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Antibacterial Materials: Recent Advances in Methodologies and Regulations

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A special issue of Journal of Functional Biomaterials (ISSN 2079-4983). This special issue belongs to the section "Antibacterial Biomaterials".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 31 December 2024 | Viewed by 17424

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Special Issue Editors

Dr. Claudia Vineis

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Guest Editor

National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Intelligent Industrial Technologies and Systems for Advanced Manufacturing (CNR-STIIMA), Corso Pella 16, 13900 Biella, Italy
Interests: textile; materials science; antibacterial; biopolymers; keratin

Dr. Alessio Varesano

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Guest Editor

National Research Council, Institute of Intelligent Industrial Technologies and Systems for Advanced Manufacturing (CNR-STIIMA), Corso Giuseppe Pella 16, 13900 Biella, Italy
Interests: textile; materials science; antibacterial; electrospinning; polypyrrole

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

In recent years, the emergence of resistant bacteria has stimulated intensive research in developing antibacterial materials in different fields in order to reduce the spread of antibiotic-resistant bacterial strains.

Novel antibacterial materials include a large number of compounds such as nanoparticles, polymers, chemicals, proteins, and enzymes. Moreover, the final antibacterial products that embed the antibacterial compound can have many different shapes, such as textiles, plastics, cosmetics, ceramics, metals, paper, wood, etc.

It is difficult to compare the performances of such different materials and applications because cross-method comparisons are currently lacking in the literature. Moreover, the procedures for testing developed in the past are often unsuitable for new antibacterial materials/products, and the scientific soundness of the results can be weak. Quantification (e.g., bacterial reduction) is crucial, and qualitative-only methods can be misleading. The conditions for testing required by current regulations should be critically evaluated to assess the limits of their applications.

On the other hand, existing procedures for antibacterial testing of materials are usually quite far from real conditions. Simple and affordable methods have to be developed in order to ensure reproducibility and robustness in conditions close to real world.

The aim of this Special Issue is to stimulate contributions to fill these gaps.

Dr. Claudia Vineis
Dr. Alessio Varesano
Guest Editors

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Keywords

antibacterial
testing
procedure
quantification
bacterial reduction
comparison

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Published Papers (9 papers)

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Research

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16 pages, 3930 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Antibacterial Size Effect of ZnO Nanoparticles and Their Role as Additives in Emulsion Waterborne Paint

by Imroi El-Habib, Hassan Maatouk, Alex Lemarchand, Sarah Dine, Anne Roynette, Christine Mielcarek, Mamadou Traoré and Rabah Azouani

J. Funct. Biomater. 2024, 15(7), 195; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb15070195 - 17 Jul 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1352

Abstract

Nosocomial infections, a prevalent issue in intensive care units due to antibiotic overuse, could potentially be addressed by metal oxide nanoparticles (NPs). However, there is still no comprehensive understanding of the impact of NPs’ size on their antibacterial efficacy. Therefore, this study provides a novel investigation into the impact of ZnO NPs’ size on bacterial growth kinetics. NPs were synthesized using a sol–gel process with monoethanolamine (MEA) and water. X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and Raman spectroscopy confirmed their crystallization and size variations. ZnO NPs of 22, 35, and 66 nm were tested against the most common nosocomial bacteria: Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Gram-negative), and Staphylococcus aureus (Gram-positive). Evaluation of minimum inhibitory and bactericidal concentrations (MIC and MBC) revealed superior antibacterial activity in small NPs. Bacterial growth kinetics were monitored using optical absorbance, showing a reduced specific growth rate, a prolonged latency period, and an increased inhibition percentage with small NPs, indicating a slowdown in bacterial growth. Pseudomonas aeruginosa showed the lowest sensitivity to ZnO NPs, attributed to its resistance to environmental stress. Moreover, the antibacterial efficacy of paint containing 1 wt% of 22 nm ZnO NPs was evaluated, and showed activity against E. coli and S. aureus. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antibacterial Materials: Recent Advances in Methodologies and Regulations)

