Mahmutović Vranić, Željka Perić Kačarević and Olga Cvijanović Peloza

J. Funct. Biomater. 2025, 16(2), 40; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb16020040 - 23 Jan 2025

Abstract

Background: Understanding microbial colonization on different membranes is critical for guided bone regeneration procedures such as socket preservation, as biofilm formation may affect healing and clinical outcomes. This randomized controlled clinical trial (RCT) investigates, for the first time, the microbiome of two different [...] Read more.

Background: Understanding microbial colonization on different membranes is critical for guided bone regeneration procedures such as socket preservation, as biofilm formation may affect healing and clinical outcomes. This randomized controlled clinical trial (RCT) investigates, for the first time, the microbiome of two different high-density polytetrafluoroethylene (d-PTFE) membranes that are used in socket preservation on a highly molecular level and in vivo. Methods: This RCT enrolled 39 participants, with a total of 48 extraction sites, requiring subsequent implant placement. Sites were assigned to two groups, each receiving socket grafting with a composite bone graft (50% autogenous bone, 50% bovine xenograft) and covered by either a permamem^® (group P) or a Cytoplast™ (group C). The membranes were removed after four weeks and analyzed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) for bacterial adherence, qPCR for bacterial species quantification, and next-generation sequencing (NGS) for microbial diversity and composition assessment. Results: The four-week healing period was uneventful in both groups. The SEM analysis revealed multispecies biofilms on both membranes, with membranes from group C showing a denser extracellular matrix compared with membranes from group P. The qPCR analysis indicated a higher overall bacterial load on group C membranes. The NGS demonstrated significantly higher alpha diversity on group C membranes, while beta diversity indicated comparable microbiota compositions between the groups. Conclusion: This study highlights the distinct microbial profiles of two d-PTFE membranes during the four-week socket preservation period. Therefore, the membrane type and design do, indeed, influence the biofilm composition and microbial diversity. These findings may have implications for healing outcomes and the risk of infection in the dental implant bed and should therefore be further explored. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Application of Biomaterials and Techniques in Dental Surgical Treatment)

11 pages, 2871 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Comparative Biomechanical Evaluation of Novel Screwless Retained Dental Implant Prosthesis: A 3D Finite Element Analysis

by Ki-Sun Lee, Jaeyeol Kim, JaeHyung Lim and Jae-Jun Ryu

J. Funct. Biomater. 2025, 16(2), 39; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb16020039 - 22 Jan 2025

Abstract

This study aimed to comparatively evaluate the biomechanical behaviors of three types of dental implant restorations: a screw-and-cement-retained prosthetic system (SCRP); a cementless screw-retained prosthetic system (SRP); and a novel screwless hook-retained prosthetic system (HRP). Three-dimensional finite element analysis (FEA) was used to [...] Read more.

This study aimed to comparatively evaluate the biomechanical behaviors of three types of dental implant restorations: a screw-and-cement-retained prosthetic system (SCRP); a cementless screw-retained prosthetic system (SRP); and a novel screwless hook-retained prosthetic system (HRP). Three-dimensional finite element analysis (FEA) was used to evaluate biomechanical behavior. A comparative study of three dental implant prostheses was performed under two loading conditions: a vertical load of 100 N and an oblique load of 100 N at an angle of 30°. Under both loading conditions, the maximum von Mises stress values in the dental implant using the HRP system were lower (21.33 MPa) than those of the SCRP system (32.91 MPa), and the stress distribution of the implant prosthetic components tended to be more favorable than that of the SCRP system. Thus, the results show that the performance of the HRP system was comparable to that of a conventional SRP system under the same conditions. Regarding stress distribution, the novel screwless HRP system presents a viable alternative implant prosthodontic system to the conventional SCRP system. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Development and Future of Dental Implants)

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17 pages, 1208 KiB

Open AccessSystematic Review

Revolutionizing Restorative Dentistry: The Role of Polyethylene Fiber in Biomimetic Dentin Reinforcement—Insights from In Vitro Research

by Álvaro Ferrando Cascales, Andrea Andreu Murillo, Raúl Ferrando Cascales, Rubén Agustín-Panadero, Salvatore Sauro, Carmen Martín Carreras-Presas, Ronaldo Hirata and Artiom Lijnev

J. Funct. Biomater. 2025, 16(2), 38; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb16020038 - 22 Jan 2025

Abstract

Recent advancements in biomimetic dentistry have introduced innovative materials designed to better simulate natural dentin. One such material is Ribbond^®, long polyethylene fiber. It is particularly effective in absorbing and redistributing masticatory forces in teeth with substantial dentin loss. This review [...] Read more.

