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Electronic Packaging Materials and Technology Applications

A special issue of Materials (ISSN 1996-1944). This special issue belongs to the section "Electronic Materials".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 August 2024) | Viewed by 7494

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Yu-An Shen

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Feng Chia University, Taichung 407, Taiwan
Interests: electronic packaging; solder joint; twinned cu film; transient liquid phase bonding; metal-metal direct bonding; 3dic interconnection; power device packaging; low-temperature alloys; high-entropy alloys; materials characterization; reliability issue
Prof. Dr. Chih-Ming Chen

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Chemical Engineering, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
Interests: electronic packaging; electroplating; solar cell; solder joint; metal bonding; low-temperature alloy
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

In light of the escalating demand for advanced electronic devices, the domains of 2.5D/3DIC packaging, power device packaging, and low-temperature application packaging have acquired significant attention. These packaging techniques find application in cutting-edge electronic products such as smart devices, electric vehicles, solar energy converters, 5G equipment, and flexible electronics. Consequently, the development of packaging materials, processes, and applications holds critical importance in addressing human well-being, energy concerns, advanced communication equipment, and biomedical products.

We hereby introduce a Special Issue on "Electronic Packaging Materials and Technology Applications". Our collection contains a wide spectrum of research issues, including electronic packaging, solder joint, twinned Cu film, transient liquid phase bonding, metal-metal direct bonding, 3DIC interconnection, power device packaging, low-temperature alloys, materials characterization, and reliability issues—all relevant to advanced packaging technology. We eagerly anticipate the support and contributions of experts in these fields.

Dr. Yu-An Shen
Prof. Dr. Chih-Ming Chen
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Materials is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • packaging process
  • 2.5D/3DIC packaging
  • power electronic packaging
  • low-temperature application packaging
  • packaging materials
  • solder joint
  • electroplated film for electronic packaging
  • transient liquid phase bonding
  • metal&ndash
  • metal direct bonding
  • reliability analysis in electronic packaging

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Published Papers (5 papers)

