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Research on the Properties of Dental Composites

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A special issue of Materials (ISSN 1996-1944). This special issue belongs to the section "Biomaterials".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (20 September 2023) | Viewed by 12615

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Special Issue Editor

Prof. Dr. Diana Dudea

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Guest Editor

Department of Prosthodontics and Dental Materials, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Iuliu Hatieganu”, 400006 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
Interests: restorative dentistry; esthetic dentistry; teaching and learning; ceramics; materials; medical and health profession education; composites; periodontics and oral; pathology; learning; composite resins
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Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Dental composites is currently the most frequently used class of materials for the aesthetic restoration of tooth structures, having a large range of indications: as direct fillings, inlays/onlays, veneers or crowns, for the restoration of the lost tooth substance due to decays, fractures or dental wear or correction of the dental shape or position; they are also used as sealants, adhesive cements, root canal posts, composite teeth for dentures.

They can be processed directly in the dental office, with the advantage of the reduced timing and costs and their minimal invasiveness; there are also variants classically processed in the dental laboratory; however, the tendency to use a computerized technique for the fabrication of the restorations has been largely implemented, due to the evolution of technology and materials with increased aesthetic and mechanical properties.

The composition is in continuous development to answer clinical needs; it includes four major components: an organic polymer, inorganic fillers, a coupling agent and an initiator–accelerator system.

In general, the clinical choice of a restorative composite is based on the priority that should be given to mechanical or aesthetic characteristics: if the mechanical parameters are mostly important, the material showing the highest percentage of filler is selected; in the case of special aesthetic needs, the particle size is the factor that influences the selection.

This Special Issue aims to highlight and discuss the most innovative and representative dental composites, including their composition, properties of the components, technologies of processing, as well as the mechanical, optical, chemical, biological characteristics of the directly and indirectly processed materials belonging to this group.

It is my pleasure to invite you to submit a manuscript for this Special Issue. Full papers, communications, and reviews are all welcome.

Prof. Dr. Diana Dudea
Guest Editor

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Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Materials is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

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Keywords

Direct composites
Indirect composites
Composite resins
Anterior composites
Posterior composites
composite inlays
CAD-CAM processed composites
Optical properties
Color
Translucency
Inorganic fillers
Coupling agents
Initiator–accelerator system
Conventional composites
Hybrid composites
Microfilled composites
Nanofilled composites

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Published Papers (5 papers)

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Research

16 pages, 40954 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Light Transmission Characteristics and Cytotoxicity within A Dental Composite Color Palette

by Nicoleta Ilie, Andrei Cristian Ionescu, Karin Christine Huth and Marioara Moldovan

Materials 2023, 16(10), 3773; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16103773 - 16 May 2023

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 1293

Abstract

Modern light-cured, resin-based composites are offered in a wide range of shades and translucencies. This large variation, created by varying the amount and type of pigmentation and opacifiers, is essential to enable an esthetic restoration in each patient situation, but may affect light transmission in the deeper layers during curing. We quantified optical parameters and their real-time variation during curing for a 13-shade composite palette of identical chemical composition and microstructure. Incident irradiance and real-time light transmission through 2 mm thick samples were recorded to calculate absorbance, transmittance, and the kinetic of transmitted irradiance. Data were supplemented by the characterization of cellular toxicity to human gingival fibroblasts up to 3 months. The study highlights a strong dependence of light transmission and its kinetic as a function of shade, with the largest changes occurring within the first second of exposure; the faster changes, the darker and more opaque the material. Transmission differences within progressively darker shades of a pigmentation type (hue) followed a hue-specific, non-linear relationship. Shades with similar transmittance but belonging to different hues were identified, while the corresponding kinetic was identical only up to a transmittance threshold. A slight drop in absorbance was registered with increasing wavelength. None of the shades were cytotoxic. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Research on the Properties of Dental Composites)

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9 pages, 849 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Does Backgrounds Color Influence the Appearance of Gingiva-Colored Resin-Based Composites?

by María M. Pérez, Cristina Benavides-Reyes, Maria Tejada-Casado, Javier Ruiz-López and Cristina Lucena

Materials 2022, 15(10), 3712; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15103712 - 22 May 2022

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2595

Abstract

Dental materials are mainly tested in vitro, so laboratory conditions must reproduce the oral environment to ensure the validity of their results. This study aimed to evaluate the influence of backgrounds on the color of gingiva-colored resin-based composites (GCRBC). Three discs of each of 20 shades of GCRBCs and each thickness (1 and 2 mm) were prepared. Diffuse reflectance was measured on-air and over three natural teeth (0M3/B1, 3M3/B3, and 5M3/B4 shades of Vita 3D Master/Vita Classical guides, respectively) using a calibrated spectroradiometer, CIE D65 illuminant and the CIE 45°/0° geometry. CIEDE2000 color difference formula and its 50:50% perceptibility and acceptability thresholds have been used to calculate and interpret the results. It can be stated that the background influences the color of all GCRBCs tested, although the effect is more pronounced for 1 mm thick samples. L*, a* and b* coordinates values of GCRBCs on air were significantly different from those obtained on natural teeth backgrounds, and the total color differences were greater than the acceptability thresholds. Since GCRBCs are placed on a dental substrate in clinical conditions, it is not advisable to perform color measurements of GCRBCs on-air because of the high color differences found. This recommendation is especially relevant for thin specimens. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Research on the Properties of Dental Composites)