Recent advancements in biomimetic dentistry have introduced innovative materials designed to better simulate natural dentin. One such material is Ribbond^®, long polyethylene fiber. It is particularly effective in absorbing and redistributing masticatory forces in teeth with substantial dentin loss. This review aims to analyze the literature on the biomimetic restorative technique using long polyethylene fiber and assess its benefits and indications relative to traditional cusp coverage restorations. Methods: A search was conducted in the PubMed database until March 2024. The authors selected in vitro studies that studied long polyethylene fiber as a dentin reinforcement. Results: From 247 potentially relevant articles, eighteen studies were included in the review. A detailed analysis of the reviewed literature was summarized into three principal sections involving the use of long polyethylene fiber in restorative dentistry. Conclusions: Long polyethylene fibers improve fracture resistance and promote favorable fracture modes, helping to mitigate the shrinkage forces in composite restorations. However, their clinical significance over traditional cusp coverage is unclear. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ceramic, Zirconia, and Resin-Based Composite for Restorative Dentistry)

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14 pages, 2975 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Modulated-Diameter Zirconia Nanotubes for Controlled Drug Release—Bye to the Burst

by Gabriel Onyenso, Swathi Naidu Vakamulla Raghu, Patrick Hartwich and Manuela Sonja Killian

J. Funct. Biomater. 2025, 16(2), 37; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb16020037 - 21 Jan 2025

Abstract

The performance of an orthopedic procedure depends on several tandem functionalities. Such characteristics include materials’ surface properties and subsequent responses. Implant surfaces are typically roughened; this roughness can further be optimized to a specific morphology such as nanotubular roughness (ZrNTs) and the surfaces [...] Read more.

The performance of an orthopedic procedure depends on several tandem functionalities. Such characteristics include materials’ surface properties and subsequent responses. Implant surfaces are typically roughened; this roughness can further be optimized to a specific morphology such as nanotubular roughness (ZrNTs) and the surfaces can further be used as static drug reservoirs. ZrNTs coatings are attracting interest due to their potential to improve the success rate of implant systems, by means of better physical affixation and also micro/nano physio-chemical interaction with the extracellular matrix (ECM). Effective control over the drug release properties from such coatings has been the subject of several published reports. In this study, a novel and simple approach to extending drug release time and limiting the undesirable burst release from zirconia nanotubes (ZrNTs) via structural modification was demonstrated. The latter involved fabricating a double-layered structure with a modulated diameter and was achieved by varying the voltage and time during electrochemical anodization. The structurally modified ZrNTs and their homogenous equivalents were characterized via SEM and ToF-SIMS, and their drug release properties were monitored and compared using UV–Vis spectroscopy. We report a significant reduction in the initial burst release phenomenon and enhanced overall release time. The simple structural modification of ZrNTs can successfully enhance drug release performance, allowing for flexibility in designing drug delivery coatings for specific implant challenges, and offering a new horizon for smart biomaterials based on metal oxide nanostructures. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Biomaterials for Drug Delivery)

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15 pages, 4111 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Biaxial Flexural Strength and Vickers Hardness of 3D-Printed and Milled 5Y Partially Stabilized Zirconia

by Sebastian Hetzler, Carina Hinzen, Stefan Rues, Clemens Schmitt, Peter Rammelsberg and Andreas Zenthöfer

J. Funct. Biomater. 2025, 16(1), 36; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb16010036 - 20 Jan 2025

Abstract

This study compares the mechanical properties of 5-mol% yttria partially stabilized zirconia (5Y-PSZ) materials, designed for 3D printing or milling. Three 5Y-PSZ materials were investigated: printed zirconia (PZ) and two milled zirconia materials, VITA-YZ-XT (MZ-1) and Cercon xt (MZ-2). PZ samples were made [...] Read more.

