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Volume 16
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J. Funct. Biomater., Volume 16, Issue 1 (January 2025) – 36 articles

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Bone tissue engineering (BTE) offers an alternative approach to conventional grafts by using biomaterials, progenitor cells and growth factors that aim to improve bone tissue restoration. Various biomaterials have been proposed for BTE, including the polymer poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT), which provides an environment similar to the native extracellular matrix. This study investigated the biological response of osteoprogenitor cells cultured on P3HT thin-polymer film. The findings suggest that P3HT could represent a good coating to induce osteogenic differentiation in vitro, even in absence of specific inductive growth factors, thus representing a promising strategy for bone regenerative medicine. View this paper

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15 pages, 4111 KiB  
Article
Biaxial Flexural Strength and Vickers Hardness of 3D-Printed and Milled 5Y Partially Stabilized Zirconia
by Sebastian Hetzler, Carina Hinzen, Stefan Rues, Clemens Schmitt, Peter Rammelsberg and Andreas Zenthöfer
J. Funct. Biomater. 2025, 16(1), 36; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb16010036 - 20 Jan 2025
Viewed by 628
Abstract
This study compares the mechanical properties of 5-mol% yttria partially stabilized zirconia (5Y-PSZ) materials, designed for 3D printing or milling. Three 5Y-PSZ materials were investigated: printed zirconia (PZ) and two milled zirconia materials, VITA-YZ-XT (MZ-1) and Cercon xt (MZ-2). PZ samples were made [...] Read more.
This study compares the mechanical properties of 5-mol% yttria partially stabilized zirconia (5Y-PSZ) materials, designed for 3D printing or milling. Three 5Y-PSZ materials were investigated: printed zirconia (PZ) and two milled zirconia materials, VITA-YZ-XT (MZ-1) and Cercon xt (MZ-2). PZ samples were made from a novel ceramic suspension via digital light processing and divided into three subgroups: PZ-HN-ZD (horizontal nesting, printed with Zipro-D Dental), PZ-VN-Z (vertical nesting, printed with Zipro-D Dental) and PZ-VN-Z (vertical nesting, printed with Zipro Dental). Key outcomes included biaxial flexural strength (ISO 6872) and Vickers hardness (n ≥ 23 samples/subgroup). Microstructure and grain size were analyzed using light and scanning electron microscopy. Printed specimens exhibited biaxial flexural strengths of 1059 ± 178 MPa (PZ-HN-ZD), 797 ± 135 MPa (PZ-VN-ZD), and 793 ± 75 MPa (PZ-VN-Z). Milled samples showed strengths of 745 ± 96 MPa (MZ-1) and 928 ± 87 MPa (MZ-2). Significant differences (α = 0.05) were observed, except between vertically printed groups and MZ-1. Vickers hardness was highest for PZ-VN-Z (HV0.5 = 1590 ± 24), followed by MZ-1 (HV0.5 = 1577 ± 9) and MZ-2 (HV0.5 = 1524 ± 4), with significant differences, except between PZ and MZ-1. PZ samples had the smallest grain size (0.744 ± 0.024 µm) compared to MZ-1 (0.820 ± 0.042 µm) and MZ-2 (1.023 ± 0.081 µm). All materials met ISO 6872 standards for crowns and three-unit prostheses in posterior regions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced 3D Printing Biomaterials)
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24 pages, 30692 KiB  
Article
Sacrificing Alginate in Decellularized Extracellular Matrix Scaffolds for Implantable Artificial Livers
by Chanh-Trung Nguyen, Van Phu Le, Thi Huong Le, Jeong Sook Kim, Sung Hoon Back and Kyo-in Koo
J. Funct. Biomater. 2025, 16(1), 35; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb16010035 - 19 Jan 2025
Viewed by 1030
Abstract
This research introduced a strategy to fabricate sub-millimeter-diameter artificial liver tissue by extruding a combination of a liver decellularized extracellular matrix (dECM), alginate, endothelial cells, and hepatocytes. Vascularization remains a critical challenge in liver tissue engineering, as replicating the liver’s intricate vascular network [...] Read more.
This research introduced a strategy to fabricate sub-millimeter-diameter artificial liver tissue by extruding a combination of a liver decellularized extracellular matrix (dECM), alginate, endothelial cells, and hepatocytes. Vascularization remains a critical challenge in liver tissue engineering, as replicating the liver’s intricate vascular network is essential for sustaining cellular function and viability. Seven scaffold groups were evaluated, incorporating different cell compositions, scaffold materials, and structural configurations. The hepatocyte and endothelial cell scaffold treated with alginate lyase demonstrated the highest diffusion rate, along with enhanced albumin secretion (2.8 µg/mL) and urea synthesis (220 µg/mL) during the same period by day 10. A dense and interconnected endothelial cell network was observed as early as day 4 in the lyased coculture group. Furthermore, three-week implantation studies in rats showed a stable integration to the host with no adverse effects. This approach offers significant potential for advancing functional liver tissue replacements, combining accelerated diffusion, enhanced albumin secretion, improved urea synthesis, dense vascular network formation, and stable implantation outcomes. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Functional Biomaterials in Regenerative Medicine)
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20 pages, 5255 KiB  
Article
Virus-Mimicking Polymer Nanocomplexes Co-Assembling HCV E1E2 and Core Proteins with TLR 7/8 Agonist—Synthesis, Characterization, and In Vivo Activity
by Thomas R. Fuerst, Alexander Marin, Sarah Jeong, Liudmila Kulakova, Raman Hlushko, Katrina Gorga, Eric A. Toth, Nevil J. Singh and Alexander K. Andrianov
J. Funct. Biomater. 2025, 16(1), 34; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb16010034 - 19 Jan 2025
Viewed by 911
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a major public health concern, and the development of an effective HCV vaccine plays an important role in the effort to prevent new infections. Supramolecular co-assembly and co-presentation of the HCV envelope E1E2 heterodimer complex and core protein [...] Read more.
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a major public health concern, and the development of an effective HCV vaccine plays an important role in the effort to prevent new infections. Supramolecular co-assembly and co-presentation of the HCV envelope E1E2 heterodimer complex and core protein presents an attractive vaccine design strategy for achieving effective humoral and cellular immunity. With this objective, the two antigens were non-covalently assembled with an immunostimulant (TLR 7/8 agonist) into virus-mimicking polymer nanocomplexes (VMPNs) using a biodegradable synthetic polyphosphazene delivery vehicle. The resulting assemblies were characterized using dynamic light scattering and asymmetric flow field-flow fractionation methods and directly visualized in their vitrified state by cryogenic electron microscopy. The in vivo superiority of VMPNs over the individual components and an Alum-formulated vaccine manifests in higher neutralizing antibody titers, the promotion of a balanced IgG response, and the induction of a cellular immunity—CD4+ T cell responses to core proteins. The aqueous-based spontaneous co-assembly of antigens and immunopotentiating molecules enabled by a synthetic biodegradable carrier offers a simple and effective pathway to the development of polymer-based supramolecular nanovaccine systems. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Synthesis, Biomanufacturing, and Bio-Application of Advanced Polymers)
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20 pages, 4622 KiB  
Article
Effects of Microstructured and Anti-Inflammatory-Coated Cochlear Implant Electrodes on Fibrous Tissue Growth and Neuronal Survival
by Lennart Fibranz, Wiebke Behrends, Katharina Wulf, Stefan Raggl, Lisa Kötter, Thomas Eickner, Soeren Schilp, Thomas Lenarz and Gerrit Paasche
J. Funct. Biomater. 2025, 16(1), 33; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb16010033 - 18 Jan 2025
Viewed by 718
Abstract
Cochlear implants are well established devices for treating severe hearing loss. However, due to the trauma caused by the insertion of the electrode and the subsequent formation of connective tissue, their clinical effectiveness varies. The aim of the current study was to achieve [...] Read more.
