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Marine Drugs
Special Issues
Enzymes from Marine By-Products and Wastes
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Enzymes from Marine By-Products and Wastes

A special issue of Marine Drugs (ISSN 1660-3397). This special issue belongs to the section "Marine Biotechnology Related to Drug Discovery or Production".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 15 April 2025 | Viewed by 8118

Special Issue Editor

Dr. Zied Khiari

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
National Research Council of Canada, Aquatic and Crop Resource Development Research Centre, Halifax, NS, Canada
Interests: fisheries and aquaculture waste-stream valorization; sustainable bioprocessing; bioactive and functional bioproducts
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The fishery and aquaculture industries represent two major economic sectors in the world. However, they generate significant amounts of processing by-products and waste that are biologically unstable and costly to dispose of, posing major health and environmental issues. An increasing number of investigations suggest that this biomass represents a highly valuable, renewable, and largely untapped source of industrially relevant enzymes. Therefore, the extraction and/or production of enzymes using fishery and aquaculture processing by-products and waste represent an attractive valorization approach.

This Special Issue aims to provide a comprehensive overview of recent developments in the enzymes obtained from fishery and aquaculture processing by-products and waste, including the following:

  • Methods for the extraction of enzymes from fishery and aquaculture processing by-products and waste, their characterization, and their established and potential industrial applications;
  • The utilization of fishery and aquaculture processing by-products and waste as substrates for enzyme production using microorganisms (including bacteria, fungi, and yeasts).

In this Special Issue, original research articles and reviews are welcome. The enzymes of interest may include, but are not limited to, proteases (pepsin, trypsin, chymotrypsin, collagenase, elastase, etc.), lipases, carbohydrases (chitinases, amylases, etc.), and transglutaminases.

Articles covering the production and characterization of protein hydrolysates through the enzymatic hydrolysis of fishery and aquaculture processing by-products and waste are also welcome.

I look forward to receiving your contributions.

Dr. Zied Khiari
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Marine Drugs is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2900 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • enzymes
  • proteases
  • lipases
  • carbohydrases
  • chitinases
  • transglutaminases
  • fisheries and aquaculture
  • by-products and waste
  • microbial fermentation
  • enzymatic hydrolysis
  • protein hydrolysates

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Published Papers (3 papers)

