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Novel Dental Restorative Materials

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A special issue of Materials (ISSN 1996-1944). This special issue belongs to the section "Biomaterials".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 November 2021) | Viewed by 24251

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Prof. Dr. Nicoleta Ilie

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Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Hospital, LMU, 80336 Munich, Germany
Interests: structure–property relationship in dental materials; characterization of materials; strategies for simplified restorative concepts; novel monomer; filler systems for dental materials
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Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The Special Issue “Novel Dental Restorative Materials” aims to offer a broad overview of current, modern dental restoration materials, while connecting their development strategies and potential, properties, clinical application, and performance. A platform should thus be provided to present innovative dental material developments, involving a vast area of application and treatment strategies, but also to appraise the pertinence of the performance and behavior of already established materials and treatments. This should permit a valuation of dental materials and treatments that are currently available, help to identify their deficits, provide solutions, and emphasize the needs and directions for further developments. The submission of original, high-quality research papers and comprehensive reviews addressing the state-of-the-art in dental restorative materials and treatments is therefore encouraged.

Prof. Dr. Nicoleta Ilie
Guest Editor

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Keywords

dental materials
properties
clinical assesment
application techniques
performance

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Published Papers (9 papers)

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Research

10 pages, 1152 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Effect of Touch-Cure Polymerization on the Conversion and Hardness of Core Build-Up Resin Composites: A Laboratory Study

by Maria Dimitriadi, Aikaterini Petropoulou, Konstantinos Masouras, Maria Zafiropoulou, Spiros Zinelis and George Eliades

Materials 2021, 14(20), 6025; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14206025 - 13 Oct 2021

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2040

Abstract

To improve the self-curing capacity and interfacial strength with dentine of dual-cured composite materials, touch-cure activators have been introduced. The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of these activators on the hardness and conversion of dual-cured resin composite core build-up restoratives. The materials tested were Clearfil DC Core Plus (CF) and Gradia Core (GC) with the corresponding adhesives Clearfil S³ Bond Plus (for CF) and G-Premio Bond/G-Premio DCA activator (for GC). Disk-shaped specimens (n = 6/group) were prepared for the following groups: dual-cured, self-cured and self-cured in contact with the adhesive activators at the bottom surface. After a 3-week storage period (dark/dry/37 °C) the Martens hardness (HM) and degree of conversion (DC%) were determined for the previously mentioned groups and the top surfaces of groups in contact with the adhesives. A statistical analysis was performed by a one-way ANOVA and Holm–Sidak test per material and a Pearson’s correlation analysis (HM vs. DC%) at an α = 0.05. The self-cured specimens resulted in significantly lower HM and DC% values from the dual-cured group, as expected. However, in the presence of the adhesives with touch-cure activators, the conversion of the self-cured groups showed insignificant differences in HM and DC% from the dual-cured in both composite materials. The improvements on the bottom composite surfaces in contact with the adhesives did not extend to the entire specimen length. Nevertheless, improved interfacial curing may improve interfacial durability. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Novel Dental Restorative Materials)

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16 pages, 6666 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Cranberry Juice Extract Rapidly Protects Demineralized Dentin against Digestion and Inhibits Its Gelatinolytic Activity

by Yong Wang, Austin Green, Xiaomei Yao, Hang Liu, Saleha Nisar, Jeffrey Paul Gorski and Viviane Hass

Materials 2021, 14(13), 3637; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14133637 - 29 Jun 2021