This study compares the mechanical properties of 5-mol% yttria partially stabilized zirconia (5Y-PSZ) materials, designed for 3D printing or milling. Three 5Y-PSZ materials were investigated: printed zirconia (PZ) and two milled zirconia materials, VITA-YZ-XT (MZ-1) and Cercon xt (MZ-2). PZ samples were made from a novel ceramic suspension via digital light processing and divided into three subgroups: PZ-HN-ZD (horizontal nesting, printed with Zipro-D Dental), PZ-VN-Z (vertical nesting, printed with Zipro-D Dental) and PZ-VN-Z (vertical nesting, printed with Zipro Dental). Key outcomes included biaxial flexural strength (ISO 6872) and Vickers hardness (n ≥ 23 samples/subgroup). Microstructure and grain size were analyzed using light and scanning electron microscopy. Printed specimens exhibited biaxial flexural strengths of 1059 ± 178 MPa (PZ-HN-ZD), 797 ± 135 MPa (PZ-VN-ZD), and 793 ± 75 MPa (PZ-VN-Z). Milled samples showed strengths of 745 ± 96 MPa (MZ-1) and 928 ± 87 MPa (MZ-2). Significant differences (α = 0.05) were observed, except between vertically printed groups and MZ-1. Vickers hardness was highest for PZ-VN-Z (HV0.5 = 1590 ± 24), followed by MZ-1 (HV0.5 = 1577 ± 9) and MZ-2 (HV0.5 = 1524 ± 4), with significant differences, except between PZ and MZ-1. PZ samples had the smallest grain size (0.744 ± 0.024 µm) compared to MZ-1 (0.820 ± 0.042 µm) and MZ-2 (1.023 ± 0.081 µm). All materials met ISO 6872 standards for crowns and three-unit prostheses in posterior regions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced 3D Printing Biomaterials)

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24 pages, 30692 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Sacrificing Alginate in Decellularized Extracellular Matrix Scaffolds for Implantable Artificial Livers

by Chanh-Trung Nguyen, Van Phu Le, Thi Huong Le, Jeong Sook Kim, Sung Hoon Back and Kyo-in Koo

J. Funct. Biomater. 2025, 16(1), 35; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb16010035 - 19 Jan 2025

Abstract

This research introduced a strategy to fabricate sub-millimeter-diameter artificial liver tissue by extruding a combination of a liver decellularized extracellular matrix (dECM), alginate, endothelial cells, and hepatocytes. Vascularization remains a critical challenge in liver tissue engineering, as replicating the liver’s intricate vascular network [...] Read more.

This research introduced a strategy to fabricate sub-millimeter-diameter artificial liver tissue by extruding a combination of a liver decellularized extracellular matrix (dECM), alginate, endothelial cells, and hepatocytes. Vascularization remains a critical challenge in liver tissue engineering, as replicating the liver’s intricate vascular network is essential for sustaining cellular function and viability. Seven scaffold groups were evaluated, incorporating different cell compositions, scaffold materials, and structural configurations. The hepatocyte and endothelial cell scaffold treated with alginate lyase demonstrated the highest diffusion rate, along with enhanced albumin secretion (2.8 µg/mL) and urea synthesis (220 µg/mL) during the same period by day 10. A dense and interconnected endothelial cell network was observed as early as day 4 in the lyased coculture group. Furthermore, three-week implantation studies in rats showed a stable integration to the host with no adverse effects. This approach offers significant potential for advancing functional liver tissue replacements, combining accelerated diffusion, enhanced albumin secretion, improved urea synthesis, dense vascular network formation, and stable implantation outcomes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Functional Biomaterials in Regenerative Medicine)

