Drug Discovery Metabolism and Biotransformation

A special issue of Metabolites (ISSN 2218-1989). This special issue belongs to the section "Pharmacology and Drug Metabolism".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (15 September 2022) | Viewed by 7878

Special Issue Editor


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Guest Editor
1. Department of Chemical and Environmental Process Engineering, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Műegyetem Quay 3, H-1111 Budapest, Hungary
2. Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Semmelweis University, Hőgyes Endre. u. 9., H-1092 Budapest, Hungary
Interests: medicinal chemistry; analytical chemistry; antioxidant-inspired drug; characterization
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Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Investigations of the drug metabolism and biotransformation of active substances are closely related to each stage of the long and complex process of drug development. While the focus in the early stages of research is on cost-effective, HTS-based studies of the metabolic stability of investigated compounds, as the research program progresses, the identification of metabolically sensitive elements of drug candidates and the structure of formed (reactive) metabolites becomes increasingly important. In addition, following the metabolites’ isolation and structure elucidation, the pharmacological and toxicological characterization of the metabolites are also important issues in the development phase. At a later stage, the identification of enzymes involved in the biotransformation of prioritized active agents, as well as studies related to drug–drug interactions and the inhibition and induction of metabolic enzymes, become a matter of pharmacovigilance. Harmonized with the risk, throughput, and cost requirements of each stage of the research process, in silico, in vitro, in vivo, and ex vivo methods support studies of drug metabolism processes. The purpose of the Special Issue is to present these analytical, medicinal chemical, pharmacological and pharmacokinetic state-of-the-art techniques in the form of case studies and review publications.

Topics of interest include but are not limited to:

  • Novel early stage screening assay for drug metabolism and metabolite identification;
  • In silico and in vitro model systems for metabolite and pharmacokinetic parameters (t1/2, Clint, etc.) prediction;
  • Cell- and/or tissue-based models for drug metabolite identification and distribution;
  • State-of-the-art analytical approaches in the structure elucidation of drug metabolites;
  • Novel direct and/or cost-effective approaches to drug metabolite synthesis;
  • Continuous-flow systems in drug metabolism research (e.g., organ-on-a-chip systems).

Dr. György Tibor Balogh
Guest Editor

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Keywords

  • in silico models of drug metabolism
  • rapid screening (in vitro, ex vivo) of drug metabolites and reactive metabolites
  • novel analytical approaches in drug metabolism
  • rapid and cost-effective synthesis of drug metabolites
  • organ-on-a-chip systems
  • assay systems for metabolic enzyme inhibition and induction
  • ADME-Tox models related to drug metabolism
  • novel in vivo experiments for metabolite identification and distribution

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Published Papers (4 papers)