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 2379

Abstract

Improving the longevity of composite restorations has proven to be difficult when they are bonded to dentin. Dentin demineralization leaves collagen fibrils susceptible to enzymatic digestion, which causes breakdown of the resin–dentin interface. Therefore, measures for counteracting the enzymatic environment by enhancing dentin collagen’s resistance to degradation have the potential to improve the durability of dental composite restorations. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of polyphenol-rich extracts and a chemical cross-linker on the cross-linking interaction, resistance to digestion, and endogenous matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) activities of dentin collagen under clinically relevant conditions. Ten-µm-thick films were cut from dentin slabs of non-carious extracted human third molars. Following demineralization, polyphenol-rich extracts—including grape seed (GSE), green tea (GTE), and cranberry juice (CJE)—or chemical cross-linker carbodiimide with n-hydroxysuccinimide (EDC/NHS) were applied to the demineralized dentin surfaces for 30 s. The collagen cross-linking, bio-stabilization, and gelatinolytic activities of MMPs 2 and 9 were studied by using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, weight loss, hydroxyproline release, scanning/transmission electron microscopy, and in situ zymography. All treatments significantly increased resistance to collagenase degradation and reduced the gelatinolytic MMP activity of dentin collagen compared to the untreated control. The CJE- and GSE-treated groups were more resistant to digestion than the GTE- or EDC/NHS-treated ones (p < 0.05), which was consistent with the cross-linking interaction found with FTIR and the in situ performance on the acid-etched dentin surface found with SEM/TEM. The collagen films treated with CJE showed the lowest MMP activity, followed by GSE, GTE, and, finally, EDC/NHS. The CJE-treated dentin collagen rapidly increased its resistance to digestion and MMP inhibition. An application of CJE as short as 30 s may be a clinically feasible approach to improving the longevity of dentin bonding in composite restorations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Novel Dental Restorative Materials)

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13 pages, 2214 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Comparative Analysis of Static and Viscoelastic Mechanical Behavior of Different Luting Material Categories after Aging

by Nicoleta Ilie

Materials 2021, 14(6), 1452; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14061452 - 16 Mar 2021

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 1903

Abstract

The longevity of indirect restorations is primarily determined by the appropriate selection of the luting material. The function of a luting material is to seal the restoration and hold it in place for the time required for service. The mechanical behavior of luting materials and in particular their aging behavior, therefore, play a decisive role. The study provides a comparative analysis of the static and dynamic mechanical behavior of the most commonly used luting material categories—zinc phosphate cement, glass–ionomer cement, resin-modified glass–ionomer cement, resin-based composites, and self-adhesive resin-based composites—and their aging behavior. It also takes into account that luting materials are viscoelastic materials, i.e., materials that respond to external loading in a way that lies between an elastic solid and a viscous liquid. Flexural strength and modulus were determined in a three-point bending test followed by fractography analysis. The quasi-static and viscoelastic behavior was analyzed by a depth-sensing indentation test provided with a dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) module at 20 different frequencies (1–50 Hz). The fracture toughness was evaluated in a notchless triangular prism (NTP) test. Material type exhibits the strongest influence on all measured properties, while the effect of aging becomes more evident in the material reliability. The variation of the viscoelastic parameters with aging reflects cement maturation or polymer plasticization. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Novel Dental Restorative Materials)

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14 pages, 10826 KiB

Open AccessArticle

In Vitro Evaluation of Desensitizing Agents Containing Bioactive Scaffolds of Nanofibers on Dentin Remineralization

by Natália Bastos-Bitencourt, Marilia Velo, Tatiana Nascimento, Cassiana Scotti, Maria Gardennia da Fonseca, Luiz Goulart, Lucio Castellano, Sergio Ishikiriama, Juliana Bombonatti and Salvatore Sauro

Materials 2021, 14(5), 1056; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14051056 - 24 Feb 2021

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 2663

Abstract

This study evaluated the effect of the incorporation of bioactive nanofibers in desensitizing agents on dentin permeability. Sixty disks of dentin were randomly distributed in four groups (n = 15). Distribution was based on the desensitizing agents, fluoride varnish and self-etching adhesive, and the presence of nanofibers: C (self-etching adhesive Clearfil SE Bond), CN (Clearfil SE Bond with 1% nanofiber), D (Duraphat varnish), and DN (Duraphat varnish with 1% nanofiber). Dentin permeability was determined using hydraulic conductivity. For a qualitative analysis, confocal laser microscopy and scanning electron microscopy were performed. The C group showed the lowest hydraulic conductance (Lp%) (89.33), while the DN group showed the highest Lp% (116.06). No statistical significance was observed in the Lp% values in all groups after the treatment and 6% citric acid challenge (p > 0.239). In the images, the CN group presented a higher superficial and intratubular deposition. In addition, this group presented a more homogeneous dentin surface and wide occlusion of dentinal tubules than the other treatments. Despite there being no statistical differences among the treatments employed, the images showed that the CN group presented a higher surface and intratubular deposition compared to the other treatments, even after the acid challenge. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Novel Dental Restorative Materials)