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20 pages, 5255 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Virus-Mimicking Polymer Nanocomplexes Co-Assembling HCV E1E2 and Core Proteins with TLR 7/8 Agonist—Synthesis, Characterization, and In Vivo Activity

by Thomas R. Fuerst, Alexander Marin, Sarah Jeong, Liudmila Kulakova, Raman Hlushko, Katrina Gorga, Eric A. Toth, Nevil J. Singh and Alexander K. Andrianov

J. Funct. Biomater. 2025, 16(1), 34; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb16010034 - 19 Jan 2025

Abstract

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a major public health concern, and the development of an effective HCV vaccine plays an important role in the effort to prevent new infections. Supramolecular co-assembly and co-presentation of the HCV envelope E1E2 heterodimer complex and core protein [...] Read more.

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a major public health concern, and the development of an effective HCV vaccine plays an important role in the effort to prevent new infections. Supramolecular co-assembly and co-presentation of the HCV envelope E1E2 heterodimer complex and core protein presents an attractive vaccine design strategy for achieving effective humoral and cellular immunity. With this objective, the two antigens were non-covalently assembled with an immunostimulant (TLR 7/8 agonist) into virus-mimicking polymer nanocomplexes (VMPNs) using a biodegradable synthetic polyphosphazene delivery vehicle. The resulting assemblies were characterized using dynamic light scattering and asymmetric flow field-flow fractionation methods and directly visualized in their vitrified state by cryogenic electron microscopy. The in vivo superiority of VMPNs over the individual components and an Alum-formulated vaccine manifests in higher neutralizing antibody titers, the promotion of a balanced IgG response, and the induction of a cellular immunity—CD4+ T cell responses to core proteins. The aqueous-based spontaneous co-assembly of antigens and immunopotentiating molecules enabled by a synthetic biodegradable carrier offers a simple and effective pathway to the development of polymer-based supramolecular nanovaccine systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Synthesis, Biomanufacturing, and Bio-Application of Advanced Polymers)

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20 pages, 4622 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Microstructured and Anti-Inflammatory-Coated Cochlear Implant Electrodes on Fibrous Tissue Growth and Neuronal Survival

by Lennart Fibranz, Wiebke Behrends, Katharina Wulf, Stefan Raggl, Lisa Kötter, Thomas Eickner, Soeren Schilp, Thomas Lenarz and Gerrit Paasche

J. Funct. Biomater. 2025, 16(1), 33; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb16010033 - 18 Jan 2025

Abstract

Cochlear implants are well established devices for treating severe hearing loss. However, due to the trauma caused by the insertion of the electrode and the subsequent formation of connective tissue, their clinical effectiveness varies. The aim of the current study was to achieve [...] Read more.

Cochlear implants are well established devices for treating severe hearing loss. However, due to the trauma caused by the insertion of the electrode and the subsequent formation of connective tissue, their clinical effectiveness varies. The aim of the current study was to achieve a long-term reduction in connective tissue growth and impedance by combining surface patterns on the electrode array with a poly-L-lactide coating containing 20% diclofenac. Three groups of six guinea pigs each (control, structure, structure with diclofenac in the coating) were implanted for four weeks. The hearing thresholds were measured before implantation and after 28 days, and impedances were monitored over time. After histological preparation, connective tissue growth and spiral ganglion neuron (SGN) survival were quantified. The hearing thresholds and impedances increased over time in all groups, showing no significant differences. The treatment groups showed increased damage in the cochlea, which appeared to be caused by the elevated parts of the microstructures. This seems to be amplified by the trauma model used in the current study. The impedances correlated with connective tissue growth near the electrode contacts. In addition, SGN survival was negatively correlated with the presence of connective tissue, both of which highlight the importance of successfully reducing connective tissue formation after cochlear implantation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Functional Coatings and Biomaterials Surfaces)

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23 pages, 2099 KiB

Open AccessSystematic Review

The Influence of Resin Infiltration on the Shear Bond Strength of Orthodontic Brackets: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

by Sylwia Kiryk, Jan Kiryk, Jacek Matys and Maciej Dobrzyński

J. Funct. Biomater. 2025, 16(1), 32; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb16010032 - 17 Jan 2025

Abstract

The quality of the enamel plays a critical role in the retention and performance of orthodontic brackets. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to evaluate the effect of resin infiltration pretreatment on the shear bond strength (SBS) of orthodontic brackets. An electronic search [...] Read more.

