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The Control, Modeling, and the Development of Wave Energy Convertors
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The Control, Modeling, and the Development of Wave Energy Convertors

A special issue of Journal of Marine Science and Engineering (ISSN 2077-1312). This special issue belongs to the section "Ocean Engineering".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 June 2024) | Viewed by 5559

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Dominic Forbush

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM, USA
Interests: modeling of WEC and marine energy systems; development of supporting software tools and assessment methodologies; powering emerging blue economy markets
Dr. Luca Martinelli

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department ICEA, University of Padoa, Padua, Italy
Interests: wave–structure interaction, with particular focus on the impulsive loads applied by breaking waves; research and development of floating breakwaters and wave energy converters, including their mooring system; coastal flooding risk, coastal erosion, and the relative mitigation measures
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Recent advancements and demonstrations of co-design methodologies for wave energy converters (WECs) presents exciting new horizons for related areas of inquiry. By designing WEC hulls, power-take-offs, and controllers simultaneously and in coordination it is possible to substantially improve device performance and cost-effectiveness in realistic seas. Obviously, this design approach presents novel challenges, both theoretically and practically. Proper system identification of the relevant WEC dynamics, including drivetrain components and hydrodynamics, is critical to a meaningful understanding of the design space. Attaining optimal dynamic properties over broad ranges of excitation implies innovative approaches to power-take-off design at the component level that can circumvent conventional limitations on efficiency, kinematic range, etc. Understanding the implications of component non-linearities on optimal design, performance, and eventually monetary cost, emphasizes also the importance of accurate modeling and simulation.  

This invited Special Issue will publish research relevant to the above subjects to provide a holistic and comprehensive body or work that will highlight excellent contemporary research and illuminate high-value areas for future study.

Dr. Dominic Forbush
Dr. Luca Martinelli
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • control co-design
  • optimization
  • system identification
  • power-take-off
  • component selection
  • performance assessment

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Published Papers (4 papers)

