Journal of Marine Science and Engineering

23 pages, 8039 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Hybrid Probabilistic Road Map Path Planning for Maritime Autonomous Surface Ships Based on Historical AIS Information and Improved DP Compression

by Gongxing Wu, Liepan Guo, Danda Shi, Bing Han and Fan Yang

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2025, 13(1), 184; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse13010184 - 20 Jan 2025

Viewed by 493

Abstract

A hybrid probabilistic road map (PRM) path planning algorithm based on historical automatic identification system (AIS) information and Douglas–Peucker (DP) compression is proposed to address the issues of low path quality and the need for extensive sampling in the traditional PRM algorithm. This [...] Read more.

A hybrid probabilistic road map (PRM) path planning algorithm based on historical automatic identification system (AIS) information and Douglas–Peucker (DP) compression is proposed to address the issues of low path quality and the need for extensive sampling in the traditional PRM algorithm. This innovative approach significantly reduces the number of required samples and decreases path planning time. The process begins with the collection of historical AIS data from the autonomous vessel’s navigation area, followed by comprehensive data-cleaning procedures to eliminate invalid and incomplete records. Subsequently, an enhanced DP compression algorithm is employed to streamline the cleaned AIS data, minimizing waypoint data while retaining essential trajectory characteristics. Intersection points among various vessel trajectories are then calculated, and these points, along with the compressed AIS data, form the foundational dataset for path searching. Building upon the traditional PRM framework, the proposed hybrid PRM algorithm integrates the B-spline algorithm to smooth and optimize the generated paths. Comparative experiments conducted against the standard PRM algorithm, A*, and Dijkstra algorithms demonstrate that the hybrid PRM approach not only reduces planning time but also achieves superior path smoothness. These improvements enhance both the efficiency and accuracy of path planning for maritime autonomous surface ships (MASS), marking a significant advancement in autonomous maritime navigation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Unmanned Marine Vehicles: Perception, Planning, Control and Swarm)

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29 pages, 11467 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Improvement of Propeller Hydrodynamic Prediction Model Based on Multitask ANN and Its Application in Optimization Design

by Liang Li, Yihong Chen, Lu Huang, Qing Hai, Denghai Tang and Chao Wang

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2025, 13(1), 183; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse13010183 - 20 Jan 2025

Viewed by 409

Abstract

A multitask learning (MTL) model based on artificial neural networks (ANNs) is proposed in this study to improve the prediction accuracy and physical reliability of marine propeller hydrodynamic performance. The propeller’s comprehensive geometric features are used as inputs, and the coefficients of quadratic [...] Read more.

A multitask learning (MTL) model based on artificial neural networks (ANNs) is proposed in this study to improve the prediction accuracy and physical reliability of marine propeller hydrodynamic performance. The propeller’s comprehensive geometric features are used as inputs, and the coefficients of quadratic polynomials for the thrust coefficient (K_T) and torque coefficient (10K_Q) curves are predicted as outputs. The loss function is customized through a positive gradient penalty of the curves to accelerate training. When the single-task and multitask models were compared, the prediction errors were reduced; K_T decreased from 2.61% to 2.07%, 10 K_Q decreased from 3.58% to 2.31%, and the efficiency (η) decreased from 3.04% to 2.00%. Non-physical fluctuations in the performance curves were effectively mitigated by the multitask model, yielding predicted curvatures which closely matched the experimental data. Strong generalization was demonstrated when the model was tested on unseen propellers, with deviations of 2.2% for K_T, 4.6% for 10 K_Q, and 3.8% for η. Finally, the model was applied to optimize the propeller design for a 325,000 ton very large ore carrier ship, where a Pareto front with 58 non-dominant solutions for the maximum speed and fluctuating pressure was successfully generated and effectively verified by the model’s test results. The model enhanced the prediction of the propeller performance and contributed to optimization in the propeller’s design. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Ocean Engineering)

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21 pages, 3147 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Identity and Distribution of Triglops metopias (Teleostei, Cottidae) in the Northwestern Pacific

by Artem M. Prokofiev, Ilyas N. Mukhametov, Olga R. Emelianova, Svetlana Yu. Orlova and Alexei M. Orlov

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2025, 13(1), 182; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse13010182 - 20 Jan 2025

Viewed by 479

Abstract

The Alaskan (highbrow) sculpin, Triglops metopias, is a rare and poorly known species with a restricted distribution in the North Pacific. This species has been previously recorded only from off the Aleutian Islands and the Gulf of Alaska, while previous records from the [...] Read more.

The Alaskan (highbrow) sculpin, Triglops metopias, is a rare and poorly known species with a restricted distribution in the North Pacific. This species has been previously recorded only from off the Aleutian Islands and the Gulf of Alaska, while previous records from the western North Pacific have been controversial. The presence of T. metopias in the northwestern Pacific off the Kuril Islands is confirmed in the current study. Forty-one specimens were included in morphological and molecular analyses, including principal component analysis and DNA barcoding. The detailed morphological description of the Kuril Islands specimens is given. Molecular analysis inferred from the mitochondrial cytochrome b sequences showed no separation of this species from T. pingelii, although they can be distinguished by external morphology, including the use of the multivariate statistical approach. The geographical distribution of T. metopias in the North Pacific is discussed. This species is considered to be a recently diverged species with a disjunct distribution from the Kuril and the Aleutian Islands eastwards to the Gulf of Alaska. Despite its morphological similarity to T. pingelii, both species can be distinguished by a combination of meristic and morphometric characters, in particular, the wider interorbital space (10.4–22.4, mean 14.8 vs. 6.9–11.4, mean 9.2), shorter pectoral fins (18.7–24.9, mean 21.0 vs. 21.7–27.4, mean 24.1), and the on average more numerous oblique dermal folds (92 vs. 54). Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Marine Biology)

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14 pages, 1250 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Minimal Impacts of Tyre Particle Exposure on Estuarine Meiofaunal Community Structure, Primary Production, and Nutrient Cycling

by Charlotte Woodhouse, Dannielle Senga Green, Andy Foggo, Paul J. Somerfield, Richard C. Thompson and Samantha L. Garrard

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2025, 13(1), 181; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse13010181 - 20 Jan 2025

Viewed by 660

Abstract

Tyre wear particles are a significant source of primary microplastics in the natural environment with the potential to accumulate in aquatic sediments, yet our understanding of the ecological impact of these particles is limited. Using mesocosms of estuarine sediment containing a model macrofauna [...] Read more.