The quality of the enamel plays a critical role in the retention and performance of orthodontic brackets. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to evaluate the effect of resin infiltration pretreatment on the shear bond strength (SBS) of orthodontic brackets. An electronic search was conducted in October 2024 using PubMed, Web of Science (WoS), and Scopus databases, employing the keywords (resin infiltration AND bracket); (ICON AND bracket). The review adhered to PRISMA guidelines and utilized the PICO framework. Of the 143 articles initially identified, 63 underwent screening. Strict inclusion criteria were applied of which the most important were resin infiltration pretreatment, studies conducted on natural teeth and SBS evaluation. This left 19 studies for final analysis. The risk of bias was assessed using the checklist for quasi-experimental studies (Non-Randomized Experimental Studies) developed by the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI). Among these, 13 studies used human teeth and 13 utilized Transbond XT as the adhesive. Metal brackets were predominantly examined (n = 17). The Adhesive Remnant Index (ARI) was assessed in 13 studies. Importantly, 11 studies concluded that resin infiltration significantly enhances SBS, 8 of which were conducted on human teeth. The meta-analysis revealed significantly higher SBS results when resin infiltrate was applied to healthy enamel. This finding underscores the dual benefits of resin infiltration: increased bond strength and the protection of enamel integrity during debonding procedures. The results suggest that resin infiltration not only improves the mechanical retention of orthodontic brackets but also serves as an enamel-preserving approach. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Biomaterials for Reconstructive Dentistry)

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17 pages, 8139 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Long-Term Stability and Osteogenic Activity of Recycled Polysulfone-Calcium Silicate Bone Implants In Vitro

by Chi-Nan Chang, Yun-Ru Huang and Shinn-Jyh Ding

J. Funct. Biomater. 2025, 16(1), 31; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb16010031 - 17 Jan 2025

Abstract

Environmental protection issues have received widespread attention, making material recycling increasingly important. The upcycling of polysulfone (PSF) medical waste, recognized as a high-performance plastic with excellent mechanical properties, deserves promotion. While PSF is suitable for use as an orthopedic implant material, such as [...] Read more.

Environmental protection issues have received widespread attention, making material recycling increasingly important. The upcycling of polysulfone (PSF) medical waste, recognized as a high-performance plastic with excellent mechanical properties, deserves promotion. While PSF is suitable for use as an orthopedic implant material, such as internal fixation, its osteogenesis capabilities must be enhanced. Mechanical stability, particularly over the long term, is a significant concern for bone implants in load-bearing applications. This study recycled PSF medical waste to create bone composites by incorporating osteogenic calcium silicate (CaSi) at three different contents: 10%, 20%, and 30%. We evaluated the phase, morphology, weight loss, and three-point bending strength of the PSF-based composites after they were soaked in dynamic simulated body fluid (SBF) at pH levels of 7.4 and 5.0 for up to 12 months. Human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) were utilized to assess the osteogenic activity of these composites. Our findings revealed that, while the bending strength of PSF-based composites declined with prolonged exposure to SBF, the dissolution of CaSi particles led to a manageable weight loss of about 4% after 12 months, regardless of pH 7.4 or 5.0. Importantly, the incorporation of CaSi into the PSF matrix exhibited a positive effect on the attachment and proliferation of hMSCs. The levels of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and calcium deposits directly correlated with the CaSi content, indicating superior osteogenic activity. Considering biostability and osteogenic ability, the 20% CaSi-PSF composite demonstrated promise as a candidate for load-bearing implant applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection Feature Papers in Bone Biomaterials)

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14 pages, 1264 KiB

Open AccessArticle

First Clinical Evidence About the Use of a New Silver-Coated Titanium Alloy Instrumentation to Counteract Surgical Site Infection at the Spine Level

by Lucrezia Leggi, Silvia Terzi, Maria Sartori, Francesca Salamanna, Luca Boriani, Emanuela Asunis, Cristiana Griffoni, Gianluca Giavaresi and Alessandro Gasbarrini

J. Funct. Biomater. 2025, 16(1), 30; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb16010030 - 16 Jan 2025

Abstract

Background: Surgical site infections (SSIs) following spinal instrumentation surgery are among the most concerning complications. This study is aimed at assessing the effectiveness of a new treatment approach for SSIs that includes a single-stage approach with the removal of the previous hardware, accurate [...] Read more.