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Research

18 pages, 10341 KiB  
Article
Synergistic Integration of Multiple Wave Energy Converters with Adaptive Resonance and Offshore Floating Wind Turbines through Bayesian Optimization
by Aghamarshana Meduri and HeonYong Kang
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2024, 12(8), 1455; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse12081455 - 22 Aug 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1047
Abstract
We developed a synergistic ocean renewable system where an array of Wave Energy Converters (WEC) with adaptive resonance was collocated with a Floating Offshore Wind Turbine (FOWT) such that the WECs, capturing wave energy through the resonance adapting to varying irregular waves, consequently [...] Read more.
We developed a synergistic ocean renewable system where an array of Wave Energy Converters (WEC) with adaptive resonance was collocated with a Floating Offshore Wind Turbine (FOWT) such that the WECs, capturing wave energy through the resonance adapting to varying irregular waves, consequently reduced FOWFT loads and turbine motions. Combining Surface-Riding WECs (SR-WEC) individually designed to feasibly relocate their natural frequency at the peak of the wave excitation spectrum for each sea state, and to obtain the highest capture width ratio at one of the frequent sea states for annual average power in a tens of kilowatts scale with a 15 MW FOWT based on a semi-submersible, Bayesian Optimization is implemented to determine the arrangement of WECs that minimize the annual representation of FOWT’s wave excitation spectra. The time-domain simulation of the system in the optimized arrangement is performed, including two sets of interactions: one set is the wind turbine dynamics, mooring lines, and floating body dynamics for FOWT, and the other set is the nonlinear power-take-off dynamics, linear mooring, and individual WECs’ floating body dynamics. Those two sets of interactions are further coupled through the hydrodynamics of diffraction and radiation. For sea states comprising Annual Energy Production, we investigate the capture width ratio of WECs, wave excitation on FOWT, and nacelle acceleration of the turbine compared to their single unit operations. We find that the optimally arranged SR-WECs reduce the wave excitation spectral area of FOWT by up to 60% and lower the turbine’s peak nacelle acceleration by nearly 44% in highly occurring sea states, while multiple WECs often produce more than the single operation, achieving adaptive resonance with a larger wave excitation spectra for those sea states. The synergistic system improves the total Annual Energy Production (AEP) by 1440 MWh, and we address which costs of Levelized Cost Of Energy (LCOE) can be reduced by the collocation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Control, Modeling, and the Development of Wave Energy Convertors)
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18 pages, 8602 KiB  
Article
Experimental Validation of a Modular All-Electric Power Take-Off Topology for Wave Energy Converter Enabling Marine Renewable Energy Interconnection
by Hamed Nademi, Brent Joel Galindez, Michael Ross and Miguel Lopez
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2024, 12(8), 1323; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse12081323 - 5 Aug 2024
Viewed by 1071
Abstract
Power electronic converters are an enabling technology for the emerging marine energy applications, such as using ocean waves to produce electricity. This paper outlines the power take-off system and its key components used in a wave energy converter offering modularity and scalability to [...] Read more.
Power electronic converters are an enabling technology for the emerging marine energy applications, such as using ocean waves to produce electricity. This paper outlines the power take-off system and its key components used in a wave energy converter offering modularity and scalability to generate power efficiently. The proposed power take-off system was implemented based on a modular multilevel converter and could be deployed to convert any alternating current electrical energy to a different alternating current for interconnection to grid or non-grid applications. Examples of widespread deployment are supplying electricity to coastal communities or producing clean drinking water. The analysis using both the simulation tests and laboratory experiments verified the design objectives and basic functionality of the developed power take-off system. An acceptable response using a field programmable gate array-based controlled laboratory testbench was achieved, complying with guidelines specified in the prevalent industry standards. Seamless operation during steady-state and transients for the studied wave energy converter was achieved as supported by the obtained results. The key findings of this work were experimentally examined under different load conditions, direct current bus voltage fluctuations, and generator speed–torque regulation. The ability of the power take-off system to generate high-power quality of the waveforms, e.g., against adhering to the IEEE 519-2022 standard for total harmonic distortion limits, is also confirmed. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Control, Modeling, and the Development of Wave Energy Convertors)
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22 pages, 6617 KiB  
Article
Assessment of a Hybrid Wind–Wave Energy Converter System in Nearshore Deployment
by Phan Cong Binh, Tri Dung Dang and Kyoung Kwan Ahn
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2024, 12(7), 1093; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse12071093 - 28 Jun 2024
Viewed by 1129
Abstract
A modeling technique for a nearshore hybrid wind–wave energy converter system (HWWECS) is presented in this research. The model consists of the buoy, wind system, and generator, allowing simulation of the HWWECS’s behavior in response to varied wave circumstances, such as different wave [...] Read more.
A modeling technique for a nearshore hybrid wind–wave energy converter system (HWWECS) is presented in this research. The model consists of the buoy, wind system, and generator, allowing simulation of the HWWECS’s behavior in response to varied wave circumstances, such as different wave heights and periods. The HWWECS is made up of two buoy units and a wind system that work together to power a generator. The Wave Analysis at Massachusetts Institute of Technology (WAMIT) software is used to calculate the hydrodynamic forces. A variable inertia hydraulic flywheel is used to bring the system into resonance with incident wave frequencies in order to improve power production. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Control, Modeling, and the Development of Wave Energy Convertors)
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22 pages, 10505 KiB  
Article
Hybrid Torque Coefficient Control of Average-to-Peak Ratio for Turbine Angular Velocity Reduction in Oscillating-Water-Column-Type Wave Energy Converter
by Hyeongyo Chae and Chan Roh
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2024, 12(7), 1080; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse12071080 - 26 Jun 2024
Viewed by 1225
Abstract
Wave energy converters (WECs) have significant potential to meet the increasing energy demands and using an oscillating water column (OWC) is one of the most reliable ways to implement them. The OWC has a simple structure and excellent durability. However, control of the [...] Read more.
Wave energy converters (WECs) have significant potential to meet the increasing energy demands and using an oscillating water column (OWC) is one of the most reliable ways to implement them. The OWC has a simple structure and excellent durability. However, control of the power take-off (PTO) system is difficult due to variability in the input wave energy. In particular, the design and control of the PTO system are complex, as the average-to-peak ratio of the output generation is large. Owing to the nature of the OWC, if the energy above the rating cannot be controlled, the power generated is inevitably reduced due to the decrease in operating time. We propose a method to reduce the angular speed of the turbine by dividing the section according to the input energy and correspondingly changing the torque coefficient, thereby increasing the operating time of the OWC. The control methods for the PTO system of OWC are verified through a 30 kW full-scale experimental device to be installed in a real sea area. The full-scale experimental device consists of an inverter that simulates the mechanical torque of an OWC based on the aerodynamic simulation of an impulse turbine, an induction motor, a permanent magnet synchronous generator, an AC/DC converter, and a battery for the energy storage system. The performance of conventional control methods and the proposed method are compared based on the results of numerical simulations and experiments. We show that the fluctuation in the turbine angular velocity in the proposed method is significantly reduced compared with that in the conventional control methods under regular and irregular wave conditions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Control, Modeling, and the Development of Wave Energy Convertors)
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