Tyre wear particles are a significant source of primary microplastics in the natural environment with the potential to accumulate in aquatic sediments, yet our understanding of the ecological impact of these particles is limited. Using mesocosms of estuarine sediment containing a model macrofauna community (Scrobicularia plana and Hediste diversicolor), meiofauna, and microphytobenthos, we investigated the impact of exposure to sedimentary tyre particles (0.2, 1, and 5% kg sediment(dw)⁻¹) upon meiofauna community structure, primary production, secondary production, and nutrient fluxes. Under the conditions (13 °C) and timescale (31 days) investigated, exposure to sedimentary tyre particles did not lead to any significant differences in nutrients for primary productivity, with limited impact on meiofaunal secondary productivity. An increase in Tanaidacea was observed in 1% and 5% tyre particle treatments, putatively due to reduced macrofaunal predation. Previous studies have highlighted the ecotoxicity of tyre wear particles. The limited impacts on meiofauna may be due to our experimental particles being too large for meiofauna to ingest or the timescale of the experiment being too short to witness changes at the community scale. Impacts from tyre particle leachates were likely limited due to dilution in the partial recirculation system. Leachate dilution will occur naturally in marine systems and should be a consideration in the design of future studies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Marine Pollution)

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23 pages, 12188 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Tidal Current with Sediment Transport Analysis and Wind Turbine Foundation Pile Scour Trend Studies on the Central Bohai Sea

by Xingtang Hu, Zhifeng Wang and Xin Ma

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2025, 13(1), 180; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse13010180 - 20 Jan 2025

Viewed by 460

Abstract

This study addresses the local scour problem of monopile foundations in the central Bohai Sea. This study integrates numerical simulations with experimental validation to conduct an in-depth analysis of the tidal current background, sediment transport, sediment sources, and scour characteristics over the past [...] Read more.

This study addresses the local scour problem of monopile foundations in the central Bohai Sea. This study integrates numerical simulations with experimental validation to conduct an in-depth analysis of the tidal current background, sediment transport, sediment sources, and scour characteristics over the past two decades. The analysis of ocean currents and sediment dynamics revealed that the monthly average tidal current speed in the majority of the study region is below 0.6 m·s⁻¹, with annual seabed erosion and accretion changes within 0.02 m, exhibiting minimal variation. The annual erosion and accretion changes in the wind farm areas are less than 0.01 m. The analysis of local scour around monopile foundations indicates that approximately 80% of the scour occurs during the initial phase. A comparative analysis of collar protection effectiveness indicates that the collar can effectively reduce scour depth by 50%, thereby demonstrating significant protective effects. However, the prevailing trend of scouring remains unaltered, indicating that collar protection has inherent limitations in regulating early-stage scouring. The findings of this study provide a theoretical basis for the design and protection of monopile foundations in the central Bohai Sea and offer a valuable reference point for the scour protection of wind turbine foundations in similar regions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Interaction between Atmospheric and Oceanic Dynamics at Mesoscale and Small Scale)

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21 pages, 5378 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Numerical Simulation Analysis and Research on Drag Reduction and Stability Enhancement Effect of Head Swing Based on Biomimetic Flexible Variants

by Debo Qi, Yang Li, Baisheng Yang, Zhengyang Wu, Bo Li and Shichao Niu

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2025, 13(1), 179; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse13010179 - 20 Jan 2025

Viewed by 624

Abstract

With the intensification of the oil crisis, research on drag reduction technologies has gained increasing momentum. In tidal environments, the drag reduction effectiveness of conventional methods, such as bionic non-smooth surfaces, super-hydrophobic surfaces, biomimetic jet flow, wall surface vibration, etc., will be severely [...] Read more.

With the intensification of the oil crisis, research on drag reduction technologies has gained increasing momentum. In tidal environments, the drag reduction effectiveness of conventional methods, such as bionic non-smooth surfaces, super-hydrophobic surfaces, biomimetic jet flow, wall surface vibration, etc., will be severely diminished. To enhance the adaptability of vehicles in variable fluid environments, this study explores the feasibility of adjusting the drag of a vehicle through active head swing variants. The flexible oscillation of the head of the vehicle was achieved by combining dynamic mesh technology with User-Defined Functions (UDFs). The oscillation process was numerically simulated using Fluent software. The results show that, when the vehicle maintains a stationary posture, biasing the vehicle’s head towards the incoming flow direction can effectively reduce the radial drag and drag moment, thereby improving the stability of the vehicle. Conversely, both the radial drag and the drag moment significantly increase. This condition can be utilized for the auxiliary turning of the vehicle. When the vehicle undergoes continuous periodic oscillation of its head, the drag characteristics are optimal with the sine oscillation mode. By adjusting the range of the head’s oscillation angle, it can further minimize the average radial drag during the head swing process, making it possible to achieve radial drag reduction and enhance the vehicle’s stability through head oscillation. This research significantly improves the stability of the vehicle in tidal environments, making it adaptable to the highly variable underwater flow conditions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Application of CFD Simulations to Marine Hydrodynamic Problems (2nd Edition))

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19 pages, 4376 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Tracing the 2018 Sulawesi Earthquake and Tsunami’s Impact on Palu, Indonesia: A Remote Sensing Analysis

by Youshuang Hu, Aggeliki Barberopoulou and Magaly Koch

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2025, 13(1), 178; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse13010178 - 19 Jan 2025

Viewed by 679

Abstract

The 2018 Sulawesi Earthquake and Tsunami serves as a backdrop for this work, which employs simple and straightforward remote sensing techniques to determine the extent of the destruction and indirectly evaluate the region’s vulnerability to such catastrophic events. Documenting damage from tsunamis is [...] Read more.

The 2018 Sulawesi Earthquake and Tsunami serves as a backdrop for this work, which employs simple and straightforward remote sensing techniques to determine the extent of the destruction and indirectly evaluate the region’s vulnerability to such catastrophic events. Documenting damage from tsunamis is only meaningful shortly after the disaster has occurred because governmental agencies clean up debris and start the recovery process within a few hours after the destruction has occurred, deeming impact estimates unreliable. Sentinel-2 and Maxar WorldView-3 satellite images were used to calculate well-known environmental indices to delineate the tsunami-affected areas in Palu, Indonesia. The use of NDVI, NDSI, and NDWI indices has allowed for a quantifiable measure of the changes in vegetation, soil moisture, and water bodies, providing a clear demarcation of the tsunami’s impact on land cover. The final tsunami inundation map indicates that the areas most affected by the tsunami are found in the urban center, low-lying regions, and along the coast. This work charts the aftermath of one of Indonesia’s recent tsunamis but may also lay the groundwork for an easy, handy, and low-cost approach to quickly identify tsunami-affected zones. While previous studies have used high-resolution remote sensing methods such as LiDAR or SAR, our study emphasizes accessibility and simplicity, making it more feasible for resource-constrained regions or rapid disaster response. The scientific novelty lies in the integration of widely used environmental indices (dNDVI, dNDWI, and dNDSI) with threshold-based Decision Tree classification to delineate tsunami-affected areas. Unlike many studies that rely on advanced or proprietary tools, we demonstrate that comparable results can be achieved with cost-effective open-source data and straightforward methodologies. Additionally, we address the challenge of differentiating tsunami impacts from other phenomena (et, liquefaction) through index-based thresholds and propose a framework that is adaptable to other vulnerable coastal regions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Coastal Disaster Assessment and Response)

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22 pages, 3382 KiB

Open AccessReview

Exploring the Potential of Posidonia oceanica Fibers in Eco-Friendly Composite Materials: A Review

by Cristiano Fragassa, Ana Pesic, Sara Mattiello, Ana Pavlovic and Carlo Santulli

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2025, 13(1), 177; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse13010177 - 19 Jan 2025

Viewed by 1284

Abstract

The growing demand for sustainable materials has driven the exploration of natural fibers as eco-friendly alternatives to synthetic reinforcements for composites. This study investigates the potential of Posidonia oceanica, an abundant marine biomass, which is often driven to be stacked on the [...] Read more.

