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Fungal Research in Dental Infection, Immunity and Inflammation
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Fungal Research in Dental Infection, Immunity and Inflammation

A special issue of Journal of Fungi (ISSN 2309-608X). This special issue belongs to the section "Fungal Pathogenesis and Disease Control".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 August 2021) | Viewed by 20549

Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Gordon Ramage

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Oral Sciences Research Group, Glasgow Dental School, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
Interests: Candida biofilms; antibiofilm; microbiome
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Jason Brown

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Oral Sciences Research Group, Glasgow Dental School, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
Interests: interkingdom biofilms; host–pathogen interactions; oral health and disease

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Candida species can colonise a range of mucosal surfaces, including those in the oral cavity such as the oral, buccal and gingival epithelial tissues, amongst others. The most prevalent Candida species in the oral cavity, C. albicans, has often been identified in the mycobiome of patients with oral diseases such as dental caries, periodontitis and denture stomatitis, but also found as a coloniser in individuals with good oral health. These observations are suggestive that the organism may participate as a symbiont in healthy individuals, transitioning to a pathobiont under certain conditions. Indeed, its interactions with different commensal and pathogenic bacteria is well documented, highlighting the importance of interkingdom complexes in both oral health and disease. Furthermore, the organism’s potential to shift from a commensal ‘yeast’ state to an invasive ‘hyphal-forming’ entity is essential in immune modulation and the pathogenesis of different diseases. Indeed, our immune system has developed the ability to recognise yeast forms of Candida species as nonpathogenic, thereby requiring minimal immune surveillance. Nevertheless, further research is required to fully understand fungal–bacterial and/or fungal–host interactions within the oral cavity.

In this Special Issue, we are requesting submissions of articles investigating the role of fungi alone, or in fungal–bacterial interkingdom biofilms, in oral health and disease. We hope this Special Issue can collate articles that will aid our understanding the role of the mycobiome in the oral cavity.

Prof. Dr. Gordon Ramage
Dr. Jason Brown
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Journal of Fungi is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • polymicrobial biofilms
  • interkingdom interactions
  • oral health
  • oral disease
  • host–pathogen interactions
  • host response
  • oral biofilms

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Published Papers (5 papers)

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Research

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10 pages, 562 KiB  
Article
Oral Candidal Colonization in Patients with Different Prosthetic Appliances
by Maja Kinkela Devcic, Suncana Simonic-Kocijan, Jelena Prpic, Igor Paskovic, Tomislav Cabov, Zoran Kovac and Irena Glazar
J. Fungi 2021, 7(8), 662; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof7080662 - 16 Aug 2021
Cited by 11 | Viewed by 3563
Abstract
Oral infections caused by Candida species are becoming more common, which may be related to an increase in the number of immunologically compromised patients as well as favorable conditions in the oral cavity that often include removable prosthetic appliances. The purpose of this [...] Read more.
Oral infections caused by Candida species are becoming more common, which may be related to an increase in the number of immunologically compromised patients as well as favorable conditions in the oral cavity that often include removable prosthetic appliances. The purpose of this study was to determine the presence of a particular Candida species in patients with PMMA and Cr-Co prosthetic appliances, as well as the salivary flow rate, and oral signs and symptoms. This investigation included a total of 120 subjects with different kinds of removable dentures. A sample of concentrated oral rinse was collected from all subjects in order to detect Candida colonization and identify the Candida species, a quantum of salivation was measured, and subjects were examined clinically. Candida spp. was predominant among the subjects who were denture wearers (p < 0.0001). In all subjects, the most frequently detected species was C.albicans. A statistically significant difference was found between the prevalence of C.albicans (p < 0.001) and C.krusei (p < 0.001) in denture wearers. Subjects with PMMA-based removable prosthetic appliances mostly demonstrated a significant decrease in salivation (p < 0.001), an increase in burning sensations (p < 0.001), and dry mouth (p < 0.001) compared to the subjects who wore partial dentures with Co–Cr metallic frameworks. Red oral lesions were more frequently found among the subjects with partial dentures with Co–Cr metallic frameworks (p < 0.001). Regardless of the material used for the denture, patients must be regularly checked by their dentists in order to prevent the development of oral lesions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fungal Research in Dental Infection, Immunity and Inflammation)
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9 pages, 2590 KiB  
Article
Higher Number of EBI3 Cells in Mucosal Chronic Hyperplastic Candidiasis May Serve to Regulate IL-17-Producing Cells
by Ailish Williams, Helen Rogers, David Williams, Xiao-Qing Wei, Damian Farnell, Sue Wozniak and Adam Jones
J. Fungi 2021, 7(7), 533; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof7070533 - 30 Jun 2021
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1968
Abstract
Previous research into the inflammatory cell infiltrate of chronic hyperplastic candidosis (CHC) determined that the immune response is primarily composed of T cells, the majority of which are T helper (CD4+) cells. This present investigation used immunohistochemistry to further delineate the [...] Read more.
Previous research into the inflammatory cell infiltrate of chronic hyperplastic candidosis (CHC) determined that the immune response is primarily composed of T cells, the majority of which are T helper (CD4+) cells. This present investigation used immunohistochemistry to further delineate the inflammatory cell infiltrate in CHC. Cells profiled were those expressing IL-17A cytokine, EBI3 and IL-12A subunits of the IL-35 cytokine, and FoxP3+ cells. Squamous cell papilloma (with Candida infection) and oral lichen planus tissues served as comparative controls to understand the local immune responses to Candida infection. The results demonstrated that Candida-induced inflammation and immune regulation co-exist in the oral mucosa of CHC and that high prevalence of cells expressing the EBI3 cytokine subunit may play an important role in this regulation. This balance between inflammation and immune tolerance toward invading Candida in the oral mucosa may be critical in determining progress of infection. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fungal Research in Dental Infection, Immunity and Inflammation)
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10 pages, 1599 KiB  
Article
Nanocarriers of Miconazole or Fluconazole: Effects on Three-Species Candida Biofilms and Cytotoxic Effects In Vitro
by Anne Caroline Morais Caldeirão, Heitor Ceolin Araujo, Laís Salomão Arias, Wilmer Ramírez Carmona, Gustavo Porangaba Miranda, Sandra Helena Penha Oliveira, Juliano Pelim Pessan and Douglas Roberto Monteiro
J. Fungi 2021, 7(7), 500; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof7070500 - 23 Jun 2021
Cited by 13 | Viewed by 2359
Abstract
The contribution of different Candida species in oral fungal infections has stimulated the search for more effective therapies. This study assessed the antibiofilm effects of nanocarriers of miconazole (MCZ) or fluconazole (FLZ) on Candida biofilms, and their cytotoxic effects on murine fibroblasts. Three-species [...] Read more.
The contribution of different Candida species in oral fungal infections has stimulated the search for more effective therapies. This study assessed the antibiofilm effects of nanocarriers of miconazole (MCZ) or fluconazole (FLZ) on Candida biofilms, and their cytotoxic effects on murine fibroblasts. Three-species biofilms (Candida albicans/Candida glabrata/Candida tropicalis) were formed on 96-well plates, and they were treated with nanocarriers (iron oxide nanoparticles coated with chitosan—“IONPs-CS”) of MCZ or FLZ at 39/78/156 µg/mL; antifungals alone at 156 µg/mL and artificial saliva were tested as positive and negative controls, respectively. Biofilms were analyzed by colony forming units (CFU), biomass, metabolic activity, and structure/viability. The cytotoxicity (L929 cells) of all treatments was determined via 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5 diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) reduction assay. Data were submitted to one- or two-way ANOVA, followed by Tukey’s or Fisher LSD’s tests (p < 0.05). IONPs-CS-MCZ at 78 µg/mL promoted similar antibiofilm and cytotoxic effects compared with MCZ at 156 µg/mL. In turn, IONPs-CS-FLZ at 156 µg/mL was overall the most effective FLZ antibiofilm treatment, surpassing the effects of FLZ alone; this nanocarrier was also less cytotoxic compared with FLZ alone. It can be concluded that both nanocarriers are more effective alternatives to fight Candida biofilms compared with their respective positive controls in vitro, being a promising alternative for the treatment of oral fungal infections. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fungal Research in Dental Infection, Immunity and Inflammation)
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Review