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Research

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38 pages, 2392 KiB  
Article
Exploring the Physicochemical Characteristics of Marine Protein Hydrolysates and the Impact of In Vitro Gastrointestinal Digestion on Their Bioactivity
by Deepanshi Sharma, Snehal Gite and Maria G. Tuohy
Mar. Drugs 2024, 22(10), 452; https://doi.org/10.3390/md22100452 - 1 Oct 2024
Viewed by 3001
Abstract
Fish protein hydrolysates (FPHs) were obtained from different fish sources using a combination of microbial enzymes. The industrially produced FPHs from blue whiting (Micromesistius poutassou) and sprat (Sprattus sprattus) were compared to freeze-dried FPHs generated in-house from hake ( [...] Read more.
Fish protein hydrolysates (FPHs) were obtained from different fish sources using a combination of microbial enzymes. The industrially produced FPHs from blue whiting (Micromesistius poutassou) and sprat (Sprattus sprattus) were compared to freeze-dried FPHs generated in-house from hake (Merluccius merluccius) and mackerel (Scomber scombrus) in terms of their physicochemical composition and functionality. Significant differences (p < 0.05) were observed in the protein, moisture, and ash contents of the FPHs, with the majority having high levels of protein (73.24–89.31%). Fractions that were more extensively hydrolysed exhibited a high solubility index (74.05–98.99%) at different pHs. Blue whiting protein hydrolysate-B (BWPH-B) had the highest foaming capacity at pH 4 (146.98 ± 4.28%) and foam stability over 5 min (90–100%) at pH 4, 6, and 8. The emulsifying capacity ranged from 61.11–108.90 m2/g, while emulsion stability was 37.82–76.99% at 0.5% (w/v) concentration. In terms of peptide bioactivity, sprat protein hydrolysate (SPH) had the strongest overall reducing power. The highest Cu2+ chelating activity was exhibited by hake protein hydrolysate (HPH) and mackerel protein hydrolysate (MPH), with IC50 values of 0.66 and 0.78 mg protein/mL, respectively, while blue whiting protein hydrolysate-A (BWPH-A) had the highest activity against Fe2+ (IC50 = 1.89 mg protein/mL). SPH scavenged DPPH and ABTS radicals best with IC50 values of 0.73 and 2.76 mg protein/mL, respectively. All FPHs displayed noteworthy scavenging activity against hydroxyl radicals, with IC50 values ranging from 0.48–3.46 mg protein/mL. SPH and MPH showed the highest scavenging potential against superoxide radicals with IC50 values of 1.75 and 2.53 mg protein/mL and against hydrogen peroxide with 2.22 and 3.66 mg protein/mL, respectively. While inhibition of α-glucosidase was not observed, the IC50 values against α-amylase ranged from 8.81–18.42 mg protein/mL, with SPH displaying the highest activity. The stability of FPHs following simulated gastrointestinal digestion (SGID) showed an irregular trend. Overall, the findings suggest that marine-derived protein hydrolysates may serve as good sources of natural nutraceuticals with antioxidant and antidiabetic properties. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Enzymes from Marine By-Products and Wastes)
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13 pages, 7709 KiB  
Article
Functional Characterization of the First Bona Fide Phytoene Synthase in Red Algae from Pyropia yezoensis
by Cheng-Ling Li, Jia-Qiu Pu, Wei Zhou, Chuan-Ming Hu, Yin-Yin Deng, Ying-Ying Sun and Li-En Yang
Mar. Drugs 2024, 22(6), 257; https://doi.org/10.3390/md22060257 - 31 May 2024
Viewed by 950
Abstract
The formation of phytoene by condensing two geranylgeranyl diphosphate molecules catalyzed by phytoene synthase (PSY) is the first committed and rate-limiting step in carotenoid biosynthesis, which has been extensively investigated in bacteria, land plants and microalgae. However, this step in macroalgae remains unknown. [...] Read more.
The formation of phytoene by condensing two geranylgeranyl diphosphate molecules catalyzed by phytoene synthase (PSY) is the first committed and rate-limiting step in carotenoid biosynthesis, which has been extensively investigated in bacteria, land plants and microalgae. However, this step in macroalgae remains unknown. In the present study, a gene encoding putative phytoene synthase was cloned from the economic red alga Pyropia yezoensis—a species that has long been used in food and pharmaceuticals. The conservative motifs/domains and the tertiary structure predicted using bioinformatic tools suggested that the cloned PyPSY should encode a phytoene synthase; this was empirically confirmed by pigment complementation in E. coli. This phytoene synthase was encoded by a single copy gene, whose expression was presumably regulated by many factors. The phylogenetic relationship of PSYs from different organisms suggested that red algae are probably the progeny of primary endosymbiosis and plastid donors of secondary endosymbiosis. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Enzymes from Marine By-Products and Wastes)
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Review

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23 pages, 2764 KiB  
Review
Enzymes from Fishery and Aquaculture Waste: Research Trends in the Era of Artificial Intelligence and Circular Bio-Economy
by Zied Khiari
Mar. Drugs 2024, 22(9), 411; https://doi.org/10.3390/md22090411 - 10 Sep 2024
Viewed by 3729
Abstract
In the era of the blue bio-economy, which promotes the sustainable utilization and exploitation of marine resources for economic growth and development, the fisheries and aquaculture industries still face huge sustainability issues. One of the major challenges of these industries is associated with [...] Read more.
In the era of the blue bio-economy, which promotes the sustainable utilization and exploitation of marine resources for economic growth and development, the fisheries and aquaculture industries still face huge sustainability issues. One of the major challenges of these industries is associated with the generation and management of wastes, which pose a serious threat to human health and the environment if not properly treated. In the best-case scenario, fishery and aquaculture waste is processed into low-value commodities such as fishmeal and fish oil. However, this renewable organic biomass contains a number of highly valuable bioproducts, including enzymes, bioactive peptides, as well as functional proteins and polysaccharides. Marine-derived enzymes are known to have unique physical, chemical and catalytic characteristics and are reported to be superior to those from plant and animal origins. Moreover, it has been established that enzymes from marine species possess cold-adapted properties, which makes them interesting from technological, economic and sustainability points of view. Therefore, this review centers around enzymes from fishery and aquaculture waste, with a special focus on proteases, lipases, carbohydrases, chitinases and transglutaminases. Additionally, the use of fishery and aquaculture waste as a substrate for the production of industrially relevant microbial enzymes is discussed. The application of emerging technologies (i.e., artificial intelligence and machine learning) in microbial enzyme production is also presented. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Enzymes from Marine By-Products and Wastes)
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