The growing demand for sustainable materials has driven the exploration of natural fibers as eco-friendly alternatives to synthetic reinforcements for composites. This study investigates the potential of Posidonia oceanica, an abundant marine biomass, which is often driven to be stacked on the backshore and used so far for energy recovery and low-value applications, as a filler and possible reinforcement in cementitious and polymer composites. Most applications of Posidonia are concentrated in the Mediterranean area and focused on the construction industry. However, its introduction in polymer composites, especially as a source of cellulose or in combination with the use of bio-based matrices, can also be proposed. With this aim, the physical and chemical properties of Posidonia oceanica fibers need to be characterized, and their compatibility with various matrices needs to be evaluated. Experimental results demonstrate that Posidonia oceanica fibers, especially when treated with alkali and silane, or combining both treatments, can exhibit mechanical properties quite comparable to other natural fibers, namely to those obtained from grass species. As with any other type of waste, yet with more interest for its wide accumulation over the coastal line, the use of Posidonia oceanica in composites may contribute to reducing the environmental footprint of these materials, aligning with circular economy principles. This review highlights the dual benefits of utilizing marine biomass by advancing material sustainability while not being detrimental to coastal waste management. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Ocean Engineering)

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22 pages, 4925 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Nonlinear Dynamic Response Analysis of Cable–Buoy Structure Under Marine Environment

by Qiufu Xie, Binghan Liu, Junxian Zhang and Yaobing Zhao

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2025, 13(1), 176; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse13010176 - 19 Jan 2025

Viewed by 605

Abstract

The nonlinear dynamics of the cable–buoy structure in marine engineering present significant analytical challenges due to the complex motion of the buoy, which impacts the system’s dynamic response. The drag force acting on the structure can be categorized into the absolute velocity and [...] Read more.

The nonlinear dynamics of the cable–buoy structure in marine engineering present significant analytical challenges due to the complex motion of the buoy, which impacts the system’s dynamic response. The drag force acting on the structure can be categorized into the absolute velocity and relative velocity models, distinguished by their reference frames. The absolute velocity model incorporates flow velocity coupling terms, offering higher accuracy but at the expense of increased computational complexity. In contrast, the relative velocity model is computationally simpler and therefore more widely adopted. Nevertheless, the accuracy and applicability of these simplified models remain open to further in-depth investigation. To address these challenges, this study derives coupled differential equations for the cable–buoy structure based on the two drag force models. Galerkin discretization is then employed to construct coupled systems that account for nonlinear buoy motion, as well as decoupled systems assuming linear buoy motion. The modulation equations for the system’s primary resonance response are derived using the method of multiple scales. Numerical results indicate that changes in cable parameters lead to complex modal coupling behaviors in the system. The flow velocity coupling terms in the absolute velocity drag force model enhance the system’s damping effect, and the relative velocity drag force model, which omits these coupling terms, results in increased system response amplitudes. Although neglecting nonlinear buoy motion has little impact on the cable’s dynamic response, it significantly reduces the amplitude of the buoy’s dynamic motion. The relative velocity drag force model and the decoupled system can serve as effective simplifications for analyzing the dynamic responses of cable–buoy systems, providing a balance between computational efficiency and result accuracy. Variations in system parameters cause both qualitative and quantitative changes in the system’s nonlinear stiffness characteristics. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Ocean Engineering)

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32 pages, 10090 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Late Glacial and Holocene Paleoenvironmental Reconstruction of the Submerged Karst Basin Pirovac Bay on the Eastern Adriatic Coast

by Nikolina Ilijanić, Dea Brunović, Slobodan Miko, Valentina Hajek Tadesse, Ozren Hasan, Ivan Razum, Martina Šparica Miko and Saša Mesić

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2025, 13(1), 175; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse13010175 - 19 Jan 2025

Viewed by 746

Abstract

This study focuses on the analysis of sediment core retrieved from the deepest part (25 m) of Pirovac Bay. A long sedimentary sequence (7.45 m) supplemented by a shorter sediment core (1.45 m) from a shallower part of the bay was analyzed for [...] Read more.

This study focuses on the analysis of sediment core retrieved from the deepest part (25 m) of Pirovac Bay. A long sedimentary sequence (7.45 m) supplemented by a shorter sediment core (1.45 m) from a shallower part of the bay was analyzed for sedimentological, mineralogical, geochemical, and micropaleontological (ostracod) parameters. The sediment thickness above the underlying karst paleorelief (karstic bedrock) is up to 12 m. Sediments recorded a transition from a freshwater to a marine environment starting from post-Neapolitan Yellow Tuff tephra sedimentation. First, the floodplain developed in Pirovac Bay, with intermittent pools and ponds, followed by wetland environment. The formation of a shallow freshwater paleolake during the Middle Holocene at 10 cal kyr BP was enabled by the rising sea level and high freshwater input from the karstified underground from the adjacent Lake Vrana (Biograd na Moru). The onset of marine intrusions through the karstified underground is evident with formation of a brackish lake in the Pirovac Bay basin. Marine transgression and flooding of the bay occurred at 7.3 cal kyr BP, evidenced by the geochemical and ostracod parameters, providing crucial insights into the dynamics of coastal inundation under past climate change. Intriguingly, freshwater ostracod species were still present in the marine sediments, brought into the bay from Lake Vrana through surficial canal Prosika and groundwater discharge (numerous estavelles) along the northeastern shores of the bay, proving their mutual influence. This submerged Holocene freshwater paleolake, reported here for the first time, underlines the sensitivity of coastal karst systems to the rise in sea level and serves to stress how important understanding of these processes is for effective management in coastal zone and climate change adaptation strategies. The findings provided evidence supporting the existence of coastal marine basins as freshwater lakes prior to being flooded by seawater as a consequence of the Holocene post-glacial sea level rise. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sediment Geochemical Proxys and Processes in Paleomarine Ecosystems)

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18 pages, 6407 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Quick Method for Appraising Pore Connectivity and Ultimate Imbibed Porosity in Shale Reservoirs

by Ziqing Hong, Mianmo Meng, Kong Deng, Jingwen Bao, Qianyou Wang and Xingchen Liu

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2025, 13(1), 174; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse13010174 - 19 Jan 2025

Viewed by 591

Abstract

Pore connectivity and ultimate imbibed porosity are two important parameters used to assess the shale oil reservoir property, the proper appraising of which could facilitate the efficient flow of oil from the matrix and an improvement in recovery efficiency. In previous studies, the [...] Read more.