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15 pages, 3396 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Dyeing Improvement and Stability of Antibacterial Properties in Chitosan-Modified Cotton and Polyamide 6,6 Fabrics

by Marta Piccioni, Roberta Peila, Alessio Varesano and Claudia Vineis

J. Funct. Biomater. 2023, 14(10), 524; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb14100524 - 18 Oct 2023

Viewed by 2497

Abstract

Cotton and polyamide 6,6 fabrics coated with chitosan, a natural biopolymer, have been tested against two different bacteria strains: Staphylococcus aureus as Gram-positive bacterium and Escherichia coli as Gram-negative bacterium. Using the ASTM standard method (Standard Test Method for Determining the Antimicrobial Activity of Antimicrobial Agents Under Dynamic Contact Conditions) for antibacterial testing, the treated fabrics is contacted for 1 h with the bacterial inoculum, the present study aims to investigate the possibility to reach interesting results considering shorter contact times. Moreover, the antibacterial activity of chitosan-treated fibers dyed with a natural dye, Carmine Red, was evaluated since chitosan has an interesting property that favors the attachment of the dye to the fiber (cross-linking ability). Finally, fabric samples were tested after washing cycles to verify the resistance of the dye and if the antibacterial property was maintained. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antibacterial Materials: Recent Advances in Methodologies and Regulations)

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17 pages, 2360 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Combined System for the Simultaneous Delivery of Levofloxacin and Rifampicin: Structural and Functional Properties and Antibacterial Activity

by Irina M. Le-Deygen, Polina V. Mamaeva, Anna A. Skuredina, Anastasia S. Safronova, Natalia G. Belogurova and Elena V. Kudryashova

J. Funct. Biomater. 2023, 14(7), 381; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb14070381 - 20 Jul 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1572

Abstract

The therapy of resistant forms of tuberculosis requires the simultaneous use of several drugs, in particular, a combination of rifampicin and levofloxacin. In this paper, we aimed to design a combined system for the simultaneous delivery of these drugs for potential inhalation administration. A feature of this system is the incorporation of rifampicin into optimized liposomal vesicles capable of forming a multipoint non-covalent complex with chitosan-β-cyclodextrin conjugates. Levofloxacin is incorporated into cyclodextrin tori by forming a host–guest complex. Here, a comprehensive study of the physicochemical properties of the obtained systems was carried out and special attention was paid to the kinetics of cargo release for individual drugs and in the combined system. The release of levofloxacin in combined system is slow and is described by the Higuchi model in all cases. The release of rifampicin from liposomes during the formation of complexes with polymeric conjugates is characterized by the change of the Higuchi model to the Korsmeyer–Peppas model with the main type of diffusion against Fick′s law. Microbiological studies in solid and liquid growth media a consistently high antibacterial activity of the obtained systems was shown against B. subtilis and E. coli. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antibacterial Materials: Recent Advances in Methodologies and Regulations)

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29 pages, 8805 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Microwave-Assisted Hydrothermal Treatment of Multifunctional Substituted Hydroxyapatite with Prospective Applications in Bone Regeneration

by Alexandra-Cristina Burdusel, Ionela Andreea Neacsu, Alexandra Catalina Birca, Cristina Chircov, Alexandru-Mihai Grumezescu, Alina Maria Holban, Carmen Curutiu, Lia Mara Ditu, Miruna Stan and Ecaterina Andronescu

J. Funct. Biomater. 2023, 14(7), 378; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb14070378 - 19 Jul 2023

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 1928

Abstract

Orthopedic bone graft infections are major complications in today’s medicine, and the demand for antibacterial treatments is expanding because of the spread of antibiotic resistance. Various compositions of hydroxyapatite (HAp) in which Calcium (Ca²⁺) ions are substituted with Cerium (Ce³⁺) and Magnesium (Mg²⁺) are herein proposed as biomaterials for hard tissue implants. This approach gained popularity in recent years and, in the pursuit of mimicking the natural bone mineral’s composition, over 70 elements of the Periodic Table were already reported as substituents into HAp structure. The current study aimed to create materials based on HAp, Hap-Ce, and Hap-Mg using hydrothermal maturation in the microwave field. This route has been considered a novel, promising, and effective way to obtain monodisperse, fine nanoparticles while easily controlling the synthesis parameters. The synthesized HAp powders were characterized morphologically and structurally by XRD diffraction, Dynamic light scattering, zeta potential, FTIR spectrometry, and SEM analysis. Proliferation and morphological analysis on osteoblast cell cultures were used to demonstrate the cytocompatibility of the produced biomaterials. The antimicrobial effect was highlighted in the synthesized samples, especially for hydroxyapatite substituted with cerium. Therefore, the samples of HAp substituted with cerium or magnesium are proposed as biomaterials with enhanced osseointegration, also having the capacity to reduce device-associated infections. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antibacterial Materials: Recent Advances in Methodologies and Regulations)