Cochlear implants are well established devices for treating severe hearing loss. However, due to the trauma caused by the insertion of the electrode and the subsequent formation of connective tissue, their clinical effectiveness varies. The aim of the current study was to achieve a long-term reduction in connective tissue growth and impedance by combining surface patterns on the electrode array with a poly-L-lactide coating containing 20% diclofenac. Three groups of six guinea pigs each (control, structure, structure with diclofenac in the coating) were implanted for four weeks. The hearing thresholds were measured before implantation and after 28 days, and impedances were monitored over time. After histological preparation, connective tissue growth and spiral ganglion neuron (SGN) survival were quantified. The hearing thresholds and impedances increased over time in all groups, showing no significant differences. The treatment groups showed increased damage in the cochlea, which appeared to be caused by the elevated parts of the microstructures. This seems to be amplified by the trauma model used in the current study. The impedances correlated with connective tissue growth near the electrode contacts. In addition, SGN survival was negatively correlated with the presence of connective tissue, both of which highlight the importance of successfully reducing connective tissue formation after cochlear implantation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Functional Coatings and Biomaterials Surfaces)
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23 pages, 2099 KiB  
Systematic Review
The Influence of Resin Infiltration on the Shear Bond Strength of Orthodontic Brackets: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
by Sylwia Kiryk, Jan Kiryk, Jacek Matys and Maciej Dobrzyński
J. Funct. Biomater. 2025, 16(1), 32; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb16010032 - 17 Jan 2025
Viewed by 859
Abstract
The quality of the enamel plays a critical role in the retention and performance of orthodontic brackets. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to evaluate the effect of resin infiltration pretreatment on the shear bond strength (SBS) of orthodontic brackets. An electronic search [...] Read more.
The quality of the enamel plays a critical role in the retention and performance of orthodontic brackets. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to evaluate the effect of resin infiltration pretreatment on the shear bond strength (SBS) of orthodontic brackets. An electronic search was conducted in October 2024 using PubMed, Web of Science (WoS), and Scopus databases, employing the keywords (resin infiltration AND bracket); (ICON AND bracket). The review adhered to PRISMA guidelines and utilized the PICO framework. Of the 143 articles initially identified, 63 underwent screening. Strict inclusion criteria were applied of which the most important were resin infiltration pretreatment, studies conducted on natural teeth and SBS evaluation. This left 19 studies for final analysis. The risk of bias was assessed using the checklist for quasi-experimental studies (Non-Randomized Experimental Studies) developed by the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI). Among these, 13 studies used human teeth and 13 utilized Transbond XT as the adhesive. Metal brackets were predominantly examined (n = 17). The Adhesive Remnant Index (ARI) was assessed in 13 studies. Importantly, 11 studies concluded that resin infiltration significantly enhances SBS, 8 of which were conducted on human teeth. The meta-analysis revealed significantly higher SBS results when resin infiltrate was applied to healthy enamel. This finding underscores the dual benefits of resin infiltration: increased bond strength and the protection of enamel integrity during debonding procedures. The results suggest that resin infiltration not only improves the mechanical retention of orthodontic brackets but also serves as an enamel-preserving approach. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Biomaterials for Reconstructive Dentistry)
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17 pages, 8139 KiB  
Article
Long-Term Stability and Osteogenic Activity of Recycled Polysulfone-Calcium Silicate Bone Implants In Vitro
by Chi-Nan Chang, Yun-Ru Huang and Shinn-Jyh Ding
J. Funct. Biomater. 2025, 16(1), 31; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb16010031 - 17 Jan 2025
Viewed by 561
Abstract
Environmental protection issues have received widespread attention, making material recycling increasingly important. The upcycling of polysulfone (PSF) medical waste, recognized as a high-performance plastic with excellent mechanical properties, deserves promotion. While PSF is suitable for use as an orthopedic implant material, such as [...] Read more.
Environmental protection issues have received widespread attention, making material recycling increasingly important. The upcycling of polysulfone (PSF) medical waste, recognized as a high-performance plastic with excellent mechanical properties, deserves promotion. While PSF is suitable for use as an orthopedic implant material, such as internal fixation, its osteogenesis capabilities must be enhanced. Mechanical stability, particularly over the long term, is a significant concern for bone implants in load-bearing applications. This study recycled PSF medical waste to create bone composites by incorporating osteogenic calcium silicate (CaSi) at three different contents: 10%, 20%, and 30%. We evaluated the phase, morphology, weight loss, and three-point bending strength of the PSF-based composites after they were soaked in dynamic simulated body fluid (SBF) at pH levels of 7.4 and 5.0 for up to 12 months. Human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) were utilized to assess the osteogenic activity of these composites. Our findings revealed that, while the bending strength of PSF-based composites declined with prolonged exposure to SBF, the dissolution of CaSi particles led to a manageable weight loss of about 4% after 12 months, regardless of pH 7.4 or 5.0. Importantly, the incorporation of CaSi into the PSF matrix exhibited a positive effect on the attachment and proliferation of hMSCs. The levels of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and calcium deposits directly correlated with the CaSi content, indicating superior osteogenic activity. Considering biostability and osteogenic ability, the 20% CaSi-PSF composite demonstrated promise as a candidate for load-bearing implant applications. Full article
(This article belongs to the Collection Feature Papers in Bone Biomaterials)
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14 pages, 1264 KiB  
Article
First Clinical Evidence About the Use of a New Silver-Coated Titanium Alloy Instrumentation to Counteract Surgical Site Infection at the Spine Level
by Lucrezia Leggi, Silvia Terzi, Maria Sartori, Francesca Salamanna, Luca Boriani, Emanuela Asunis, Cristiana Griffoni, Gianluca Giavaresi and Alessandro Gasbarrini
J. Funct. Biomater. 2025, 16(1), 30; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb16010030 - 16 Jan 2025
Viewed by 781
Abstract
Background: Surgical site infections (SSIs) following spinal instrumentation surgery are among the most concerning complications. This study is aimed at assessing the effectiveness of a new treatment approach for SSIs that includes a single-stage approach with the removal of the previous hardware, accurate [...] Read more.