Pore connectivity and ultimate imbibed porosity are two important parameters used to assess the shale oil reservoir property, the proper appraising of which could facilitate the efficient flow of oil from the matrix and an improvement in recovery efficiency. In previous studies, the uncertainty in sample dimensions and the extra-long stable time during imbibition experiments exploring pore connectivity and ultimate imbibed porosity showed a lack of discussion, which influenced the accuracy and efficiency of the SI experiments. In this study, SI experiments with shale samples of different thicknesses are carried out to acquire the two parameters in a short period of time. As a result, the pore connectivity of sample D86-5 from the Qingshankou Formation (Fm) in the Songliao Basin fluctuates with the increase in thicknesses, with an average of 0.265. The water penetrates sample D86-5 of all thicknesses, so the ultimate imbibed porosity fluctuates around 3.7%, and the stable time increases with thicknesses. The pore connectivity of sample Y172 from the Shahejie Fm in the Bohaiwan Basin fluctuates around an average of 0.026, which is much smaller than that of D86-5. The ultimate imbibed porosity of Y172 decreases with thicknesses because the penetration depth is so small that the pores cannot be fully accessed, and the stable time increases before becoming stable with fluctuations. The method is examined using the samples from the Liushagang Fm in the Beibuwan Basin measuring around 400 μm: the ultimate imbibed porosity of BW1-1 and BW1-3 is 5.8% and 18.1%, respectively, the pore connectivity of BW1-1, BW1-2, and BW1-3 is 0.086, 0.117, and 0.142, respectively, and the results can be obtained within a day. In comparison, the average pore connectivity of the 400 μm samples from Qingshankou, Shahejie, and Liushagang Fms is 0.324, 0.033, and 0.097, respectively, and the average ultimate imbibed porosity of these Fms is 3.7%, 3.1%, and 12.0%, respectively. Based on the above results, a quick method for measuring the two parameters with thin samples by spontaneous imbibition is established, providing a fast solution for the evaluation of the sweet spot. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue High-Efficient Exploration and Development of Oil & Gas from Ocean—2nd Edition)

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26 pages, 10669 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Ship Collision Risk Assessment Algorithm Based on the Especial Cautious Navigation Angle Model

by Wei Pan, Yukuan Wang, Xinlian Xie, Meng Li and Jinru Fan

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2025, 13(1), 173; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse13010173 - 19 Jan 2025

Viewed by 539

Abstract

To address the challenges posed by dense shipping traffic and the difficulty of identifying navigation risks in open waters, this paper introduces an Especial Cautious Navigation Angle (ECNA) model for ships, grounded in ship collision avoidance geometry. The ECNA model dynamically identifies the [...] Read more.

To address the challenges posed by dense shipping traffic and the difficulty of identifying navigation risks in open waters, this paper introduces an Especial Cautious Navigation Angle (ECNA) model for ships, grounded in ship collision avoidance geometry. The ECNA model dynamically identifies the range of navigation angles where collision risks may arise between ships. Building upon this model, a comprehensive scoring algorithm is proposed to assess ship collision risks in open waters. This algorithm not only effectively tracks the evolving risk of collisions but also prioritizes ships with the most imminent danger of collision. Experimental results demonstrate that the ECNA model can accurately define the range of collision risk navigation angles. Furthermore, the scoring algorithm provides a quantitative analysis of the development trends in collision risks and offers continuous monitoring of these risks during navigation in open waters. The proposed model and algorithm exhibit strong practical applicability and operability in identifying ship collision risks in both open and dense navigable areas. These findings not only offer valuable guidance for real-world collision risk identification but also contribute to the theoretical advancement of ship collision risk analysis, presenting a novel solution to this pressing issue. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Maritime Traffic Engineering)

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20 pages, 4616 KiB

Open AccessReview

A Review on Impact of the Marine Salt Spray Environment on the Performance of Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells

by Shian Li, Jiakai Zhu, Guogang Yang and Qiuwan Shen

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2025, 13(1), 172; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse13010172 - 19 Jan 2025

Viewed by 469

Abstract

With the escalating global demand for clean energy, the proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC), as an efficient and environmentally friendly energy conversion device, has emerged as a pivotal component of new power systems, playing a crucial role in achieving global carbon emission [...] Read more.

With the escalating global demand for clean energy, the proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC), as an efficient and environmentally friendly energy conversion device, has emerged as a pivotal component of new power systems, playing a crucial role in achieving global carbon emission reduction targets. At present, the application of PEMFC technology is gradually expanding to the shipping industry and other fields, indicating its potential role in the future transformation of the energy structure. This article focuses on the marine salt spray environment; summarizes the impact of salt ionic contamination on PEMFC performance in recent years; and mainly explores the influence mechanism of the internal components of PEMFC, including the bipolar plate, the gas diffusion layer, catalyst layer, and proton exchange membrane. In addition, this study analyzes and summarizes the polarization curve variations in the marine salt spray environment, as well as the recovery methods after contamination, in order to provide certain references of PEMFC research for marine application. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Technologies for New (Clean) Energy Ships)

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21 pages, 5650 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Fault-Tolerant Model Predictive Control for Autonomous Underwater Vehicles Considering Unknown Disturbances

by Yimin Chen, Shaowen Hao, Jian Gao, Jiarun Wang and Le Li

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2025, 13(1), 171; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse13010171 - 18 Jan 2025

Viewed by 795

Abstract

This paper presents a fault-tolerant model predictive control approach for cross-rudder autonomous underwater vehicles to achieve heading control, considering rudder stuck faults and unknown disturbances. Specifically, additive faults in the rudders are addressed, and an active fault-tolerant control strategy is employed. Fault models [...] Read more.

This paper presents a fault-tolerant model predictive control approach for cross-rudder autonomous underwater vehicles to achieve heading control, considering rudder stuck faults and unknown disturbances. Specifically, additive faults in the rudders are addressed, and an active fault-tolerant control strategy is employed. Fault models of autonomous underwater vehicles have been established to develop the fault-tolerant control method. In the controller design, the stuck faults of complete rudder failure are incorporated to ensure the heading angle control of the autonomous underwater vehicle in faulty conditions. Furthermore, the fault term is decoupled from the control input, and the decoupled control input, along with corresponding constraints, is incorporated into the model’s predictive controller design. This approach facilitates controller reconfiguration, thereby enhancing and optimizing control performance. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed fault-tolerant model predictive control method can effectively achieve stable navigation and heading adjustment under rudder fault conditions in autonomous underwater vehicles. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Ocean Engineering)

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23 pages, 14443 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Formation and Modification of the Arcuate Tectonic Belt in the Northeastern Tibetan Plateau: Insight from Three-Dimensional Finite Element Numerical Simulation

by Yilin Zhao, Wei Shi, Yujun Sun and Guiting Hou

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2025, 13(1), 170; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse13010170 - 18 Jan 2025

Viewed by 626

Abstract

The arcuate tectonic belt in the northeast Tibetan Plateau has been a contentious topic regarding its formation and evolution, owing to its distinctive geological structure as the lateral growth boundary of the plateau. In this research, leveraging geological and geophysical data, a three-dimensional [...] Read more.