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17 pages, 6465 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Antibacterial Biomaterial Based on Bioglass Modified with Copper for Implants Coating

by Imen Hammami, Sílvia Rodrigues Gavinho, Suresh Kumar Jakka, Manuel Almeida Valente, Manuel Pedro Fernandes Graça, Ana Sofia Pádua, Jorge Carvalho Silva, Isabel Sá-Nogueira and João Paulo Borges

J. Funct. Biomater. 2023, 14(7), 369; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb14070369 - 13 Jul 2023

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 1964

Abstract

Biofilm-related implant infections pose a substantial threat to patients, leading to inflammation in the surrounding tissue, and often resulting in implant loss and the necessity for additional surgeries. Overcoming this implantology challenge is crucial to ensure the success and durability of implants. This study shows the development of antibacterial materials for implant coatings by incorporating copper into 45S5 Bioglass^®. By combining the regenerative properties of Bioglass^® with the antimicrobial effects of copper, this material has the potential to prevent infections, enhance osseointegration and improve the long-term success of implants. Bioglasses modified with various concentrations of CuO (from 0 to 8 mol%) were prepared with the melt-quenching technique. Structural analysis using Raman and FTIR spectroscopies did not reveal significant alterations in the bioglasses structure with the addition of Cu. The antibacterial activity of the samples was assessed against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, and the results demonstrated significant inhibition of bacterial growth for the bioglass with 0.5 mol% of CuO. Cell viability studies indicated that the samples modified with up to 4 mol% of CuO maintained good cytocompatibility with the Saos-2 cell line at extract concentrations up to 25 mg/mL. Furthermore, the bioactivity assessment demonstrated the formation of a calcium phosphate (CaP)-rich layer on the surfaces of all bioglasses within 24 h. Our findings show that the inclusion of copper in the bioglass offers a significant enhancement in its potential as a coating material for implants, resulting in notable advancements in both antibacterial efficacy and osteointegration properties. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antibacterial Materials: Recent Advances in Methodologies and Regulations)

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17 pages, 4732 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Green Synthesis of Controlled Shape Silver Nanostructures and Their Peroxidase, Catalytic Degradation, and Antibacterial Activity

by Ayesha Shafiq, Aarti R. Deshmukh, Khaled AbouAitah and Beom-Soo Kim

J. Funct. Biomater. 2023, 14(6), 325; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb14060325 - 18 Jun 2023

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 2377

Abstract

Nanoparticles with unique shapes have garnered significant interest due to their enhanced surface area-to-volume ratio, leading to improved potential compared to their spherical counterparts. The present study focuses on a biological approach to producing different silver nanostructures employing Moringa oleifera leaf extract. Phytoextract provides metabolites, serving as reducing and stabilizing agents in the reaction. Two different silver nanostructures, dendritic (AgNDs) and spherical (AgNPs), were successfully formed by adjusting the phytoextract concentration with and without copper ions in the reaction system, resulting in particle sizes of ~300 ± 30 nm (AgNDs) and ~100 ± 30 nm (AgNPs). These nanostructures were characterized by several techniques to ascertain their physicochemical properties; the surface was distinguished by functional groups related to polyphenols due to plant extract that led to critical controlling of the shape of nanoparticles. Nanostructures performance was assessed in terms of peroxidase-like activity, catalytic behavior for dye degradation, and antibacterial activity. Spectroscopic analysis revealed that AgNDs demonstrated significantly higher peroxidase activity compared to AgNPs when evaluated using chromogenic reagent 3,3′,5,5′-tetramethylbenzidine. Furthermore, AgNDs exhibited enhanced catalytic degradation activities, achieving degradation percentages of 92.2% and 91.0% for methyl orange and methylene blue dyes, respectively, compared to 66.6% and 58.0% for AgNPs. Additionally, AgNDs exhibited superior antibacterial properties against Gram-negative E. coli compared to Gram-positive S. aureus, as evidenced by the calculated zone of inhibition. These findings highlight the potential of the green synthesis method in generating novel nanoparticle morphologies, such as dendritic shape, compared with the traditionally synthesized spherical shape of silver nanostructures. The synthesis of such unique nanostructures holds promise for various applications and further investigations in diverse sectors, including chemical and biomedical fields. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antibacterial Materials: Recent Advances in Methodologies and Regulations)