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19 pages, 1722 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Antioxidants and Collagen-Crosslinking: Benefit on Bond Strength and Clinical Applicability

by Franziska Beck and Nicoleta Ilie

Materials 2020, 13(23), 5483; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13235483 - 1 Dec 2020

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 2342

Abstract

Antioxidants are known for their potential of strengthening the collagen network when applied to dentin. They establish new intra-/intermolecular bonds in the collagen, rendering it less perceptive to enzymatic hydrolysis. The study evaluated the benefit on shear bond strength (SBS) of a resin–composite to dentin when antioxidants with different biomolecular mechanisms or a known inhibitor of enzymatic activity are introduced to the bonding process in a clinically inspired protocol. Specimens (900) were prepared consistent with the requirements for a macro SBS-test. Four agents (Epigallocatechingallate (EGCG), Chlorhexidindigluconate (CHX), Proanthocyanidin (PA), and Hesperidin (HPN)) were applied on dentin, either incorporated in the primer of a two-step self-etch adhesive or as an aqueous solution before applying the adhesive. Bonding protocol executed according to the manufacturer’s information served as control. Groups (n = 20) were tested after one week, one month, three months, six months, or one year immersion times (37 °C, distilled water). After six-month immersion, superior SBS were identified in PA compared to all other agents (p < 0.01) and a higher reliability in both primer and solution application when compared to control. After one year, both PA incorporated test groups demonstrated the most reliable outcome. SBS can benefit from the application of antioxidants. The use of PA in clinics might help extending the lifespan of resin-based restorations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Novel Dental Restorative Materials)

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11 pages, 1200 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Tensile Strength and Failure Types of Direct and Indirect Resin Composite Copings for Perio-Overdentures Luted Using Different Adhesive Cementation Modalities

by Raffaele Cesca, Vera Colombo, Bruna Ernst, Luigi Maria Gallo and Mutlu Özcan

Materials 2020, 13(16), 3517; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13163517 - 10 Aug 2020

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2152

Abstract

Perio-overdenture design helps to reduce periodontal diseases and secondary caries on abutment teeth. Composite copings can be cemented adhesively to the abutment teeth with different techniques. In this study, direct/indirect resin composite copings for perio-overdentures, luted using different adhesive cementation modalities were compared. Human teeth (N = 40) were prepared to receive spherical attachment copings and randomly divided into four groups: (1) resin-composite copings bonded directly (DC), (2) composite copings made indirectly, luted with dual-polymerized resin cement (ICV), (3) composite copings made indirectly, bonded with resin composite (ICT), (4) composite copings made indirectly, bonded with resin composite after the immediate dentin sealing method (IDS). Specimens were tested for tensile failure and one-way ANOVA (alpha = 0.05) was performed and the two-parameter Weibull modulus, scale (m) and shape (₀) were calculated. Mean tensile load (N) was significantly higher for Group IDS (238 ± 81) than for the other groups (144 ± 53–184 ± 46) (p < 0.05). Group IDS (0.54 ± 0.25 mm) showed significantly higher deformation (mm) than other groups (0.2 ± 0.1–0.32 ± 0.15) (p < 0.05). Weibull distribution presented lower shape (₀) for DC (3.33) compared to other groups (3.57–4.99). Cohesive coping failures were more frequent in Group IDS (60%) and mixed failures in other groups (40–60%). In conclusion, IDS copings could be preferred over other fabrication and adhesion modalities. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Novel Dental Restorative Materials)

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16 pages, 4107 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Spatial Distribution of the Micro-Mechanical Properties in High-Translucent CAD/CAM Resin-Composite Blocks

by Nicoleta Ilie

Materials 2020, 13(15), 3352; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13153352 - 28 Jul 2020