Background: Surgical site infections (SSIs) following spinal instrumentation surgery are among the most concerning complications. This study is aimed at assessing the effectiveness of a new treatment approach for SSIs that includes a single-stage approach with the removal of the previous hardware, accurate debridement, and single-stage instrumentation using a silver fixation system (SFS) made of titanium alloy coated with silver (Norm Medical, Ankara, Turkey) by means of a retrospective observational study. Materials and Methods: The demographic data, type of surgery, comorbidities, pathogens, and treatment details of consecutive patients with an SSI who received the SFS between 2018 and 2021 were extracted from their medical records and analyzed. The patients treated with the SFS for primary pyogenic infections were excluded. The patients were re-evaluated at multiple endpoints in order to assess the rate of reinfection and the local and general complications. Results: Fifty-six patients were treated with the SFS and thirty-four patients met the inclusion criteria. Out of those 34 patients, the rate of infection recurrence or insurgence after the implantation of the SFS was 11.8%, with infection detected in 4 out of 34 cases and mechanical problems detected in 2 of the 34 cases (5.9%). The overall success rate in controlling infection recurrence or emergence was 88.2% (30 out of 34 cases). The overall survival rate of the SFS was 87%, 78%, and 71% at one, two, and three years, respectively. Conclusions: The surgical strategy with the SFS demonstrated promising outcomes in preventing infection recurrence or insurgence, with a low incidence of mechanical complications. However, further structured and comprehensive studies are essential for validating these initial findings. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue State of the Art: Biomaterials in Bone Implant and Regeneration)
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13 pages, 12554 KiB  
Article
Comparative In Vitro Study of Sol–Gel-Derived Bioactive Glasses Incorporated into Dentin Adhesives: Effects on Remineralization and Mechanical Properties of Dentin
by In-Seong Park, Hyun-Jung Kim, Jiyoung Kwon and Duck-Su Kim
J. Funct. Biomater. 2025, 16(1), 29; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb16010029 - 16 Jan 2025
Viewed by 904
Abstract
To overcome limitations of dentin bonding due to collagen degradation at a bonded interface, incorporating bioactive glass (BAG) into dentin adhesives has been proposed to enhance remineralization and improve bonding durability. This study evaluated sol–gel-derived BAGs (BAG79, BAG87, BAG91, and BAG79F) and conventional [...] Read more.
To overcome limitations of dentin bonding due to collagen degradation at a bonded interface, incorporating bioactive glass (BAG) into dentin adhesives has been proposed to enhance remineralization and improve bonding durability. This study evaluated sol–gel-derived BAGs (BAG79, BAG87, BAG91, and BAG79F) and conventional melt-quenched BAG (BAG45) incorporated into dentin adhesive to assess their remineralization and mechanical properties. The BAGs were characterized by using field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) and transmission electron microscopy for surface morphology. The surface area was measured by the Brunauer–Emmett–Teller method. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis was performed to determine the crystalline structure of the BAGs. Adhesive surface analysis was performed after approximating each experimental dentin adhesive and demineralized dentin by using FE-SEM. The elastic modulus of the treated dentin was measured after BAG-containing dentin adhesive application. The sol–gel-derived BAGs exhibited larger surface areas (by 400–600 times) than conventional BAG, with BAG87 displaying the largest surface area. XRD analysis indicated more pronounced and rapid formation of hydroxyapatite in the sol–gel BAGs. Dentin with BAG87-containing adhesive exhibited the highest elastic modulus. The incorporation of sol–gel-derived BAGs, especially BAG87, into dentin adhesives enhances the remineralization and mechanical properties of adhesive–dentin interfaces. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Dental Biomaterials)
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55 pages, 9712 KiB  
Review
Three-Dimensional Printing/Bioprinting and Cellular Therapies for Regenerative Medicine: Current Advances
by Ana Catarina Sousa, Rui Alvites, Bruna Lopes, Patrícia Sousa, Alícia Moreira, André Coelho, José Domingos Santos, Luís Atayde, Nuno Alves and Ana Colette Maurício
J. Funct. Biomater. 2025, 16(1), 28; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb16010028 - 16 Jan 2025
Viewed by 649
Abstract
The application of three-dimensional (3D) printing/bioprinting technologies and cell therapies has garnered significant attention due to their potential in the field of regenerative medicine. This paper aims to provide a comprehensive overview of 3D printing/bioprinting technology and cell therapies, highlighting their results in [...] Read more.
The application of three-dimensional (3D) printing/bioprinting technologies and cell therapies has garnered significant attention due to their potential in the field of regenerative medicine. This paper aims to provide a comprehensive overview of 3D printing/bioprinting technology and cell therapies, highlighting their results in diverse medical applications, while also discussing the capabilities and limitations of their combined use. The synergistic combination of 3D printing and cellular therapies has been recognised as a promising and innovative approach, and it is expected that these technologies will progressively assume a crucial role in the treatment of various diseases and conditions in the foreseeable future. This review concludes with a forward-looking perspective on the future impact of these technologies, highlighting their potential to revolutionize regenerative medicine through enhanced tissue repair and organ replacement strategies. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Review Papers on Functional Biomaterials)
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24 pages, 28961 KiB  
Article
Analysis of the Feasibility of the OrthoNail Hybrid Intramedullary Implant in the Human Body with Respect to Material Durability
by Dominika Grygier, Piotr Kowalewski, Mariusz Opałka, Jakub J. Słowiński, Mateusz Dziubek and Dariusz Pyka
J. Funct. Biomater. 2025, 16(1), 27; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb16010027 - 15 Jan 2025
Viewed by 726
Abstract
This study focuses on the development and evaluation of the OrthoNail hybrid intramedullary implant for lower limb lengthening in patients requiring significant skeletal reconstruction. The implant addresses the challenges in load-bearing during rehabilitation, providing a robust solution that is capable of supporting physiological [...] Read more.
This study focuses on the development and evaluation of the OrthoNail hybrid intramedullary implant for lower limb lengthening in patients requiring significant skeletal reconstruction. The implant addresses the challenges in load-bearing during rehabilitation, providing a robust solution that is capable of supporting physiological loads. Mechanical tests, including axial compression, tension, torsion, and 3,4-point bending, determined the implant’s load capacity and fatigue resistance, while finite element analysis assessed stress distributions in bone tissue and around screw holes during single-leg stance, with boundary conditions derived from Orthoload database data. The OrthoNail implant demonstrated excellent mechanical stability, sustaining torsional loads of up to 19.36 Nm at maximum elongation (80 mm) and 17.16 Nm at zero elongation. Under axial compression, it withstood forces of up to 1400 N, maintaining structural integrity. Fatigue testing revealed resilience under dynamic loading conditions for over 1,000,000 cycles at a load of 500 N, with no mechanical failure or material degradation observed. Stress concentrations near screw holes indicate areas for potential optimization. The findings indicate that the OrthoNail implant demonstrates excellent mechanical stability and is well-suited for clinical application, enabling early full weight-bearing during rehabilitation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue State of the Art: Biomaterials in Bone Implant and Regeneration)
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7 pages, 178 KiB  
Editorial
Biodegradable Polymers and Textiles
by Sandra Varnaitė-Žuravliova and Julija Baltušnikaitė-Guzaitienė
J. Funct. Biomater. 2025, 16(1), 26; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb16010026 - 15 Jan 2025
Viewed by 679
Abstract
The increasing interest in developing biodegradable polymers through chemical treatments, microorganisms, and enzymes highlights a commitment to environmentally friendly disposal methods [...] Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biodegradable Polymers and Textiles)
37 pages, 2822 KiB  
Review
Synthetic Vesicle-Based Drug Delivery Systems for Oral Disease Therapy: Current Applications and Future Directions
by Pengjie Huang, Weichang Li, Jiezhong Guan, Yibing Jia, Dan Wang, Yurun Chen, Niu Xiao, Songyue Ou, Yan Wang and Bo Yang
J. Funct. Biomater. 2025, 16(1), 25; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb16010025 - 14 Jan 2025
Viewed by 814
Abstract
Oral diseases such as dental caries, periodontitis, and oral cancer are prevalent and present significant challenges to global public health. Although these diseases are typically treated through procedures like dental preparation and resin filling, scaling and root planning, or surgical excision, these interventions [...] Read more.