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10 pages, 758 KiB  
Review
Envisaging Antifungal Potential of Histatin 5: A Physiological Salivary Peptide
by Pratibha Sharma, Mehak Chaudhary, Garima Khanna, Praveen Rishi and Indu Pal Kaur
J. Fungi 2021, 7(12), 1070; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof7121070 - 12 Dec 2021
Cited by 16 | Viewed by 3936
Abstract
Fungi are reported to cause a range of superficial to invasive human infections. These often result in high morbidity and at times mortality. Conventional antifungal agents though effective invariably exhibit drug interactions, treatment-related toxicity, and fail to elicit significant effect, thus indicating a [...] Read more.
Fungi are reported to cause a range of superficial to invasive human infections. These often result in high morbidity and at times mortality. Conventional antifungal agents though effective invariably exhibit drug interactions, treatment-related toxicity, and fail to elicit significant effect, thus indicating a need to look for suitable alternatives. Fungi thrive in humid, nutrient-enriched areas. Such an environment is well-supported by the oral cavity. Despite this, there is a relatively low incidence of severe oral and periodontal fungal infections, attributed to the presence of antimicrobial peptides hosted by saliva, viz. histatin 5 (Hstn 5). It displays fungicidal activity against a variety of fungi including Candida albicans, Candida glabrata, Candida krusei, Cryptococcus neoformans, and unicellular yeast-like Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Candida albicans alone accounts for about 70% of all global fungal infections including periodontal disease. This review intends to discuss the scope of Hstn 5 as a novel recourse for the control of fungal infections. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fungal Research in Dental Infection, Immunity and Inflammation)
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13 pages, 1149 KiB  
Review
Candida albicans and Oral Carcinogenesis. A Brief Review
by Michele Di Cosola, Angela Pia Cazzolla, Ioannis Alexandros Charitos, Andrea Ballini, Francesco Inchingolo and Luigi Santacroce
J. Fungi 2021, 7(6), 476; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof7060476 - 12 Jun 2021
Cited by 83 | Viewed by 7560
Abstract
Current medical knowledge and research on patients’ management are still evolving, and several protocols on minimizing risk of infection by Candida spp. among the population have developed. The aim of this work is to review the epidemiological and biomolecular characteristics and the various [...] Read more.
Current medical knowledge and research on patients’ management are still evolving, and several protocols on minimizing risk of infection by Candida spp. among the population have developed. The aim of this work is to review the epidemiological and biomolecular characteristics and the various histopathological carcinogenesis hypothesis mechanisms that can occur during Candida albicans infections. Current evidence from the literature on the role of C. albicans during potentially malignant oral disorders and oral cancer has been sought. Thus, these biomolecular processes can give or contribute to benign lesions, also in precancerous or cancerous situations. Alongside this, the physiological microorganism oral flora (microbiota) can play a crucial role in maintaining oral health during those infections and therefore avoid carcinogenesis. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fungal Research in Dental Infection, Immunity and Inflammation)
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