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 2113

Abstract

Industrially cured, high-translucent computer-aided design/computer-aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM) resin-based composites (RBC) are the most recently launched dental restoratives. Clinical treatments and laboratory tests are based on a homogeneous distribution of properties within CAD/CAM blocks to obtain constant and reproducible results. The study therefore aims to determine the spatial distribution of various micro-mechanical parameters (Vickers hardness, Martens hardness, indentation modulus, creep, elastic and total indentation work) in five representative CAD/CAM RBCs. The properties of the tooth structure were evaluated under similar conditions. Filler size and shape were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy. A multivariate analysis (general linear model) identified a very strong influence of the material on all measured properties (p < 0.001; partial eta squared η_P² > 0.943), whereby the most sensitive parameters when identifying differences within regions were the indentation modulus and the elastic indentation work. CAD/CAM RBC blocks show gradually varying properties that can increase or decrease from central to peripheral areas regardless of the chemical composition of the materials or the inorganic filler fraction. The degree of variation in the measured properties is material-specific and less than 8.7%. Clinical applications and in vitro study designs should consider slight inhomogeneity in CAD/CAM RBC blocks, while the location of the regions with best mechanical performance depends on the material. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Novel Dental Restorative Materials)

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18 pages, 2722 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Assessment and Characterization of Some New Photosensitizers for Antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy (aPDT)

by Laura Monica Dascalu (Rusu), Marioara Moldovan, Doina Prodan, Irina Ciotlaus, Violeta Popescu, Ioana Baldea, Rahela Carpa, Sorina Sava, Radu Chifor and Mindra Eugenia Badea

Materials 2020, 13(13), 3012; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13133012 - 6 Jul 2020

Cited by 18 | Viewed by 3641

Abstract

The novelty of this study consists on the formulation and evaluation of five complex experimental natural photosensitizers (PS): gel with oregano essential oil (O), gel with methylene blue (AM), gel with a mixture of essential oils (Thieves-H), gel with arnica oil and curcuma extract (CU) and gel with frankincense essential oil (T), used as photosensitizing agents (PS) in antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) in the control of microbial biofilm in oral cavity. The experimental PS were characterized by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), UV-Vis spectroscopy, cytotoxicity assay, antimicrobial effect and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The IR spectra of the experimental PS with essential oils exhibit absorption bands due to the presence of water and glycerol in high quantities. The studied compounds had a reduced cytotoxic effect on cell cultures. The lowest cytotoxic effect was observed in experimental PS with oregano essential oil and methylene blue PS. Essential oils with proven antibacterial capabilities used in experimental PS confer antibacterial activity to the gels in which they are incorporated, an activity that may be more efficient use of a PDT therapy. Single bacteria were detected mainly by SEM after 12 h, while aggregate bacteria and micro colonies dominated the samples at 48 h. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Novel Dental Restorative Materials)

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17 pages, 12091 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Systemic and Local Biocompatibility Assessment of Graphene Composite Dental Materials in Experimental Mandibular Bone Defect

by Alexandra Dreanca, Codruta Sarosi, Alina Elena Parvu, Mihai Blidaru, George Enacrachi, Robert Purdoiu, Andras Nagy, Bogdan Sevastre, Nechita Adrian Oros, Ioan Marcus and Marioara Moldovan

Materials 2020, 13(11), 2511; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13112511 - 31 May 2020

Cited by 21 | Viewed by 3391

Abstract

The main objective of this research is to demonstrate the biocompatibility of two experimental graphene dental materials by in vitro and in vivo tests for applications in dentistry. The novel graphene dental materials, including one restorative composite and one dental cement, were subjected to cytotoxicity and implantation tests by using a rat model of a non-critical mandibular defect. In vitro cytotoxicity induced by materials on human dental follicle stem cells (restorative composite) and dysplastic oral keratinocytes (dental cement) was investigated at 37 °C for 24 h. After in vivo implantation, at 7 weeks, bone samples were harvested and subjected to histological investigations. The plasma biochemistry, oxidative stress, and sub-chronic organ toxicity analysis were also performed. The resulting cytotoxicity tests confirm that the materials had no toxic effects against dental cells after 24 h. Following graphene dental materials implantation, the animals did not present any symptoms of acute toxicity or local inflammation. No alterations were detected in relative organ weights and in correlation with hepatic and renal histological findings. The materials’ lack of systemic organ toxicity was confirmed. The outcomes of our study provided further evidence on the graphene dental materials’ ability for bone regeneration and biocompatibility. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Novel Dental Restorative Materials)

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