Oral diseases such as dental caries, periodontitis, and oral cancer are prevalent and present significant challenges to global public health. Although these diseases are typically treated through procedures like dental preparation and resin filling, scaling and root planning, or surgical excision, these interventions are often not entirely effective, and postoperative drug therapy is usually required. Traditional drug treatments, however, are limited by factors such as poor drug penetration, significant side effects, and the development of drug resistance. As a result, there is a growing need for novel drug delivery systems that can enhance therapeutic efficacy, reduce side effects, and improve treatment outcomes. In recent years, drug-loaded vesicles, such as liposomes, polymersomes, and extracellular vesicles (EVs), have emerged as promising drug delivery platforms due to their high drug encapsulation efficiency, controlled release properties, and excellent biocompatibility. This review provides an in-depth examination of the characteristics, advantages, and limitations of liposomes, polymersomes, and extracellular vesicles in the context of oral disease treatment. It further explores the reasons for their advantages and limitations and discusses the specific applications, development prospects, and strategies for optimizing these vesicle-based systems for improved clinical outcomes. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Functional Biomaterials and Digital Technologies in Dentistry: From Bench to Bedside—2nd Edition)
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38 pages, 3519 KiB  
Review
Biodegradable and Stimuli-Responsive Nanomaterials for Targeted Drug Delivery in Autoimmune Diseases
by Nargish Parvin, Sang Woo Joo and Tapas K. Mandal
J. Funct. Biomater. 2025, 16(1), 24; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb16010024 - 14 Jan 2025
Viewed by 742
Abstract
Autoimmune diseases present complex therapeutic challenges due to their chronic nature, systemic impact, and requirement for precise immunomodulation to avoid adverse side effects. Recent advancements in biodegradable and stimuli-responsive nanomaterials have opened new avenues for targeted drug delivery systems capable of addressing these [...] Read more.
Autoimmune diseases present complex therapeutic challenges due to their chronic nature, systemic impact, and requirement for precise immunomodulation to avoid adverse side effects. Recent advancements in biodegradable and stimuli-responsive nanomaterials have opened new avenues for targeted drug delivery systems capable of addressing these challenges. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of state-of-the-art biodegradable nanocarriers such as polymeric nanoparticles, liposomes, and hydrogels engineered for targeted delivery in autoimmune therapies. These nanomaterials are designed to degrade safely in the body while releasing therapeutic agents in response to specific stimuli, including pH, temperature, redox conditions, and enzymatic activity. By achieving localized and controlled release of anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive agents, these systems minimize systemic toxicity and enhance therapeutic efficacy. We discuss the underlying mechanisms of stimuli-responsive nanomaterials, recent applications in treating diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis, and inflammatory bowel disease, and the design considerations essential for clinical translation. Additionally, we address current challenges, including biocompatibility, scalability, and regulatory hurdles, as well as future directions for integrating advanced nanotechnology with personalized medicine in autoimmune treatment. This review highlights the transformative potential of biodegradable and stimuli-responsive nanomaterials, presenting them as a promising strategy to advance precision medicine and improve patient outcomes in autoimmune disease management. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Trends of Nanomaterials in Biology)
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18 pages, 2089 KiB  
Article
Evaluation of the Effect of Different Universal Adhesives on Remineralized Enamel by Shear Bond Strength and Fe-SEM/EDX Analysis
by Beyza Arslandaş Dinçtürk and Cemile Kedici Alp
J. Funct. Biomater. 2025, 16(1), 23; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb16010023 - 13 Jan 2025
Viewed by 557
Abstract
The aim of this study is to evaluate the shear bond strength of different universal adhesives applied to intact, demineralized, and remineralized enamel surfaces with total-etch and self-etch modes and to examine the effect of universal adhesives on the Ca/P mineral atomic and [...] Read more.
The aim of this study is to evaluate the shear bond strength of different universal adhesives applied to intact, demineralized, and remineralized enamel surfaces with total-etch and self-etch modes and to examine the effect of universal adhesives on the Ca/P mineral atomic and mass ratios of these enamel with FE-SEM/EDX (Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy with Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy) analysis. For this study, 264 bovine incisors were used. Samples in the demineralized and remineralized groups were kept in demineralization solution at 37 °C for 96 h to make an artificial initial carious lesion. After demineralization, half of the demineralized samples were remineralized with MI Paste Plus. For shear bond strength (n = 144) and FE-SEM/EDX analysis (n = 120), G-Premio Bond and Clearfil S3 Bond Universal were applied on enamel surfaces with total-etch and self-etch modes, and bond strength samples were restored with resin composite. All samples were tested. The results were evaluated statistically by a three-way ANOVA test. The shear bond strength of the remineralized enamel showed high bond strength values comparable to intact enamel for universal adhesive systems. The Ca/P mineral atomic and mass ratios in remineralized enamel showed higher values than demineralized enamel, similar to intact enamel for universal adhesive systems. Initial carious lesion surfaces are unsuitable enamel surfaces for restoration. The remineralization of this surface layer before adhesive procedures may positively affect bond strength. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Role of Dental Biomaterials in Promoting Oral Health)
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16 pages, 5609 KiB  
Article
The Effect of Surface Functionalization of Magnesium Alloy on Degradability, Bioactivity, Cytotoxicity, and Antibiofilm Activity
by Morena Nocchetti, Michela Piccinini, Donatella Pietrella, Cinzia Antognelli, Maurizio Ricci, Alessandro Di Michele, Layla Jalaoui and Valeria Ambrogi
J. Funct. Biomater. 2025, 16(1), 22; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb16010022 - 12 Jan 2025
Viewed by 629
Abstract
Magnesium alloys are promising biomaterials to be used as temporary implants due to their biocompatibility and biodegradability. The main limitation in the use of these alloys is their rapid biodegradation. Moreover, the risk of microbial infections, often following the implant surgery and hard [...] Read more.
Magnesium alloys are promising biomaterials to be used as temporary implants due to their biocompatibility and biodegradability. The main limitation in the use of these alloys is their rapid biodegradation. Moreover, the risk of microbial infections, often following the implant surgery and hard to eradicate, is another challenge. Thus, with the aim of reducing biodegradability and conferring antibiofilm activity, sheets of the magnesium alloy AZ31 were properly modified with the introduction of hydroxy (polyethyleneoxy)propyl silane (PEG) and quaternary ammonium silane chains (QAS). The derivatized sheets were characterized by ATR-FTIR spectroscopy and their performances as concerns their stability, Mg2+ in vitro release, and in vitro bioactivity were evaluated as well. The results showed an increased stability with a reduction in corrosion, a slower Mg2+ ion release, and the formation of hydroxyapatite in the sheets’ surface. In addition, cytotoxicity evaluations were carried out on human gingival fibroblasts showing that the AZ31 and AZ31-PEG plates had good cytocompatibility. Finally, the antibiofilm activity on Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa was carried out by evaluating the capacity of inhibition of biofilm adhesion and formation. The results demonstrated a significant reduction in biofilm formation by Staphylococcus epidermidis on AZ31-QAS. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Biomedical Alloys and Surface Modification)
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19 pages, 3962 KiB  
Article
Extrusion-Based Printing of Myoblast-Loaded Fibrin Microthreads to Induce Myogenesis
by Hanson S. Lee, Bryanna L. Samolyk and George D. Pins
J. Funct. Biomater. 2025, 16(1), 21; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb16010021 - 10 Jan 2025
Viewed by 909
Abstract
Large skeletal muscle injuries such as volumetric muscle loss (VML) disrupt native tissue structures, including biophysical and biochemical signaling cues that promote the regeneration of functional skeletal muscle. Various biofabrication strategies have been developed to create engineered skeletal muscle constructs that mimic native [...] Read more.