The arcuate tectonic belt in the northeast Tibetan Plateau has been a contentious topic regarding its formation and evolution, owing to its distinctive geological structure as the lateral growth boundary of the plateau. In this research, leveraging geological and geophysical data, a three-dimensional finite element numerical model is employed to explore the impact of lateral and vertical inhomogeneities in lithospheric strength on the northeast Tibetan Plateau’s growth and the arcuate tectonic belt’s formation and alteration. Additionally, the kinematic and deformation traits of the arcuate tectonic belt, such as regional motion velocity, stress, and crustal thickness during shortening and strike-slip deformation, are comparatively analyzed. The findings indicate that the arcuate tectonic belt takes shape when the weakly strengthened Tibetan Plateau is impelled into the Yinchuan Basin after being obstructed by the robust Alax and Ordos blocks during lateral expansion. Intense shear deformation occurs at the block boundaries during the arc tectonic belt’s formation. The weak middle-lower crust, serving as a detachment layer, facilitates the plateau’s lateral growth and crustal shortening and thickening without perturbing the overall deformation characteristics. It is verified that the arcuate tectonic belt was formed during the NE-SW compression phase from around 9.5 to 2.5 Ma, accompanied by significant crustal shortening and thickening. Since 2.5 Ma, within the ENE-WSW compression process, the internal faults of the arcuate tectonic belt are predominantly strike-slip, with no pronounced crustal shortening and thickening. Only local topographical modification is conspicuous. This study will enhance our comprehension of the Tibetan Plateau’s uplift and lateral growth process and furnish a foundation for investigating the formation of arcuate tectonic belts. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Ocean Plate Motion and Seismic Research)

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19 pages, 23862 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Hydrodynamic Performance of an Oscillating Water Column Device Installed in an Offshore Wind Turbine

by Chuanli Xu, Lei Ding, Yuting Sun and Zhen Liu

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2025, 13(1), 169; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse13010169 - 18 Jan 2025

Viewed by 681

Abstract

Hybrid wind–wave energy devices have attracted significant attention for their potential to efficiently harness marine energy while reducing construction costs. In this work, the hydrodynamic performance of an oscillating water column (OWC) device installed in an offshore wind turbine was investigated. A three-dimensional [...] Read more.

Hybrid wind–wave energy devices have attracted significant attention for their potential to efficiently harness marine energy while reducing construction costs. In this work, the hydrodynamic performance of an oscillating water column (OWC) device installed in an offshore wind turbine was investigated. A three-dimensional numerical model was developed based on computational fluid dynamics. The numerical predictions demonstrate good agreement with the corresponding experimental results. The effects of key factors, such as chamber diameter, chamber draft, and pneumatic damping, on the energy capture performance were analyzed. The variation patterns of the free surface elevation, the air pressure, and the capture width ratio were analyzed. Additionally, flow characteristics and vortex dynamics around the device were presented for better understanding the energy capture process of the hybrid device. The results reveal that a larger chamber diameter is beneficial for energy conversion, and the optimal chamber draft and pneumatic damping were identified. Furthermore, the operating performance of the optimized device under irregular wave conditions was predicted. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Offshore Renewable Energy, Second Edition)

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23 pages, 4982 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Emission Estimation and Spatiotemporal Distribution of Passenger Ships Using Multi-Source Data: A Case from Zhoushan (China)

by Xubiao Xu, Xingyu Liu, Lin Feng, Wei Yim Yap and Hongxiang Feng

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2025, 13(1), 168; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse13010168 - 18 Jan 2025

Viewed by 729

Abstract

Quantifying and estimating shipping emissions is a critical component of global emission reduction research and has become a growing area of interest in recent years. However, emissions from short-distance passenger ships operating on inter-island routes and their environmental impacts have received limited attention. [...] Read more.

Quantifying and estimating shipping emissions is a critical component of global emission reduction research and has become a growing area of interest in recent years. However, emissions from short-distance passenger ships operating on inter-island routes and their environmental impacts have received limited attention. This contribution investigated the temporal and spatial distribution characteristics of pollutants emitted by short-distance passenger ships at Zhoushan (China) using Automatic Identification System (AIS) data and the bottom–up emission model integrated with multi-source meteorological data. A year-long emission inventory was investigated. The results indicated that high-speed passenger ships contributed to the largest share of the emissions. The emissions were predominantly concentrated during daytime hours, with the routes between Zhoushan Island and Daishan, Daishan and Shengsi, and Zhoushan Island and Liuheng Island accounting for most of the emissions. Furthermore, intra-port waterways were identified as the primary emission areas for short-distance passenger ships. This study provides essential data support and references for the relevant authorities to understand the emission patterns of short-distance passenger ships, thereby facilitating the formulation of targeted emission reduction strategies for the maritime passenger transport sector. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Smart and Low Carbon Emission-Oriented Maritime Traffic Management and Controlling)

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18 pages, 5949 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Multi-Objective Optimization of Ship Design for the Effect of Wind Propulsion

by Timoleon Plessas and Apostolos Papanikolaou

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2025, 13(1), 167; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse13010167 - 18 Jan 2025

Viewed by 520

Abstract

International regulations and market demand for zero-emission transportation are accelerating the adoption of sustainable solutions in the shipping industry. Wind-Assisted Propulsion Systems (WAPSs) present a promising alternative, as elaborated on in the EU-funded Orcelle Wind project. This paper deals with the integration of [...] Read more.

International regulations and market demand for zero-emission transportation are accelerating the adoption of sustainable solutions in the shipping industry. Wind-Assisted Propulsion Systems (WAPSs) present a promising alternative, as elaborated on in the EU-funded Orcelle Wind project. This paper deals with the integration of wing sails into the conceptual design of a Very Large Crude Carrier (VLCC) using a parametric, multi-objective optimization framework. The results reveal that optimized VLCC designs with WAPSs can achieve over 20% reductions in fuel consumption and greenhouse gas emissions compared to conventional designs. Additionally, the obtained optimized designs exhibit notable differences in the main design characteristics and hull form compared to conventional designs, highlighting the importance of multi-objective optimization in the early design stage to tap the potential of WAPS technologies and wind propulsion. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Ocean Engineering)

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25 pages, 25562 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Mapping Method Fusing Forward-Looking Sonar and Side-Scan Sonar

by Hong Liu, Xiufen Ye, Hanwen Zhou and Hanjie Huang

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2025, 13(1), 166; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse13010166 - 18 Jan 2025

Viewed by 422

Abstract

In modern ocean exploration, forward-looking sonar (FLS) provides real-time 2D imaging of the seabed ahead, but its detection range is relatively limited. Conversely, side-scan sonar (SSS) enables large-scale imaging of the seabed during movement but struggles to effectively image areas directly beneath the [...] Read more.

