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Microstructural and Mechanical Characterization of Materials for Biomedical Applications
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Microstructural and Mechanical Characterization of Materials for Biomedical Applications

A special issue of Materials (ISSN 1996-1944). This special issue belongs to the section "Biomaterials".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (10 December 2023) | Viewed by 9519

Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Artemis Stamboulis

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
School of Metallurgy and Materials, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
Interests: microstructure of biomedical glasses; bioceramics; 3D printing of ceramics; mechanical properties; antimicrobial materials; antimicrobial peptides; 3D bioprinting
Prof. Besim Ben-Nissan

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Translational Biomaterials and Medicine Group, Faculty of Science, School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, PO BOX 123, Broadway, NSW 2007, Australia
Interests: bioceramics; bioactivity; mechanical properties; drug delivery; implant design; sol- gel technology; nanocoatings; marine structures; calcium phosphates.

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Microstructure and the resultant change in mechanical properties have always played an important role in materials’ performance and applications, more so in the field of biomedical materials. With the development of new processing technologies, it is now possible to design and make materials with more complex architectures and a microstructure close to the microstructure of natural materials from hard tissue to soft tissue. With the recent developments of 3D printing, it is possible to make biomedical devices and constructs at a much higher resolution to mimic natural structures with greater detail and accuracy, leading to personalised treatments and changing medical practice. As a result, stronger materials have been developed, allowing ceramics to be used with more confidence in orthopaedics and dentistry. Polymer microstructures have led to the development of new drug release devices and tissue engineering substrates. New medical metal alloys have been developed with bioresorbable microstructures. All these new possibilities have led to materials that are stronger with better mechanical performance and with a stiffness that is now closer than ever to the tissues that are replaced or repaired. This is an important development that minimises stress shielding in orthopaedic implants and promises longevity of the modern metal and ceramic implants. 

The aim of this issue is to showcase all these new developments by bringing this knowledge together and covering a large number of biomedical applications to raise their scientific and commercial value in the field of biomedical materials.

Prof. Dr. Artemis Stamboulis
Prof. Besim Ben-Nissan
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

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Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Materials is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • biomaterials
  • biomedical applications
  • microstructure
  • bioceramics
  • bioactive glasses
  • biomedical polymers
  • bioresorbable metals
  • metal implants
  • mechanical properties

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Published Papers (4 papers)