Large skeletal muscle injuries such as volumetric muscle loss (VML) disrupt native tissue structures, including biophysical and biochemical signaling cues that promote the regeneration of functional skeletal muscle. Various biofabrication strategies have been developed to create engineered skeletal muscle constructs that mimic native matrix and cellular microenvironments to enhance muscle regeneration; however, there remains a need to create scalable engineered tissues that provide mechanical stability as well as structural and spatiotemporal signaling cues to promote cell-mediated regeneration of contractile skeletal muscle. We describe a novel strategy for bioprinting multifunctional myoblast-loaded fibrin microthreads (myothreads) that recapitulate the cellular microniches to drive myogenesis and aligned myotube formation. We characterized myoblast alignment, myotube formation, and tensile properties of myothreads as a function of cell-loading density and culture time. We showed that increasing myoblast loading densities enhances myotube formation. Additionally, alignment analyses indicate that the bioprinting process confers myoblast alignment in the constructs. Finally, tensile characterizations suggest that myothreads possess the structural stability to serve as a potential platform for developing scalable muscle scaffolds. We anticipate that our myothread biofabrication approach will enable us to strategically investigate biophysical and biochemical signaling cues and cellular mechanisms that enhance functional skeletal muscle regeneration for the treatment of VML. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Multifunctional Biomaterials for Volumetric Muscle Loss)
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23 pages, 3417 KiB  
Review
Natural Protein Films from Textile Waste for Wound Healing and Wound Dressing Applications
by Livia Ottaviano, Sara Buoso, Roberto Zamboni, Giovanna Sotgiu and Tamara Posati
J. Funct. Biomater. 2025, 16(1), 20; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb16010020 - 10 Jan 2025
Viewed by 720
Abstract
In recent years, several studies have focused on the development of sustainable, biocompatible, and biodegradable films with potential applications in wound healing and wound dressing systems. Natural macromolecules, particularly proteins, have emerged as attractive alternatives to synthetic polymers due to their biocompatibility, biodegradability, [...] Read more.
In recent years, several studies have focused on the development of sustainable, biocompatible, and biodegradable films with potential applications in wound healing and wound dressing systems. Natural macromolecules, particularly proteins, have emerged as attractive alternatives to synthetic polymers due to their biocompatibility, biodegradability, low immunogenicity, and adaptability. Among these proteins, keratin, extracted from waste wool, and fibroin, derived from Bombyx mori cocoons, exhibit exceptional properties such as mechanical strength, cell adhesion capabilities, and suitability for various fabrication methods. These proteins can also be functionalized with antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory compounds, making them highly versatile for biomedical applications. This review highlights the promising potential of keratin- and fibroin-based films as innovative platforms for wound healing, emphasizing their advantages and the prospects they offer in creating next-generation wound dressing devices. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Natural Product-Based Biomaterials for Advanced Wound Dressings)
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16 pages, 8491 KiB  
Article
Electrodepositing Ag on Anodized Stainless Steel for Enhanced Antibacterial Properties and Corrosion Resistance
by Yi Shao, Yue Jiang, Yongfeng Wang, Qiangsheng Dong, Cheng Wang, Yan Wang, Feng Xue, Chenglin Chu and Jing Bai
J. Funct. Biomater. 2025, 16(1), 19; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb16010019 - 9 Jan 2025
Viewed by 595
Abstract
Antibacterial stainless steels have been widely used in biomedicine, food, and water treatment. However, the current antibacterial stainless steels face challenges in balancing corrosion resistance and antibacterial effectiveness, limiting their application range and lifespan. In this study, an oxide layer sealed with antibacterial [...] Read more.
Antibacterial stainless steels have been widely used in biomedicine, food, and water treatment. However, the current antibacterial stainless steels face challenges in balancing corrosion resistance and antibacterial effectiveness, limiting their application range and lifespan. In this study, an oxide layer sealed with antibacterial Ag particles was constructed on the surface of 304 stainless steel through anodizing and electrodeposition, and the process parameters were optimized for achieving long-term antibacterial properties. The electrochemical tests demonstrated that the composite coating effectively enhanced the corrosion resistance of 304 stainless steel. The X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis revealed the close binding mechanism between the Ag particles and the micropores in the oxide layer. Furthermore, the antibacterial stainless steel has an antibacterial rate of 99% against Escherichia coli (E. coli) and good biocompatibility. This study provides an effective approach for designing efficient, stable, and safe antibacterial stainless steel. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antibacterial Materials: Recent Advances in Methodologies and Regulations)
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21 pages, 15714 KiB  
Article
Development of Prevascularized Synthetic Block Graft for Maxillofacial Reconstruction
by Borvornwut Buranawat, Abeer Shaalan, Devy F. Garna and Lucy Di Silvio
J. Funct. Biomater. 2025, 16(1), 18; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb16010018 - 9 Jan 2025
Viewed by 576
Abstract
Cranio-maxillofacial bone reconstruction, especially for large defects, remains challenging. Synthetic biomimetic materials are emerging as alternatives to autogenous grafts. Tissue engineering aims to create natural tissue-mimicking materials, with calcium phosphate-based scaffolds showing promise for bone regeneration applications. This study developed a porous calcium [...] Read more.
Cranio-maxillofacial bone reconstruction, especially for large defects, remains challenging. Synthetic biomimetic materials are emerging as alternatives to autogenous grafts. Tissue engineering aims to create natural tissue-mimicking materials, with calcium phosphate-based scaffolds showing promise for bone regeneration applications. This study developed a porous calcium metaphosphate (CMP) scaffold with physicochemical properties mimicking natural bone, aiming to create a prevascularized synthetic bone graft. The scaffold, fabricated using sintered monocalcium phosphate with poly (vinyl alcohol) as a porogen, exhibited pore sizes ranging from 0 to 400 μm, with the highest frequency between 80 and 100 μm. The co-culture of endothelial cells (ECs) with human alveolar osteoblasts (aHOBs) on the scaffold led to the formation of tube-like structures and intrinsic VEGF release, reaching 10,455.6 pg/mL This level approached the optimal dose for vascular formation. Conversely, the co-culture with mesenchymal stem cells did not yield similar results. Combining ECs and aHOBs in the CMP scaffold offers a promising approach to developing prevascularized grafts for cranio-maxillofacial reconstruction. This innovative strategy can potentially enhance vascularization in large tissue-engineered constructs, addressing a critical limitation in current bone regeneration techniques. The prevascularized synthetic bone graft developed in this study could significantly improve the success rate of maxillofacial reconstructions, offering a viable alternative to autogenous grafts. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Medical Application of Functional Biomaterials (2nd Edition))
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23 pages, 14423 KiB  
Article
Non-Linear Biomechanical Evaluation and Comparison in the Assessment of Three Different Piece Dental Implant Systems for the Molar Region: A Finite Element Study
by Jesus Alejandro Serrato-Pedrosa, Ignacio Villanueva-Fierro, Rodrigo Arturo Marquet-Rivera, Rosa Alicia Hernández-Vázquez, Salvador Cruz-Lopez and Verónica Loera-Castañeda
J. Funct. Biomater. 2025, 16(1), 17; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb16010017 - 9 Jan 2025
Viewed by 558
Abstract
The widely available options of different manufacturers in dental implant systems have complicated the selection criteria process for periodontists, necessitating careful consideration of various factors when selecting suitable solutions for individual patient needs. Optimal implant selection requires careful consideration of the patient-specific factors, [...] Read more.