In modern ocean exploration, forward-looking sonar (FLS) provides real-time 2D imaging of the seabed ahead, but its detection range is relatively limited. Conversely, side-scan sonar (SSS) enables large-scale imaging of the seabed during movement but struggles to effectively image areas directly beneath the sensor. Integrating FLS and SSS offers a promising solution by leveraging their complementary strengths to achieve comprehensive seabed mapping. However, no prior research has explored this fusion approach. This paper presents a novel method for FLS and SSS fusion mapping. Firstly, a novel sonar image enhancement method based on equalization is proposed, enabling simultaneous enhancement and grayscale unification of two sonar images. Additionally, an effective area extraction approach for FLS images, grounded on the approximate erosion method, is introduced to produce high-quality FLS mapping. Furthermore, by examining the data distribution in FLS and SSS mappings, the standard deviation of these datasets is utilized to refine the grayscale distribution of FLS mapping, thereby enhancing the grayscale distribution similarity between the two mapping results. Finally, FLS map data are seamlessly integrated into the gaps of the SSS map, resulting in a fused, comprehensive seabed representation. Large-scale experiments demonstrate that the proposed method effectively combines the strengths of FLS and SSS, producing complete and detailed seabed topography maps. Simultaneously, numerous ablation experiments are conducted to evaluate the impact of various parameters on fusion mapping, providing guidelines for selecting the optimal parameters. This fusion approach, thus, holds significant practical value for ocean exploration and seabed mapping applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Ocean Engineering)

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37 pages, 12224 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Lifecycle Risk Assessment for Steel Cargo Vessel Sinkings: An Interpretive Structural Modeling and Fuzzy Bayesian Network Approach

by Xiaodan Jiang, Haibin Xu, Yaming Zhu, Yingxia Gu and Shiyuan Zheng

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2025, 13(1), 165; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse13010165 - 18 Jan 2025

Viewed by 472

Abstract

Steel cargo vessel sinking accidents (SCVSA) threaten maritime safety and disrupt global steel supply chains. This study integrates interpretive structural modeling (ISM) and fuzzy Bayesian networks (FBN) to evaluate SCVSA risks across the incident lifecycle. ISM identifies hierarchical relationships among multifaceted risk factors. [...] Read more.

Steel cargo vessel sinking accidents (SCVSA) threaten maritime safety and disrupt global steel supply chains. This study integrates interpretive structural modeling (ISM) and fuzzy Bayesian networks (FBN) to evaluate SCVSA risks across the incident lifecycle. ISM identifies hierarchical relationships among multifaceted risk factors. FBN assesses lifecycle risks using fuzzy scoring, modular nodes, and a hierarchical structure, with muti-source data drawn from accident reports, expert opinions, and research studies. Experts estimate probabilities based on observations and causal scenarios involving steel cargo vessels at Shanghai Port. The ISM–FBN framework visualizes hierarchical risk factors and incorporates uncertainty in the data and causal relationships through fuzzy scoring, structural updates, and probability learning. This approach provides a robust and adaptable tool for assessing SCVSA risks, advancing maritime risk assessment methodologies. Key findings identify advanced vessel age, severe weather and sea conditions, and inadequate regulatory oversight as primary root causes. Poor cargo loading and stowage practices are direct contributors. Intermediate risk factors from deeper to surface layers flow from shipping companies to crew and further to vessel and environmental conditions. Multi-stage risk factors include inadequate emergency responses and improper cargo securing. To mitigate these risks, actionable insights are provided, including fleet modernization, enhanced regulatory compliance, crew training, and improved emergency preparedness. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Maritime Transportation in Fluctuating Market: Technologies, Innovations, and Challenges)

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19 pages, 40083 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Comparative Analysis Between the ENVISAT and ICEYE SAR Systems for the Estimation of Sea Surface Current Velocity

by Virginia Zamparelli, Pietro Mastro, Antonio Pepe and Simona Verde

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2025, 13(1), 164; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse13010164 - 18 Jan 2025

Viewed by 466

Abstract

In this work, we present the results of a comparative analysis between the first-generation Advanced Synthetic Aperture Radar (ASAR) sensor mounted on board the ENVISAT platform and the novel ICEYE micro-satellite synthetic aperture radar (SAR) sensor in measuring the radial velocity of ocean [...] Read more.

In this work, we present the results of a comparative analysis between the first-generation Advanced Synthetic Aperture Radar (ASAR) sensor mounted on board the ENVISAT platform and the novel ICEYE micro-satellite synthetic aperture radar (SAR) sensor in measuring the radial velocity of ocean currents through the Doppler Centroid Anomaly (DCA) technique. First, the basic principles of DCA and the theoretical precision of the Doppler Centroid (DC) estimates are introduced. Subsequently, the role of the DC measurements in retrieving the sea surface current velocity is addressed. To achieve this goal, two sets of SAR data gathered by ASAR (C-band) and from the X-band ICEYE instruments, respectively, are exploited. The standard deviation of DCA measurements is derived and tested against what is expected by theory. The presented analysis results are beneficial to evaluate the pros and cons of the new-generation X-band to the first-generation ASAR/ENVISAT system, which has been extensively exploited for ocean currents monitoring applications. As an outcome, we find that with inherently selected methods for DC estimates, the performance offered by ICEYE is comparable to, or even better than (with specific parameters selection), the consolidated approaches based on the ASAR sensor. Nonetheless, new SAR constellations offer an undoubted advantage regarding improved spatial resolution and time repeatability. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Remote Sensing Applications in Marine Environmental Monitoring)

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21 pages, 11316 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Investigating Human Influence on Offshore Terrestrial Organic Carbon Trends in a High-Energy Delta: The Ayeyarwady Delta, Myanmar

by Evan R. Flynn and Steven A. Kuehl

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2025, 13(1), 163; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse13010163 - 18 Jan 2025

Viewed by 538

Abstract

The continental margin is a major repository for organic carbon; however, anthropogenic alterations to global sediment and particulate terrestrial organic carbon (TerrOC) fluxes have reduced delivery by rivers and offshore burial in recent decades. Despite the absence of mainstem damming, land use change [...] Read more.

The continental margin is a major repository for organic carbon; however, anthropogenic alterations to global sediment and particulate terrestrial organic carbon (TerrOC) fluxes have reduced delivery by rivers and offshore burial in recent decades. Despite the absence of mainstem damming, land use change in the Ayeyarwady and Thanlwin River catchments in Myanmar has accelerated over the last 50 years. As a result, deforestation and landscape erosion have likely altered fluvial fluxes to the Northern Andaman Sea shelf; however, the magnitude and preservation of geochemical signals associated with development are unknown. Utilizing elemental and bulk stable and radioisotope analysis, this study investigates spatial and temporal trends in sediment sources and TerrOC concentrations to identify the potential impacts of recent (<100 years) offshore development. While our results demonstrate an along-shelf trend in provenance and TerrOC concentrations, temporal (downcore) trends are not observed. We attribute this observation to frequent, large-scale seabed resuspension and suggest that extensive mixing on the inner shelf creates a low-pass filter that effectively attenuates such signatures. This is in contrast to other large Asian deltas, where signals of human landscape disturbance are clearly preserved offshore. We predict that planned mainstem damming in Myanmar will result in larger alterations in sediment and TerrOC supply that may become apparent offshore in the near future. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Geological Oceanography)

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25 pages, 3467 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Side-Scan Sonar Small Objects Detection Based on Improved YOLOv11

by Chang Zou, Siquan Yu, Yankai Yu, Haitao Gu and Xinlin Xu

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2025, 13(1), 162; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse13010162 - 18 Jan 2025

Viewed by 481

Abstract

Underwater object detection using side-scan sonar (SSS) remains a significant challenge in marine exploration, especially for small objects. Conventional methods for small object detection face various obstacles, such as difficulties in feature extraction and the considerable impact of noise on detection accuracy. To [...] Read more.