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Research

15 pages, 3003 KiB  
Article
Effect of Target Power on Microstructure, Tribological Performance and Biocompatibility of Magnetron Sputtered Amorphous Carbon Coatings
by Vishnu Shankar Dhandapani, Ramesh Subbiah, Elangovan Thangavel, Chang-Lae Kim, Kyoung-Mo Kang, Veeravazhuthi Veeraraghavan, Kwideok Park, Dae-Eun Kim, Dongkyou Park and Byungki Kim
Materials 2023, 16(17), 5788; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16175788 - 24 Aug 2023
Viewed by 1205
Abstract
The tribological properties and preosteoblast behavior of an RF magnetron-sputtered amorphous carbon coating on a Si (100) substrate were evaluated. The graphite target power was varied from 200 to 500 W to obtain various coating structures. The amorphous nature of the coatings was [...] Read more.
The tribological properties and preosteoblast behavior of an RF magnetron-sputtered amorphous carbon coating on a Si (100) substrate were evaluated. The graphite target power was varied from 200 to 500 W to obtain various coating structures. The amorphous nature of the coatings was confirmed via Raman analysis. The contact angle also increased from 58º to 103º, which confirmed the transformation of the a-C surface from a hydrophilic to hydrophobic nature with an increasing graphite target power. A minimum wear rate of about 4.73 × 10−8 mm3/N*mm was obtained for an a-C coating deposited at a 300 W target power. The 300 W and 400 W target power coatings possessed good tribological properties, and the 500 W coating possessed better cell viability and adhesion on the substrate. The results suggest that the microstructure, wettability, tribological behavior and biocompatibility of the a-C coating were highly dependent on the target power of the graphite. A Finite Element Analysis (FEA) showed a considerable increase in the Von Mises stress as the mesh size decreased. Considering both the cell viability and tribological properties, the 400 W target power coating was identified to have the best tribological property as well as biocompatibility. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Microstructural and Mechanical Characterization of Materials for Biomedical Applications)
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12 pages, 2954 KiB  
Article
Surface Characterization of New β Ti-25Ta-Zr-Nb Alloys Modified by Micro-Arc Oxidation
by Pedro Akira Bazaglia Kuroda, Carlos Roberto Grandini and Conrado Ramos Moreira Afonso
Materials 2023, 16(6), 2352; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16062352 - 15 Mar 2023
Cited by 22 | Viewed by 2312
Abstract
The technique of surface modification using electrolytic oxidation, called micro-arc oxidation (MAO), has been used in altering the surface properties of titanium alloys for biomedical purposes, enhancing their characteristics as an implant (biocompatibility, corrosion, and wear resistance). The layer formed by the micro-arc [...] Read more.
The technique of surface modification using electrolytic oxidation, called micro-arc oxidation (MAO), has been used in altering the surface properties of titanium alloys for biomedical purposes, enhancing their characteristics as an implant (biocompatibility, corrosion, and wear resistance). The layer formed by the micro-arc oxidation process induces the formation of ceramic oxides, which can improve the corrosion resistance of titanium alloys from the elements in the substrate, enabling the incorporation of bioactive components such as calcium, phosphorus, and magnesium. This study aims to modify the surfaces of Ti-25Ta-10Zr-15Nb (TTZN1) and Ti-25Ta-20Zr-30Nb (TTZN2) alloys via micro-arc oxidation incorporating Ca, P, and Mg elements. The chemical composition results indicated that the MAO treatment was effective in incorporating the elements Ca (9.5 ± 0.4 %atm), P (5.7 ± 0.1 %atm), and Mg (1.1 ± 0.1 %atm), as well as the oxidized layer formed by micropores that increases the surface roughness (1160 nm for the MAO layer of TTZN1, 585 nm for the substrate of TTZN1, 1428 nm for the MAO layer of TTZN2, and 661 nm for the substrate of TTZN2). Regarding the phases formed, the films are amorphous, with low crystallinity (4 and 25% for TTZN2 and TTZN1, respectively). Small amounts of anatase, zirconia, and calcium carbonate were detected in the Ti-25Ta-10Zr-15Nb alloy. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Microstructural and Mechanical Characterization of Materials for Biomedical Applications)
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14 pages, 35544 KiB  
Article
Microstructure and Mechanical Characteristics of Ti-Ta Alloys before and after NaOH Treatment and Their Behavior in Simulated Body Fluid
by Iosif Hulka, Julia Claudia Mirza-Rosca, Dragos Buzdugan and Adriana Saceleanu
Materials 2023, 16(5), 1943; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16051943 - 26 Feb 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1865
Abstract
In the present study, the microstructure and mechanical properties of Ti-xTa (x = 5%, 15%, and 25% wt. Ta) alloys produced by using an induced furnace by the cold crucible levitation fusion technique were investigated and compared. The microstructure was examined by scanning [...] Read more.
In the present study, the microstructure and mechanical properties of Ti-xTa (x = 5%, 15%, and 25% wt. Ta) alloys produced by using an induced furnace by the cold crucible levitation fusion technique were investigated and compared. The microstructure was examined by scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction. The alloys present a microstructure characterized by the α′ lamellar structure in a matrix of the transformed β phase. From the bulk materials, the samples for the tensile tests were prepared and based on the results and the elastic modulus was calculated by deducting the lowest values for the Ti-25Ta alloy. Moreover, a surface alkali treatment functionalization was performed using 10 M NaOH. The microstructure of the new developed films on the surface of the Ti-xTa alloys was investigated by scanning electron microscopy and the chemical analysis revealed the formation of sodium titanate and sodium tantanate along with titanium and tantalum oxides. Using low loads, the Vickers hardness test revealed increased hardness values for the alkali-treated samples. After exposure to simulated body fluid, phosphorus and calcium were identified on the surface of the new developed film, indicating the development of apatite. The corrosion resistance was evaluated by open cell potential measurements in simulated body fluid before and after NaOH treatment. The tests were performed at 22 °C as well as at 40 °C, simulating fever. The results show that the Ta content has a detrimental effect on the investigated alloys’ microstructure, hardness, elastic modulus, and corrosion behavior. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Microstructural and Mechanical Characterization of Materials for Biomedical Applications)
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19 pages, 13026 KiB  
Article
Production, Mechanical Properties and Biomedical Characterization of ZrTi-Based Bulk Metallic Glasses in Comparison with 316L Stainless Steel and Ti6Al4V Alloy
by Mariusz Hasiak, Beata Sobieszczańska, Amadeusz Łaszcz, Michał Biały, Jacek Chęcmanowski, Tomasz Zatoński, Edyta Bożemska and Magdalena Wawrzyńska
Materials 2022, 15(1), 252; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15010252 - 29 Dec 2021
Cited by 17 | Viewed by 3128
Abstract
Microstructure, mechanical properties, corrosion resistance, and biocompatibility were studied for rapidly cooled 3 mm rods of Zr40Ti15Cu10Ni10Be25, Zr50Ti5Cu10Ni10Be25, and Zr40Ti15 [...] Read more.
Microstructure, mechanical properties, corrosion resistance, and biocompatibility were studied for rapidly cooled 3 mm rods of Zr40Ti15Cu10Ni10Be25, Zr50Ti5Cu10Ni10Be25, and Zr40Ti15Cu10Ni5Si5Be25 (at.%) alloys, as well as for the reference 316L stainless steel and Ti-based Ti6Al4V alloy. Microstructure investigations confirm that Zr-based bulk metallic samples exhibit a glassy structure with minor fractions of crystalline phases. The nanoindentation tests carried out for all investigated composite materials allowed us to determine the mechanical parameters of individual phases observed in the samples. The instrumental hardness and elastic to total deformation energy ratio for every single phase observed in the manufactured Zr-based materials are higher than for the reference materials (316L stainless steel and Ti6Al4V alloy). A scratch tester used to determine the wear behavior of manufactured samples and reference materials revealed the effect of microstructure on mechanical parameters such as residual depth, friction force, and coefficient of friction. Electrochemical investigations in simulated body fluid performed up to 120 h show better or comparable corrosion resistance of Zr-based bulk metallic glasses in comparison with 316L stainless steel and Ti6Al4V alloy. The fibroblasts viability studies confirm the good biocompatibility of the produced materials. All obtained results show that fabricated biocompatible Zr-based materials are promising candidates for biomedical implants that require enhanced mechanical properties. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Microstructural and Mechanical Characterization of Materials for Biomedical Applications)
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