The widely available options of different manufacturers in dental implant systems have complicated the selection criteria process for periodontists, necessitating careful consideration of various factors when selecting suitable solutions for individual patient needs. Optimal implant selection requires careful consideration of the patient-specific factors, implant design, and surgical technique. Understanding the biomechanical behavior of implant–tissue interactions is crucial for achieving successful and long-lasting implant therapy. To adequately address this issue and improve the rigorous selection criteria from a biomechanically numerical approach, this research aims to analyze the stress distribution fields, strain patterns, and load transfer displacements within the implant system and the implant–biological interface (gingival and bony tissues) of titanium three-piece to two–one-piece ceramic implant systems. Thus, three different commercially available dental implants designed to be placed in the jaw molar region were considered for evaluation through the finite element method under both oblique and occlusal loading conditions. The results have exhibited an increasing trend to highlight the outstanding behavior of two-piece ceramic implants to dissipate the stress distribution better (6 and 2 times lower than the three- and one-piece systems under occlusal loads and almost 5 and 1.3 times more efficient for oblique loading, respectively), minimize peak stress values (below 100 MPa), and reduce strain peak patterns compared with the other two evaluated designs. On the other hand, the effects generated in biological tissues are strongly associated with implant geometry features. This biomechanical approach could provide a promising strategy for predicting micro-strains and micromotion in implant system pieces and geometries. Hence, these findings contribute to a deeper understanding of the biomechanics spectrum in the behavior of dental implant systems and emphasize the importance of carefully selecting appropriate material systems for accurate patient-specific biomechanical performance. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomaterials and Biomechanics Modelling in Dental Implantology)
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17 pages, 1391 KiB  
Systematic Review
Autologous and Heterologous Minor and Major Bone Regeneration with Platelet-Derived Growth Factors
by Gianna Dipalma, Angelo Michele Inchingolo, Valeria Colonna, Pierluigi Marotti, Claudio Carone, Laura Ferrante, Francesco Inchingolo, Andrea Palermo and Alessio Danilo Inchingolo
J. Funct. Biomater. 2025, 16(1), 16; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb16010016 - 9 Jan 2025
Viewed by 513
Abstract
Aim: This review aims to explore the clinical applications, biological mechanisms, and potential benefits of concentrated growth factors (CGFs), autologous materials, and xenografts in bone regeneration, particularly in dental treatments such as alveolar ridge preservation, mandibular osteonecrosis, and peri-implantitis. Materials and Methods. A [...] Read more.
Aim: This review aims to explore the clinical applications, biological mechanisms, and potential benefits of concentrated growth factors (CGFs), autologous materials, and xenografts in bone regeneration, particularly in dental treatments such as alveolar ridge preservation, mandibular osteonecrosis, and peri-implantitis. Materials and Methods. A systematic literature search was conducted using databases like PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science, with keywords such as “bone regeneration” and “CGF” from 2014 to 2024. Only English-language clinical studies involving human subjects were included. A total of 10 studies were selected for qualitative analysis. Data were processed through multiple stages, including title and abstract screening and full-text evaluation. Conclusion: The findings of the reviewed studies underscore the potential of the CGF in enhancing bone regeneration through stimulating cell proliferation, angiogenesis, and extracellular matrix mineralization. Autologous materials have also demonstrated promising results due to their biocompatibility and capacity for seamless integration with natural bone tissue. When combined with xenografts, these materials show synergistic effects in improving bone quantity and quality, which are crucial for dental implant success. Future research should focus on direct comparisons of different techniques, the optimization of protocols, and broader applications beyond dental medicine. The integration of CGFs and autologous materials into routine clinical practice represents a significant advancement in regenerative dental medicine, with the potential for improved patient outcomes and satisfaction. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Biomaterials for Bone Tissue Engineering)
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17 pages, 2019 KiB  
Review
From Blood to Therapy: The Revolutionary Application of Platelets in Cancer-Targeted Drug Delivery
by Lijuan Xie, Fengxu Gan, Yun Hu, Yibin Zheng, Junshan Lan, Yuting Liu, Xiaofang Zhou, Jianyu Zheng, Xing Zhou and Jie Lou
J. Funct. Biomater. 2025, 16(1), 15; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb16010015 - 6 Jan 2025
Viewed by 830
Abstract
Biomimetic nanodrug delivery systems based on cell membranes have emerged as a promising approach for targeted cancer therapy due to their biocompatibility and low immunogenicity. Among them, platelet-mediated systems are particularly noteworthy for their innate tumor-homing and cancer cell interaction capabilities. These systems [...] Read more.
Biomimetic nanodrug delivery systems based on cell membranes have emerged as a promising approach for targeted cancer therapy due to their biocompatibility and low immunogenicity. Among them, platelet-mediated systems are particularly noteworthy for their innate tumor-homing and cancer cell interaction capabilities. These systems utilize nanoparticles shielded and directed by platelet membrane coatings for efficient drug delivery. This review highlights the role of platelets in cancer therapy, summarizes the advancements in platelet-based drug delivery systems, and discusses their integration with other cancer treatments. Additionally, it addresses the limitations and challenges of platelet-mediated drug delivery, offering insights into future developments in this innovative field. Full article
(This article belongs to the Collection Feature Papers in Biomaterials for Drug Delivery)
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20 pages, 12458 KiB  
Article
An Evaluation of the Biocompatibility and Chemical Properties of Two Bioceramic Root Canal Sealers in a Sealer Extrusion Model of Rat Molars
by Shintaro Takahara, Naoki Edanami, Razi Saifullah Ibn Belal, Kunihiko Yoshiba, Shoji Takenaka, Naoto Ohkura, Nagako Yoshiba, Susan Gomez-Kasimoto and Yuichiro Noiri
J. Funct. Biomater. 2025, 16(1), 14; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb16010014 - 4 Jan 2025
Viewed by 612
Abstract
This study assessed the biocompatibility and chemical properties of two bioceramic root canal sealers, EndoSequence BC Sealer (EBC) and Nishika Canal Sealer BG (NBG), using a sealer extrusion model. Eight-week-old male Wistar rats were used. The mesial root canals of the upper first [...] Read more.
This study assessed the biocompatibility and chemical properties of two bioceramic root canal sealers, EndoSequence BC Sealer (EBC) and Nishika Canal Sealer BG (NBG), using a sealer extrusion model. Eight-week-old male Wistar rats were used. The mesial root canals of the upper first molars were pulpectomized and overfilled with EBC, NBG, or, as reference, epoxy resin-based AH Plus (AHP). After 28 days, periapical tissue reactions were assessed using microcomputed tomography and histological staining. The elemental composition and chemical composition of the extruded EBC and NBG were analyzed at Day 1 and 28 using an electron probe microanalyzer and micro-Raman spectroscopy. No periapical lesions were observed with the sealer extrusion. Additionally, inflammation around the extruded EBC and NBG was minimal to mild on Day 28, whereas moderate inflammation was found around the extruded AHP. Silicon concentration in the extruded EBC and NBG decreased significantly from Day 1 to 28, with almost no silicon present on Day 28. Furthermore, the extruded EBC and NBG became calcium- and phosphorus-rich, showing a Raman band for hydroxyapatite on Day 28. In conclusion, EBC and NBG demonstrated favorable biocompatibility and the ability to release silicon elements and produce hydroxyapatite when extruded into the periapical tissues. AHP showed moderate periapical tissue irritancy. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Materials for Clinical Endodontic Applications (2nd Edition))
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11 pages, 4931 KiB  
Article
Evaluation of Extra-High Translucent Dental Zirconia: Translucency, Crystalline Phase, Mechanical Properties, and Microstructures
by Hiroto Nakai, Masanao Inokoshi, Hengyi Liu, Motohiro Uo and Manabu Kanazawa
J. Funct. Biomater. 2025, 16(1), 13; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb16010013 - 3 Jan 2025
Viewed by 608
Abstract
Highly translucent zirconia (TZ) is frequently used in dentistry. The properties of several highly translucent zirconia materials available in the market require an in-depth understanding. In this study, we assessed the translucency, crystalline phase, mechanical properties, and microstructures of three newly developed highly [...] Read more.