Background: Surgical site infections (SSIs) following spinal instrumentation surgery are among the most concerning complications. This study is aimed at assessing the effectiveness of a new treatment approach for SSIs that includes a single-stage approach with the removal of the previous hardware, accurate debridement, and single-stage instrumentation using a silver fixation system (SFS) made of titanium alloy coated with silver (Norm Medical, Ankara, Turkey) by means of a retrospective observational study. Materials and Methods: The demographic data, type of surgery, comorbidities, pathogens, and treatment details of consecutive patients with an SSI who received the SFS between 2018 and 2021 were extracted from their medical records and analyzed. The patients treated with the SFS for primary pyogenic infections were excluded. The patients were re-evaluated at multiple endpoints in order to assess the rate of reinfection and the local and general complications. Results: Fifty-six patients were treated with the SFS and thirty-four patients met the inclusion criteria. Out of those 34 patients, the rate of infection recurrence or insurgence after the implantation of the SFS was 11.8%, with infection detected in 4 out of 34 cases and mechanical problems detected in 2 of the 34 cases (5.9%). The overall success rate in controlling infection recurrence or emergence was 88.2% (30 out of 34 cases). The overall survival rate of the SFS was 87%, 78%, and 71% at one, two, and three years, respectively. Conclusions: The surgical strategy with the SFS demonstrated promising outcomes in preventing infection recurrence or insurgence, with a low incidence of mechanical complications. However, further structured and comprehensive studies are essential for validating these initial findings. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue State of the Art: Biomaterials in Bone Implant and Regeneration)

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13 pages, 12554 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Comparative In Vitro Study of Sol–Gel-Derived Bioactive Glasses Incorporated into Dentin Adhesives: Effects on Remineralization and Mechanical Properties of Dentin

by In-Seong Park, Hyun-Jung Kim, Jiyoung Kwon and Duck-Su Kim

J. Funct. Biomater. 2025, 16(1), 29; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb16010029 - 16 Jan 2025

Abstract

To overcome limitations of dentin bonding due to collagen degradation at a bonded interface, incorporating bioactive glass (BAG) into dentin adhesives has been proposed to enhance remineralization and improve bonding durability. This study evaluated sol–gel-derived BAGs (BAG79, BAG87, BAG91, and BAG79F) and conventional [...] Read more.

To overcome limitations of dentin bonding due to collagen degradation at a bonded interface, incorporating bioactive glass (BAG) into dentin adhesives has been proposed to enhance remineralization and improve bonding durability. This study evaluated sol–gel-derived BAGs (BAG79, BAG87, BAG91, and BAG79F) and conventional melt-quenched BAG (BAG45) incorporated into dentin adhesive to assess their remineralization and mechanical properties. The BAGs were characterized by using field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) and transmission electron microscopy for surface morphology. The surface area was measured by the Brunauer–Emmett–Teller method. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis was performed to determine the crystalline structure of the BAGs. Adhesive surface analysis was performed after approximating each experimental dentin adhesive and demineralized dentin by using FE-SEM. The elastic modulus of the treated dentin was measured after BAG-containing dentin adhesive application. The sol–gel-derived BAGs exhibited larger surface areas (by 400–600 times) than conventional BAG, with BAG87 displaying the largest surface area. XRD analysis indicated more pronounced and rapid formation of hydroxyapatite in the sol–gel BAGs. Dentin with BAG87-containing adhesive exhibited the highest elastic modulus. The incorporation of sol–gel-derived BAGs, especially BAG87, into dentin adhesives enhances the remineralization and mechanical properties of adhesive–dentin interfaces. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Dental Biomaterials)

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