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Review

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19 pages, 1971 KiB

Open AccessReview

Engineering Antioxidant Surfaces for Titanium-Based Metallic Biomaterials

by Jithin Vishnu, Praveenkumar Kesavan, Balakrishnan Shankar, Katarzyna Dembińska, Maria Swiontek Brzezinska and Beata Kaczmarek-Szczepańska

J. Funct. Biomater. 2023, 14(7), 344; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb14070344 - 29 Jun 2023

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1720

Abstract

Prolonged inflammation induced by orthopedic metallic implants can critically affect the success rates, which can even lead to aseptic loosening and consequent implant failure. In the case of adverse clinical conditions involving osteoporosis, orthopedic trauma and implant corrosion-wear in peri-implant region, the reactive oxygen species (ROS) activity is enhanced which leads to increased oxidative stress. Metallic implant materials (such as titanium and its alloys) can induce increased amount of ROS, thereby critically influencing the healing process. This will consequently affect the bone remodeling process and increase healing time. The current review explores the ROS generation aspects associated with Ti-based metallic biomaterials and the various surface modification strategies developed specifically to improve antioxidant aspects of Ti surfaces. The initial part of this review explores the ROS generation associated with Ti implant materials and the associated ROS metabolism resulting in the formation of superoxide anion, hydroxyl radical and hydrogen peroxide radicals. This is followed by a comprehensive overview of various organic and inorganic coatings/materials for effective antioxidant surfaces and outlook in this research direction. Overall, this review highlights the critical need to consider the aspects of ROS generation as well as oxidative stress while designing an implant material and its effective surface engineering. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antibacterial Materials: Recent Advances in Methodologies and Regulations)

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Graphical abstract

Other

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85 pages, 3124 KiB

Open AccessSystematic Review

Prosthetic Joint Infection Research Models in NZW Rabbits: Opportunities for Standardization—A Systematic Review

by Julia L. van Agtmaal, Sanne W. G. van Hoogstraten and Jacobus J. C. Arts

J. Funct. Biomater. 2024, 15(10), 307; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb15100307 - 15 Oct 2024

Viewed by 1074

Abstract

Prosthetic joint infection (PJI) is a major complication following total arthroplasty. Rising antimicrobial resistance (AMR) to antibiotics will further increase therapeutic insufficiency. New antibacterial technologies are being developed to prevent PJI. In vivo models are still needed to bridge the translational gap to clinical implementation. Though rabbit models have been used most frequently, there is no consensus about methodology and measured outcomes. The PubMed, Scopus, and EMBASE databases were searched for literature on PJI in rabbit models. Data extraction included bias control, experimental design, and outcome measures of the NZW rabbit models in the articles. A total of 60 articles were included in this systematic literature review. The articles were divided into six groups based on the PJI intervention: no intervention used (21%), revision surgery (14%), prevention with only antibiotics (21%), prevention with surface modifications (7%), prevention with coatings (23%), and others (14%). Despite the current availability of guidelines and recommendations regarding experimental design, bias control, and outcome measures, many articles neglect to report on these matters. Ultimately, this analysis aims to assist researchers in determining suitable clinically relevant methodologies and outcome measures for in vivo PJI models using NZW rabbits to test new antimicrobial technologies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antibacterial Materials: Recent Advances in Methodologies and Regulations)

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12 pages, 626 KiB

Open AccessOpinion

Electrospun Scaffolds as Antimicrobial Herbal Extract Delivery Vehicles for Wound Healing

by Caglar Ersanli, Chrysoula (Chrysa) Voidarou, Athina Tzora, Konstantina Fotou, Dimitrios I. Zeugolis and Ioannis Skoufos

J. Funct. Biomater. 2023, 14(9), 481; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb14090481 - 19 Sep 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1751

Abstract

Herbal extracts have been used in traditional remedies since the earliest myths. They have excellent antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant activities owing to various bioactive components in their structure. However, due to their inability to reach a target and low biostability, their use with a delivery vehicle has come into prominence. For this purpose, electrospun nanofibrous scaffolds have been widely preferred for the delivery and release of antimicrobial herbal extracts due to the flexibility and operational versatility of the electrospinning technique. Herein, we briefly reviewed the electrospun nanofibrous scaffolds as delivery systems for herbal extracts with a particular focus on the preclinical studies for wound-healing applications that have been published in the last five years. We also discussed the indirect effects of herbal extracts on wound healing by altering the characteristics of electrospun mats. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antibacterial Materials: Recent Advances in Methodologies and Regulations)

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