Underwater object detection using side-scan sonar (SSS) remains a significant challenge in marine exploration, especially for small objects. Conventional methods for small object detection face various obstacles, such as difficulties in feature extraction and the considerable impact of noise on detection accuracy. To address these issues, this study proposes an improved YOLOv11 network named YOLOv11-SDC. Specifically, a new Sparse Feature (SF) module is proposed, replacing the Spatial Pyramid Pooling Fast (SPPF) module from the original YOLOv11 architecture to enhance object feature selection. Furthermore, the proposed YOLOv11-SDC integrates a Dilated Reparam Block (DRB) with a C3k2 module to broaden the model’s receptive field. A Content-Guided Attention Fusion (CGAF) module is also incorporated prior to the detection module to assign appropriate weights to various feature maps, thereby emphasizing the relevant object information. Experimental results clearly demonstrate the superiority of YOLOv11-SDC over several iterations of YOLO versions in detection performance. The proposed method was validated through extensive real-world experiments, yielding a precision of 0.934, recall of 0.698, [email protected] of 0.825, and [email protected]:0.95 of 0.598. In conclusion, the improved YOLOv11-SDC offers a promising solution for detecting small objects in SSS images, showing substantial potential for marine applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Artificial Intelligence Applications in Underwater Sonar Images)

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12 pages, 2118 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Aquaporin 12 Is Expressed in the Stomach and Liver of the Spiny Dogfish (Squalus acanthias)

by Christopher P. Cutler, Jade Bender, Sarah Conner and Esosa Omoregie

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2025, 13(1), 161; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse13010161 - 18 Jan 2025

Viewed by 387

Abstract

The sequence of Aquaporin 12 (AQP12) cDNA was amplified from spiny dogfish (Squalus acanthias) cDNAs using degenerate PCR, followed by 5′ and 3′ RACE PCR. The AQP12 nucleotide sequence had an open reading frame of 300 amino acids, which included one [...] Read more.

The sequence of Aquaporin 12 (AQP12) cDNA was amplified from spiny dogfish (Squalus acanthias) cDNAs using degenerate PCR, followed by 5′ and 3′ RACE PCR. The AQP12 nucleotide sequence had an open reading frame of 300 amino acids, which included one or more N-glycosylation sites. Degenerate and tissue PCRs revealed that AQP12 is expressed at the highest levels in the liver, followed by the pyloric stomach and the esophagus/cardiac stomach, with a small amount potentially present in the eye. A polyclonal antibody was made using a peptide from the derived amino acid sequence. Western blotting with the antibody showed faint banding around the size expected (33 kDa) by the 300 amino acid protein. A few more intense bands were seen at around 40 kDa and larger sizes. Immunohistochemistry in cardiac stomach tissue sections showed staining in a few sporadic paneth-like secretory cells along the surface of the epithelium. High-magnification imaging showed that the AQP12 staining was located in the membrane of secretory granules in the apical pole of the cells. This localization is reminiscent of the AQP12 localization in pancreatic acinar cells, where it is found in the membrane of zymogen granules containing digestive enzymes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrition and Physiology of Marine Fish)

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35 pages, 15001 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Structural Response Prediction of Floating Offshore Wind Turbines Based on Force-to-Motion Transfer Functions and State-Space Models

by Jie Xu, Changjie Li, Wei Jiang, Fei Lin, Shi Liu, Hongchao Lu and Hongbo Wang

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2025, 13(1), 160; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse13010160 - 18 Jan 2025

Viewed by 495

Abstract

This paper proposes an innovative algorithm for forecasting the motion response of floating offshore wind turbines by employing force-to-motion transfer functions and state-space models. Traditional numerical integration techniques, such as the Newmark-β method, frequently struggle with inefficiencies due to the heavy computational demands [...] Read more.

This paper proposes an innovative algorithm for forecasting the motion response of floating offshore wind turbines by employing force-to-motion transfer functions and state-space models. Traditional numerical integration techniques, such as the Newmark-β method, frequently struggle with inefficiencies due to the heavy computational demands of convolution integrals in the Cummins equation. Our new method tackles these challenges by converting the problem into a system output calculation, thereby eliminating convolutions and potentially enhancing computational efficiency. The procedure begins with the estimation of force-to-motion transfer functions derived from the hydrostatic and hydrodynamic characteristics of the wind turbine. These transfer functions are then utilized to construct state-space models, which compactly represent the system dynamics. Motion responses resulting from initial conditions and wave forces are calculated using these state-space models, leveraging their poles and residues. We validated the proposed method by comparing its calculated responses to those obtained via the Newmark-β method. Initial tests on a single-degree-of-freedom (SDOF) system demonstrated that our algorithm accurately predicts motion responses. Further validation involved a numerical model of a spar-type floating offshore wind turbine, showing high accuracy in predicting responses to both regular and irregular wave conditions, closely aligning with results from conventional methods. Additionally, we assessed the efficiency of our algorithm over various simulation durations, confirming its superior performance compared to traditional time-domain methods. This efficiency is particularly advantageous for long-duration simulations. The proposed approach provides a robust and efficient alternative for predicting motion responses in floating offshore wind turbines, combining high accuracy with improved computational performance. It represents a promising tool for enhancing the development and evaluation of offshore wind energy systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ship Behaviour in Extreme Sea Conditions)

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26 pages, 13471 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Collaborative Optimization of Container Liner Slot Allocation and Empty Container Repositioning Within Port Clusters

by Wenmin Wang, Cuijie Diao, Wenqing He, Zhihong Jin and Zaili Yang

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2025, 13(1), 159; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse13010159 - 17 Jan 2025

Viewed by 811

Abstract

The imbalance between supply and demand for slot resources and empty containers has led to resource waste and excessive operating costs for liner companies. Moreover, intense competition among ports has made both container ship slots and port equipment resource allocation inefficient. To address [...] Read more.

The imbalance between supply and demand for slot resources and empty containers has led to resource waste and excessive operating costs for liner companies. Moreover, intense competition among ports has made both container ship slots and port equipment resource allocation inefficient. To address these challenges, this paper aims to solve the collaborative optimization problem of slot allocation and empty container repositioning within port clusters concerning inventory control. A cooperative possession strategy and a hybrid (T, s) inventory control policy are incorporated in this paper. A novel mixed-integer programming model is proposed, enabling us to simultaneously track slot allocation, empty container repositioning, empty container leasing, and slot renting. To solve the model, a new branch-and-bound algorithm based on Lagrangian relaxation and the ascendancy principle (BBLRAP) is developed. Numerical experiments are conducted to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed model and algorithm. The results show that the new collaborative optimization method, incorporating the cooperative possession strategy and (T, s) inventory policy, can increase liner company revenues by expanding market share, reducing costs, and improving the utilization of slot resources, ultimately achieving a win–win outcome for both liner companies and their partners. Compared to state-of-the-art studies, the following paper makes new contributions to proposing a cooperative possession strategy within port clusters for the first time. This paper ensures that liner companies and partners achieve a win–win situation in the cooperative game, expanding market shares and improving customer satisfaction. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Ocean Engineering)

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31 pages, 7169 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Situation Awareness-Based Safety Assessment Method for Human–Autonomy Interaction Process Considering Anchoring and Omission Biases

by Shengkui Zeng, Qidong You, Jianbin Guo and Haiyang Che

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2025, 13(1), 158; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse13010158 - 17 Jan 2025

Viewed by 545

Abstract

Autonomy is being increasingly used in domains like maritime, aviation, medical, and civil domains. Nevertheless, at the current autonomy level, human takeover in the human–autonomy interaction process (HAIP) is still critical for safety. Whether humans take over relies on situation awareness (SA) about [...] Read more.