Highly translucent zirconia (TZ) is frequently used in dentistry. The properties of several highly translucent zirconia materials available in the market require an in-depth understanding. In this study, we assessed the translucency, crystalline phase, mechanical properties, and microstructures of three newly developed highly translucent zirconia materials (Zpex 4. m, 4 mol% yttria-stabilized zirconia: 4YSZ; Zpex Smile.m, 5YSZ; ZR Lucent ULTRA, 6YSZ). The translucency parameter (TP) was analyzed using the CIELAB system. X-ray diffraction was conducted for the crystalline phase analysis, followed by Rietveld refinement. A biaxial flexural strength test using the Weibull analysis was performed to evaluate the mechanical properties. Scanning electron microscopy, grain size distribution, and average grain size were used to analyze the microstructures. The TP content of the ZR Lucent ULTRA was the highest among the samples investigated. The Rietveld analysis revealed that the cubic zirconia phase content of the ZR Lucent ULTRA was the highest. The biaxial flexural strength of the ZR Lucent ULTRA was the lowest (622.9 MPa). The average grain size and proportion of large grains (1.0 µm < x) were the highest in ZR Lucent ULTRA. Therefore, extra-high translucent zirconia has the potential for use in anterior monolithic restorations owing to its esthetics and strength. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ceramic, Zirconia, and Resin-Based Composite for Restorative Dentistry)
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10 pages, 535 KiB  
Article
Next-Generation Dental Materials: Exploring Bacterial Biofilm Formation on 3D-Printable Resin-Based Composites
by Emerson Koji Uehara, Gustavo Castro de Lima, Janaina de Cassia Orlandi Sardi, Luciene Cristina de Figueiredo, Jamil Awad Shibli, Thabet Asbi, Doron Haim and José Augusto Rodrigues
J. Funct. Biomater. 2025, 16(1), 12; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb16010012 - 3 Jan 2025
Viewed by 578
Abstract
This study evaluated the microbial growth profile of subgingival multispecies biofilm on 3D-printable resin-based composites (PRBCs). A 96-well cell plate cultivated a 39-species biofilm associated with periodontitis over 7 days. Cylindrical specimens with 12 mm high and 3 mm diameters were prepared by [...] Read more.
This study evaluated the microbial growth profile of subgingival multispecies biofilm on 3D-printable resin-based composites (PRBCs). A 96-well cell plate cultivated a 39-species biofilm associated with periodontitis over 7 days. Cylindrical specimens with 12 mm high and 3 mm diameters were prepared by the PRBC group (Cosmos Temp-Yller; Prizma 3D Bio Crown; Prizma 3D Bio Prov) and an acrylic resin as control. Further, these specimens were immersed in the well plate to allow biofilm formation. After growing for 7 days, the metabolic biofilm activity was evaluated by colorimetric assay and the microbial profile by DNA-DNA hybridization. Kruskal–Wallis and Mann–Whitney tests evaluated each bacteria count and complex group. A greater biofilm formation was observed on PRBC groups than on acrylic resin. The microbiological profile of PRBC was associated with a less pathogenic biofilm, with an absence of a red complex. Acrylic resin showed low biofilm growth, but the biofilm profile was related to periodontal disease, characterized by red-complex bacteria. The selection of PRBC may contribute more effectively to maintaining periodontal health than acrylic resin. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers in Dental Biomaterials (2nd Edition))
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13 pages, 3321 KiB  
Article
Use of Photoreactive Riboflavin and Blue Light Irradiation in Improving Dentin Bonding—Multifaceted Evaluation
by Ping-Ju Chen, Jung-Pei Hsieh, Hsiao-Tzu Chang, Yuh-Ling Chen and Shu-Fen Chuang
J. Funct. Biomater. 2025, 16(1), 11; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb16010011 - 3 Jan 2025
Viewed by 589
Abstract
Recently, photoactivated riboflavin (RF) treatments have been approved to improve resin–dentin bonding by enhancing dentinal collagen crosslinking. This study aimed to evaluate whether RF activated by blue light (BL, 450 nm) strengthens the collagen matrix, increases resistance to enzymatic degradation, and improves adhesion [...] Read more.
Recently, photoactivated riboflavin (RF) treatments have been approved to improve resin–dentin bonding by enhancing dentinal collagen crosslinking. This study aimed to evaluate whether RF activated by blue light (BL, 450 nm) strengthens the collagen matrix, increases resistance to enzymatic degradation, and improves adhesion as effectively as ultraviolet A (UVA, 375 nm) activation. Six groups were examined: control (no treatment); RF0.1UV2 (0.1% RF with 2 min of UVA irradiation); RF0.1BL1, RF0.1BL2, RF1BL1, and RF1BL2 (0.1% and 1% RF with 1 or 2 min of BL irradiation). The effects of RF/BL on collagen crosslinking were validated by gel electrophoresis. A nanoindentation test showed that both RF/UVA and RF/BL treatments enhanced the elastic modulus and nanohardness of demineralized dentin. A zymography assay using collagen extracted from demineralized dentin also revealed significant matrix metalloproteinase-2 inhibition across all RF treatments. Microtensile bond strength (µTBS) tests conducted both post-treatment and after 7-day enzymatic degradation showed that three RF0.1 groups (RF0.1UV2, RF0.1BL1, and RF0.1BL2) maintained high µTBS values after degradation, while RF0.1BL1 generated a significantly thicker hybrid layer compared to other groups. These findings suggest that RF/BL is as effective as RF/UVA in crosslinking dentinal collagen and resisting enzymatic degradation, with 0.1% RF proving superior to 1% RF in enhancing dentin bonding. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Restorative Dentistry Materials)
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16 pages, 7192 KiB  
Article
Osteoblastic Differentiation of Human Adipose-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells on P3HT Thin Polymer Film
by Paola Campione, Maria Giovanna Rizzo, Luana Vittoria Bauso, Ileana Ielo, Grazia Maria Lucia Messina and Giovanna Calabrese
J. Funct. Biomater. 2025, 16(1), 10; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb16010010 - 2 Jan 2025
Viewed by 874
Abstract
Bone defects restoration has always been an arduous challenge in the orthopedic field due to the limitations of conventional grafts. Bone tissue engineering offers an alternative approach by using biomimetic materials, stem cells, and growth factors that are able to improve the regeneration [...] Read more.