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10 pages, 1159 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluation of Micro-Tensile Bond Strength of Fibre Post with Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles as Fillers in Experimental Dental Composite Resin

by Dhanasekaran Sihivahanan, Mavishna Maniyan Vijayakumari, Pradeep Kumar Yadalam, Nezar Boreak, Sultan Binalrimal, Saeed M. Alqahtani, Mohammed Hussain Dafer Al Wadei, Thilla Sekar Vinothkumar, Hitesh Chohan, Harisha Dewan, Shilpa Bhandi and Shankargouda Patil

Materials 2022, 15(9), 3312; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15093312 - 5 May 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2126

Abstract

Background: The clinical success of post-core restorations is determined by the composite utilized and the strength of the post-core adhesion. The effectiveness of titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO₂ NPs) as a multifunctional material with photo-induced activities and better mechanical characteristics are observed as particle size is reduced to under 50 nm. Aim: The purpose of this study is to determine the bond strength of fibre-reinforced composite (FRC) posts with TiO₂ NP as fillers and to compare it with conventional composite resin core material. Materials and Methods: 30 single-rooted mandibular premolars were selected and routine root canal procedures were done. A quantity of 5% TiO₂ NPs were synthesized and added as silanized filler to the experimental composite resin. Post space was prepared and fibre-reinforced composite (FRC) post luting was performed. The specimens were then grouped into the following groups: Group I consisted of the experimental composite resin containing 5% TiO₂ fillers, Group II consisted of core X flow, and Group III consisted of Multicore Flow. All test groups were submitted for thermocycling. After this, the samples were tested for micro tensile bond strength. A stereomicroscope with a magnification of 20× was used to examine the fractured surfaces. The data were analysed using one-way ANOVA and Tukey HSD tests. Results: Statistical analysis revealed that Group I showed the highest mean bond strength value of 35.6180 Mpa. The results obtained with Group III showed the lowest mean bond strength value of 19.4690 Mpa. Adhesive failures were identified by stereomicroscopy of the fractured surfaces. Conclusion: The experimental composite resin comprising 5% TiO₂ NP had a greater bond to the FRC post than other materials tested. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Research on the Properties of Dental Composites)

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13 pages, 32995 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Water Sorption and Solubility of Flowable Giomers

by Mara Elena Rusnac, Doina Prodan, Stanca Cuc, Ioan Petean, Cristina Prejmerean, Cristina Gasparik, Diana Dudea and Marioara Moldovan

Materials 2021, 14(9), 2399; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14092399 - 5 May 2021

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2367

Abstract

The objective of this study is the characterization of a novel experimental flowable giomer (G) regarding water sorption, water solubility, and the microstructural characteristics, in comparison to three commercial giomers: Beautifil flow Plus X F00 (B-F00), Beautifil flow F02 (B-F02) and Beautifil flow Plus X F03 (B-F03), Shofu, Kyoto, Japan. Methods: Water sorption/solubility was performed by weighing the specimens before and after water immersion for 1, 2, 3, 14, 21 and 30 days. Data analysis was carried out with the software Origin2019b Graphing & Analysis using the ANOVA test and the Tukey test for post hoc comparison of the groups of materials. The microstructural analyses were done with a scanning electron microscope (SEM) and an atomic force microscope (AFM). The results showed significant differences between the tested materials (p < 0.05). For sorption, the Tukey test indicated differences between all four sample groups, except between B-F02 and B-F03, which exhibited no differences in any of the investigation days. The Tukey test also showed significant differences regarding solubility between all sample groups in the 30-day interval. SEM images and roughness showed that after 30 days of immersion in water, the experimental giomer G had the roughest surface. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Research on the Properties of Dental Composites)

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18 pages, 7240 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Braiding Thermoplastic and Glass Fibers in Composite Dental Post Improves Their Mechanical Compatibility, In Vitro Experiment

by Esraa M. Abdelkader, Khaled Nassar, Juan Melchor and Guillermo Rus

Materials 2021, 14(9), 2294; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14092294 - 29 Apr 2021

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2927

Abstract

Mechanical compatibility with the human dentin is a considerable issue when fabricating dental fiber posts. To this purpose, this study introduces a new method of fabricating compatible dental posts using braiding techniques of thermoplastic fibers (matrix) with glass fibers (reinforcement). Fifty fiber-reinforced composite (FRC) posts of thermoplastic yarns polypropylene (PP) braided with continuous filaments glass fibers (GFs) for reinforcement, varying in fiber volume fraction (FVF), and core types are fabricated and tested. Posts are performed using a braiding machine, and braids are placed in an aluminum mold. The filled mold is playced inside an oven at the melting temperature of the polypropylene to produce the final post’s shape. An ultrasonic test is conducted to measure the shear modulus and Young’s modulus of FRC post specimens by measuring the velocities of both the P-wave and S-wave. In order to ensure the accuracy of the measurements, each sample is measured three times, and then the means and standard deviations of each sample are calculated before analyzing the test results using the means of two steps, namely, clustering and comparing the P and R² values of each cluster, which revealed that FVF, fiber mass, and core type of the specimen had a significant effect on the resulted Young’s and shear modulus. The results indicate that the proposed method can fabricate competitive dental posts with regard to different fabricating variables. The samples show Young’s modulus ranges of from 10.08 GPa to 31.83 GPa. The following tested hypothesis is supported: the braiding technique of thermoplastic fibers with glass fibers will improve the mechanical compatibility of the resulting posts (ex vivo). Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Research on the Properties of Dental Composites)

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