Autonomy is being increasingly used in domains like maritime, aviation, medical, and civil domains. Nevertheless, at the current autonomy level, human takeover in the human–autonomy interaction process (HAIP) is still critical for safety. Whether humans take over relies on situation awareness (SA) about the correctness of autonomy decisions, which is distorted by human anchoring and omission bias. Specifically, (i) anchoring bias (tendency to confirm prior opinion) causes the imperception of key information and miscomprehending correctness of autonomy decisions; (ii) omission bias (inaction tendency) causes the overestimation of predicted loss caused by takeover. This paper proposes a novel HAIP safety assessment method considering effects of the above biases. First, an SA-based takeover decision model (SAB-TDM) is proposed. In SAB-TDM, SA perception and comprehension affected by anchoring bias are quantified with the Adaptive Control of Thought-Rational (ACT-R) theory and Anchoring Adjustment Model (AAM); behavioral utility prediction affected by omission bias is quantified with Prospect Theory. Second, guided by SAB-TDM, a dynamic Bayesian network is used to assess HAIP safety. A case study on autonomous ship collision avoidance verifies effectiveness of the method. Results show that the above biases mutually contribute to seriously threaten HAIP safety. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Ocean Engineering)

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15 pages, 1320 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Comparative Nutritional Profiling of Economically Important Shrimp Species in Pakistan

by Muhammad Bilal Bhatti, Shahid Sherzada, Sohail Ahmad, Muhammad Asghar Qazi, Amina Ayub, Saeed Akram Khan, Muhammad Javed Khan, Iqra Rani, Nimra Hussain, Joanna Nowosad and Dariusz Kucharczyk

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2025, 13(1), 157; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse13010157 - 17 Jan 2025

Viewed by 530

Abstract

Shrimp are widely recognized as a nutritious and flavorful food choice due to their tender and delicious meat. This study evaluated the nutritional composition of three economically important shrimp species: Penaeus merguiensis, Penaeus monodon, and Penaeus indicus, collected from the [...] Read more.

Shrimp are widely recognized as a nutritious and flavorful food choice due to their tender and delicious meat. This study evaluated the nutritional composition of three economically important shrimp species: Penaeus merguiensis, Penaeus monodon, and Penaeus indicus, collected from the coastal areas of Pakistan. All shrimp species were found to be high in protein and low in fat content. The ratio of essential amino acids (EAAs), non-essential amino acids (NEAAs), and total amino acids (TAAs) varied significantly (p ≤ 0.05) among species, with P. indicus showing slightly higher values. Regarding fatty acid analysis, total saturated fatty acid content was found to be 35.04% in P. merguiensis, 52.43% in P. monodon, and 44.77% in P. indicus. Similarly, the polyunsaturated fatty acid content was found to be 26.24%, 26.77%, and 24.74%, in P. merguiensis, P. monodon, and P. indicus, respectively. Based on nutrient yield, P. monodon stands out as the most nutrient-dense species, followed by P. indicus and P. merguiensis. Overall, the present study suggests that all shrimp species can be used as a healthy choice of food and a good source of animal protein for human consumption. These findings provide valuable insights into the role of shrimp in promoting a healthy and balanced diet. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Marine Aquaculture)

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16 pages, 3210 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Impact of Climate Change on the Habitat Distribution of Decapterus macarellus in the South China Sea

by Qikun Shen, Peng Zhang, Wenming Yu, Pengli Xiong, Yancong Cai, Jie Li, Zuozhi Chen and Jiangtao Fan

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2025, 13(1), 156; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse13010156 - 17 Jan 2025

Viewed by 416

Abstract

This study examines the potential distribution of Mackerel scad (Decapterus macarellus) in the South China Sea under future climate scenarios (SSP 1.26, SSP 2.45, SSP 5.85) using an ensemble species distribution model (SDM). Key environmental variables included sea surface salinity (SSS), [...] Read more.

This study examines the potential distribution of Mackerel scad (Decapterus macarellus) in the South China Sea under future climate scenarios (SSP 1.26, SSP 2.45, SSP 5.85) using an ensemble species distribution model (SDM). Key environmental variables included sea surface salinity (SSS), sea surface height (SSH), sea surface temperature (SST), mixed-layer depth (MLD), chlorophyll-a concentration (CHL), and sea-bottom temperature (SBT). Results show that SST and MLD are the primary drivers of habitat suitability, with current suitable habitats concentrated in the northern offshore areas. Projections for the 2050s and 2090s indicate a reduction in suitable habitats, particularly under high-emission scenarios, with more gradual reductions under low-emission scenarios. Habitat loss is most pronounced in the northern South China Sea, while the central region is projected to see an expansion of suitable habitats. These findings highlight the climate impact on D. macarellus distribution and inform sustainable management strategies for the species in the region. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Marine Environmental Science)

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20 pages, 11840 KiB

Open AccessArticle

DBnet: A Lightweight Dual-Backbone Target Detection Model Based on Side-Scan Sonar Images

by Quanhong Ma, Shaohua Jin, Gang Bian, Yang Cui and Guoqing Liu

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2025, 13(1), 155; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse13010155 - 17 Jan 2025

Viewed by 361

Abstract

Due to the large number of parameters and high computational complexity of current target detection models, it is challenging to perform fast and accurate target detection in side-scan sonar images under the existing technical conditions, especially in environments with limited computational resources. Moreover, [...] Read more.

Due to the large number of parameters and high computational complexity of current target detection models, it is challenging to perform fast and accurate target detection in side-scan sonar images under the existing technical conditions, especially in environments with limited computational resources. Moreover, since the original waterfall map of side-scan sonar only consists of echo intensity information, which is usually of a large size, it is difficult to fuse it with other multi-source information, which limits the detection accuracy of models. To address these issues, we designed DBnet, a lightweight target detector featuring two lightweight backbone networks (PP-LCNet and GhostNet) and a streamlined neck structure for feature extraction and fusion. To solve the problem of unbalanced aspect ratios in sonar data waterfall maps, DBnet employs the SAHI algorithm with sliding-window slicing inference to improve small-target detection accuracy. Compared with the baseline model, DBnet has 33% fewer parameters and 31% fewer GFLOPs while maintaining accuracy. Tests performed on two datasets (SSUTD and SCTD) showed that the mAP values improved by 2.3% and 6.6%. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Advances in Marine Remote Sensing Applications)

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