Bone defects restoration has always been an arduous challenge in the orthopedic field due to the limitations of conventional grafts. Bone tissue engineering offers an alternative approach by using biomimetic materials, stem cells, and growth factors that are able to improve the regeneration of bone tissue. Different biomaterials have attracted great interest in BTE applications, including the poly(3-hexylthiofene) (P3HT) conductive polymer, whose primary advantage is its capability to provide a native extracellular matrix-like environment. Based on this evidence, in this study, we evaluated the biological response of human adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells cultured on P3HT thin polymer film for 14 days. Our results suggest that P3HT represents a good substrate to induce osteogenic differentiation of osteoprogenitor cells, even in the absence of specific inductive growth factors, thus representing a promising strategy for bone regenerative medicine. Therefore, the system provided may offer an innovative platform for next-generation biocompatible materials for regenerative medicine. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mesoporous Nanomaterials for Bone Tissue Engineering)
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24 pages, 11240 KiB  
Article
Study of the Interplay Among Melt Morphology, Rheology and 3D Printability of Poly(Lactic Acid)/Poly(3-Hydroxybutyrate-Co-3-Hydroxyvalerate) Blends
by Marco Costantini, Flavio Cognini, Roberta Angelini, Sara Alfano, Marianna Villano, Andrea Martinelli, David Bolzonella, Marco Rossi and Andrea Barbetta
J. Funct. Biomater. 2025, 16(1), 9; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb16010009 - 1 Jan 2025
Viewed by 865
Abstract
Polymeric materials made from renewable sources that can biodegrade in the environment are attracting considerable attention as substitutes for petroleum-based polymers in many fields, including additive manufacturing and, in particular, Fused Deposition Modelling (FDM). Among the others, poly(hydroxyalkanoates) (PHAs) hold significant potential as [...] Read more.
Polymeric materials made from renewable sources that can biodegrade in the environment are attracting considerable attention as substitutes for petroleum-based polymers in many fields, including additive manufacturing and, in particular, Fused Deposition Modelling (FDM). Among the others, poly(hydroxyalkanoates) (PHAs) hold significant potential as candidates for FDM since they meet the sustainability and biodegradability standards mentioned above. However, the most utilised PHA, consisting of the poly(hydroxybutyrate) (PHB) homopolymer, has a high degree of crystallinity and low thermal stability near the melting point. As a result, its application in FDM has not yet attained mainstream adoption. Introducing a monomer with higher excluded volume, such as hydroxyvalerate, in the PHB primary structure, as in poly(hydroxybutyrate-co-valerate) (PHBV) copolymers, reduces the degree of crystallinity and the melting temperature, hence improving the PHA printability. Blending amorphous poly(lactic acid) (PLA) with PHBV enhances further PHA printability via FDM. In this work, we investigated the printability of two blends characterised by different PLA and PHBV weight ratios (25:75 and 50:50), revealing the close connection between blend microstructures, melt rheology and 3D printability. For instance, the relaxation time associated with die swelling upon extrusion determines the diameter of the extruded filament, while the viscoelastic properties the range of extrusion speed available. Through thoroughly screening printing parameters such as deposition speed, nozzle diameter, flow percentage and deposition platform temperature, we determined the optimal printing conditions for the two PLA/PHBV blends. It turned out that the blend with a 50:50 weight ratio could be printed faster and with higher accuracy. Such a conclusion was validated by replicating with remarkable fidelity high-complexity objects, such as a patient’s cancer-affected iliac crest model. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Technologies for Processing Functional Biomaterials)
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41 pages, 3604 KiB  
Review
Role of Nanotechnology in Ischemic Stroke: Advancements in Targeted Therapies and Diagnostics for Enhanced Clinical Outcomes
by Virendra Kumar Yadav, Rachna Gupta, Abdullah A. Assiri, Jalal Uddin, Azfar A. Ishaqui, Pankaj Kumar, Khalid M. Orayj, Shazia Tahira, Ashish Patel and Nisha Choudhary
J. Funct. Biomater. 2025, 16(1), 8; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb16010008 - 1 Jan 2025
Viewed by 1397
Abstract
Each year, the number of cases of strokes and deaths due to this is increasing around the world. This could be due to work stress, lifestyles, unhealthy food habits, and several other reasons. Currently, there are several traditional methods like thrombolysis and mechanical [...] Read more.
Each year, the number of cases of strokes and deaths due to this is increasing around the world. This could be due to work stress, lifestyles, unhealthy food habits, and several other reasons. Currently, there are several traditional methods like thrombolysis and mechanical thrombectomy for managing strokes. The current approach has several limitations, like delayed diagnosis, limited therapeutic delivery, and risks of secondary injuries. So, there is a need for some effective and reliable methods for the management of strokes, which could help in early diagnosis followed by the treatment of strokes. Nanotechnology has played an immense role in managing strokes, and recently, it has emerged as a transformative solution offering innovative diagnostic tools and therapeutic strategies. Nanoparticles (NPs) belonging to several classes, including metallic (metallic and metal oxide), organic (lipids, liposome), and carbon, can cross the blood–brain barrier and may exhibit immense potential for managing various strokes. Moreover, these NPs have exhibited promise in improving imaging specificity and therapeutic delivery by precise drug delivery and real-time monitoring of treatment efficacy. Nanomaterials like cerium oxide (CeO2) and liposome-encapsulated agents have neuroprotective properties that reduce oxidative stress and promote neuroregeneration. In the present article, the authors have emphasized the significant advancements in the nanomedicine management of stroke, including NPs-based drug delivery systems, neuroprotective and neuroregenerative therapies, and multimodal imaging advancements. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanomaterials for Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery)
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16 pages, 8074 KiB  
Article
Three-Dimensional Assessment of Dental Enamel Microcrack Progression After Orthodontic Bracket Debonding Using Optical Coherence Tomography
by Ahmed Haj Hamdan, Sm Abu Saleah, Daewoon Seong, Naresh Kumar Ravichandran, Ruchire Eranga Wijesinghe, Sangyeob Han, Jeehyun Kim, Mansik Jeon and Hyo-Sang Park
J. Funct. Biomater. 2025, 16(1), 7; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb16010007 - 30 Dec 2024
Viewed by 1037
Abstract
The current study aimed to quantify the length progression of enamel microcracks (EMCs) after debonding metal and ceramic brackets, implementing OCT as a diagnostic tool. The secondary objectives included a three-dimensional assessment of EMC width and depth and the formation of new EMCs. [...] Read more.
The current study aimed to quantify the length progression of enamel microcracks (EMCs) after debonding metal and ceramic brackets, implementing OCT as a diagnostic tool. The secondary objectives included a three-dimensional assessment of EMC width and depth and the formation of new EMCs. OCT imaging was performed on 16 extracted human premolars before bonding and after debonding. Debonding was conducted with a universal Instron machine, with ARI values recorded. Additionally, 2D and 3D OCT images were employed to detect EMC formation and progression. Enface images quantified the length, width, and number of EMCs, and the length and width were analyzed using Image J (1.54f) and MATLAB (R2014b), respectively. Sagittal cross-sectional images were used for EMC depth analysis. A paired t-test showed significant differences in the length, width, and number of EMCs after debonding (p-value < 0.05), while the Wilcoxon non-parametric test indicated significant EMC depth changes (p-value < 0.05). No significant results were identified for the EMC number in ceramic brackets and EMC depth in metal brackets. Three-dimensional OCT imaging monitored existing EMCs at higher risk of progression and detected new EMCs following orthodontic bracket debonding. This study provides novel insights into EMC progression regarding the length, width, depth, and number after debonding. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Technologies and Materials for Application in Dental, Oral and Maxillofacial Engineering)
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