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Research

17 pages, 8534 KiB  
Article
The Effect of In Concentration and Temperature on Dissolution and Precipitation in Sn–Bi Alloys
by Qichao Hao, Xinfu Tan, Qinfen Gu, Stuart D. McDonald and Kazuhiro Nogita
Materials 2024, 17(17), 4372; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17174372 - 4 Sep 2024
Viewed by 779
Abstract
Sn–Bi-based, low-temperature solder alloys are being developed to offer the electronics manufacturing industry a path to lower temperature processes. A critical challenge is the significant microstructural and lattice parameter changes that these alloys undergo at typical service temperatures, largely due to the variable [...] Read more.
Sn–Bi-based, low-temperature solder alloys are being developed to offer the electronics manufacturing industry a path to lower temperature processes. A critical challenge is the significant microstructural and lattice parameter changes that these alloys undergo at typical service temperatures, largely due to the variable solubility of Bi during the Sn phase. The influence of alloying additions in improving the performance of these alloys is the subject of much research. This study aims to enhance the understanding of how alloying with In influences these properties, which are crucial for improving the alloy’s reliability. Using in situ heating synchrotron powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), we investigated the Sn–57 wt% Bi–xIn (x = 0, 0.2, 0.5, 1, 3 wt%) alloys during heating and cooling. Our findings reveal that In modifies the microstructure, promoting more homogeneous Bi distribution during thermal cycling. This study not only provides new insights into the dissolution and precipitation behaviour of Bi in Sn–Bi-based alloys, but also demonstrates the potential of In to improve the thermal stability of these alloys. These innovations contribute significantly to advancing the performance and reliability of Sn–Bi-based, low-temperature solder alloys. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electronic Packaging Materials and Technology Applications)
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11 pages, 6106 KiB  
Communication
Improvement of Solder Joint Shear Strength under Formic Acid Atmosphere at A Low Temperature
by Siliang He, Jian Jiang, Yu-An Shen, Lanqing Mo, Yuhao Bi, Junke Wu and Chan Guo
Materials 2024, 17(5), 1055; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17051055 - 25 Feb 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1341
Abstract
With the continuous reduction of chip size, fluxless soldering has brought attention to high-density, three-dimensional packaging. Although fluxless soldering technology with formic acid (FA) atmosphere has been presented, few studies have examined the effect of the Pt catalytic, preheating time, and soldering pad [...] Read more.
With the continuous reduction of chip size, fluxless soldering has brought attention to high-density, three-dimensional packaging. Although fluxless soldering technology with formic acid (FA) atmosphere has been presented, few studies have examined the effect of the Pt catalytic, preheating time, and soldering pad on FA soldering for the Sn-58Bi solder. The results have shown that the Pt catalytic can promote oxidation–reduction and the formation of a large pore in the Sn-58Bi/Cu solder joint, which causes a decrease in shear strength. ENIG (electroless nickel immersion gold) improves soldering strength. The shear strength of Sn-58Bi/ENIG increases under the Pt catalytic FA atmosphere process due to the isolation of the Au layer on ENIG. The Au layer protects metal from corrosion and provides a good contact surface for the Sn-58Bi solder. The shear strength of the Sn-58Bi/ENIG joints under a Pt catalytic atmosphere improved by 44.7% compared to using a Cu pad. These findings reveal the improvement of the shear strength of solder joints bonded at low temperatures under the FA atmosphere. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electronic Packaging Materials and Technology Applications)
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16 pages, 5341 KiB  
Article
Composition-Tunable Properties of Cu(Ag) Alloy for Hybrid Bonding Applications
by Sarabjot Singh and Kathleen Dunn
Materials 2023, 16(23), 7481; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16237481 - 2 Dec 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1767
Abstract
In the present study, the properties of Cu(Ag) alloy films were studied to evaluate their potential use as an alternate material for interconnection in hybrid bonding. Thin alloy films of Cu(Ag) were deposited by pulsed electrochemical deposition (PED) using a sulfuric acid-based bath, [...] Read more.
In the present study, the properties of Cu(Ag) alloy films were studied to evaluate their potential use as an alternate material for interconnection in hybrid bonding. Thin alloy films of Cu(Ag) were deposited by pulsed electrochemical deposition (PED) using a sulfuric acid-based bath, rotating disk electrode, and hot entry. Secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) was used to measure the silver content of the films, with us finding that it decreases with increasing duty cycle. Thereafter, bright field scanning transmission electron microscope (STEM) imaging in combination with energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDS) was used to visualize the thin film microstructure and to confirm the uniform distribution of silver throughout the film, with no bands being seen despite the pulsed nature of the deposition. Film resistance was measured by a four-point probe to quantify the impact of Ag content on resistivity, with us finding the expected linear relationship with the Ag content in the film. Furthermore, the coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) of the films was measured using X-ray diffraction, and modulus and hardness were measured via nanoindentation, revealing linear dependences on the Ag content as well. Notably, the addition of 1.25 atom% Ag resulted in a significant increase in the CTE from 17.9 to 19.3 ppm/K, Young’s modulus from 111 to 161 GPa, and film hardness from 1.70 to 3.99 GPa. These simple relationships offer a range of properties tunable via the duty cycle of the pulsed plating, making Cu(Ag) a promising candidate for engineering wafer-to-wafer metal interconnections. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electronic Packaging Materials and Technology Applications)
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14 pages, 5580 KiB  
Article
Phase Equilibria of the Ag-Al-Au Ternary System and Interfacial Reactions in the Au-xAg/Al Couples at 450 °C
by Mavindra Ramadhani, Andromeda Dwi Laksono, Chien-Lung Liang, Chiao-Yi Yang, Kuo-Jung Chen, Yee-Wen Yen and Hsien-Ming Hsiao
Materials 2023, 16(22), 7196; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16227196 - 16 Nov 2023
Viewed by 1547
Abstract
The phase equilibria of the Ag-Al-Au ternary system and the solid-state reaction couple for the Au-xAg/Al system were investigated isothermally at 450 °C. By investigating the Ag-Al-Au ternary system and its isothermal section, this study aims to provide a clearer understanding [...] Read more.
The phase equilibria of the Ag-Al-Au ternary system and the solid-state reaction couple for the Au-xAg/Al system were investigated isothermally at 450 °C. By investigating the Ag-Al-Au ternary system and its isothermal section, this study aims to provide a clearer understanding of the phase stability and interfacial reactions between different phases. This information is crucial for designing materials and processes in electronic packaging, with the potential to reduce costs and improve reliability. There were seven single-phase regions, thirteen two-phase regions, and six three-phase regions, with no ternary intermetallic compound (IMC) formed in the isothermal section of the Ag-Al-Au ternary system. When the Au-25 wt.% Ag/Al couple was aged at 450 °C for 240–1500 h, the AuAl2, Au2Al, and Au4Al phases formed at the interface. When the Ag contents increased to 50 and 75 wt.%, the Ag2Al, AuAl2, and Au4Al phases formed at the interface. When the aging time increased from 240 h to 1500 h, the total IMC thickness in all Au-xAg/Al couples became thicker, but the types of IMCs formed at the interface did not change. The total IMC thickness also increased with the increase in the Ag content. When the Ag content was greater than 25 wt.%, the Au2Al phase was converted into the Ag2Al phase. The IMC growth mechanism in all of the couples followed a reaction-controlled process. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electronic Packaging Materials and Technology Applications)
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Graphical abstract

12 pages, 5360 KiB  
Article
Thermomechanical Properties of Zeta (Ag3In) Phase
by Xunda Liu, Hiroaki Tatsumi, Zhi Jin, Zhong Chen and Hiroshi Nishikawa
Materials 2023, 16(22), 7115; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16227115 - 10 Nov 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 949
Abstract
The thermomechanical properties of materials within die-attach joints play an essential role in assessing the reliability of high-power modules. Ag-In transient liquid phase (TLP) bonding serves as an alternative method for die attachment. However, relevant material data for the ζ (Ag3In) [...] Read more.
The thermomechanical properties of materials within die-attach joints play an essential role in assessing the reliability of high-power modules. Ag-In transient liquid phase (TLP) bonding serves as an alternative method for die attachment. However, relevant material data for the ζ (Ag3In) phase, one of the Ag-In intermetallic compound (IMC) products of TLP bonding, are limited. This paper proposes an approach to fabricate a densified and pure bulk sample of the ζ (Ag3In) phase. The thermomechanical properties of the ζ (Ag3In) phase were subsequently investigated at elevated temperatures and compared to those of other IMCs frequently observed in die-attach joints. As the temperature increased from 30 °C to 200 °C, the hardness of the ζ (Ag3In) phase decreased linearly from 1.78 GPa to 1.46 GPa. Similarly, the Young’s modulus also decreased linearly from 82.3 GPa to 66.5 GPa. These properties rank among the lowest levels compared to those of other IMCs. The average coefficient of thermal expansion within the temperature range of 70 °C to 250 °C was approximately 18.63 ± 0.61 μm/m/°C, placing the ζ (Ag3In) phase at a moderate level. When considering its potential for mitigating thermal stress, these combined properties render the ζ (Ag3In) phase an appropriate material choice for die-attach joints compared to other IMCs. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electronic Packaging Materials and Technology Applications)
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