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Research

13 pages, 5877 KiB  
Article
Effect of Binding Linkers on the Efficiency and Metabolite Profile of Biomimetic Reactions Catalyzed by Immobilized Metalloporphyrin
by György T. Balogh, Balázs Decsi, Réka Krammer, Balázs Kenéz, Ferenc Ender, Tamás Hergert and Diána Balogh-Weiser
Metabolites 2022, 12(12), 1269; https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo12121269 - 15 Dec 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1596
Abstract
The investigation of liver-related metabolic stability of a drug candidate is a widely used key strategy in early-stage drug discovery. Metalloporphyrin-based biomimetic catalysts are good and well-described models of the function of CyP450 in hepatocytes. In this research, the immobilization of an iron [...] Read more.
The investigation of liver-related metabolic stability of a drug candidate is a widely used key strategy in early-stage drug discovery. Metalloporphyrin-based biomimetic catalysts are good and well-described models of the function of CyP450 in hepatocytes. In this research, the immobilization of an iron porphyrin was performed on nanoporous silica particles via ionic interactions. The effect of the metalloporphyrin binding linkers was investigated on the catalytic efficiency and the metabolic profile of chloroquine as a model drug. The length of the amino-substituted linkers affects the chloroquine conversion as well as the ratio of human major and minor metabolites. While testing the immobilized catalysts in the continuous-flow reactor, results showed that the presented biomimetic system could be a promising alternative for the early-stage investigation of drug metabolites regarding analytical or synthetic goals as well. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Drug Discovery Metabolism and Biotransformation)
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14 pages, 2765 KiB  
Article
Sulfation and Its Effect on the Bioactivity of Magnolol, the Main Active Ingredient of Magnolia Officinalis
by Cong Xie, Wanyu Hu, Lili Gan, Bingxuan Fu, Xiaojie Zhao, Dafu Tang, Rongxin Liao and Ling Ye
Metabolites 2022, 12(9), 870; https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo12090870 - 15 Sep 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2064
Abstract
Magnolol, the main active ingredient of Magnolia officinalis, has been reported to display anti-inflammatory activity. Sulfation plays an important role in the metabolism of magnolol. The magnolol sulfated metabolite was identified by the ultra-performance liquid chromatography to quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-TOF-MS) [...] Read more.
Magnolol, the main active ingredient of Magnolia officinalis, has been reported to display anti-inflammatory activity. Sulfation plays an important role in the metabolism of magnolol. The magnolol sulfated metabolite was identified by the ultra-performance liquid chromatography to quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-TOF-MS) and a proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H-NMR). The magnolol sulfation activity of seven major recombinant sulfotransferases (SULTs) isoforms (SULT1A1*1, SULT1A1*2, SULT1A2, SULT1A3, SULT1B1, SULT1E1, and SULT2A1) was analyzed. The metabolic profile of magnolol was investigated in liver S9 fractions from human (HLS9), rat (RLS9), and mouse (MLS9). The anti-inflammatory effects of magnolol and its sulfated metabolite were evaluated in RAW264.7 cells stimulated by lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Magnolol was metabolized into a mono-sulfated metabolite by SULTs. Of the seven recombinant SULT isoforms examined, SULT1B1 exhibited the highest magnolol sulfation activity. In liver S9 fractions from different species, the CLint value of magnolol sulfation in HLS9 (0.96 µL/min/mg) was similar to that in RLS9 (0.99 µL/min/mg) but significantly higher than that in MLS9 (0.30 µL/min/mg). Magnolol and its sulfated metabolite both significantly downregulated the production of inflammatory mediators (IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α) stimulated by LPS (p < 0.001). These results indicated that SULT1B1 was the major enzyme responsible for the sulfation of magnolol and that the magnolol sulfated metabolite exhibited potential anti-inflammatory effects. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Drug Discovery Metabolism and Biotransformation)
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31 pages, 4528 KiB  
Article
Comprehensive Metabolic Profiling of Euphorbiasteroid in Rats by Integrating UPLC-Q/TOF-MS and NMR as Well as Microbial Biotransformation
by Sijia Xiao, Xike Xu, Xintong Wei, Jiayun Xin, Shanshan Li, Yanhui Lv, Wei Chen, Wenlin Yuan, Bin Xie, Xianpeng Zu and Yunheng Shen
Metabolites 2022, 12(9), 830; https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo12090830 - 2 Sep 2022
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 1788
Abstract
Euphorbiasteroid, a lathyrane-type diterpene from Euphorbiae semen (the seeds of Euphorbia lathyris L.), has been shown to have a variety of pharmacological effects such as anti-tumor and anti-obesity. This study aims to investigate the metabolic profiles of euphorbiasteroid in rats and rat liver [...] Read more.
Euphorbiasteroid, a lathyrane-type diterpene from Euphorbiae semen (the seeds of Euphorbia lathyris L.), has been shown to have a variety of pharmacological effects such as anti-tumor and anti-obesity. This study aims to investigate the metabolic profiles of euphorbiasteroid in rats and rat liver microsomes (RLMs) and Cunninghamella elegans bio-110930 by integrating ultra-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight-mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q/TOF-MS), UNIFI software, and NMR techniques. A total of 31 metabolites were identified in rats. Twelve metabolites (M1M5, M8, M12M13, M16, M24M25, and M29) were matched to the metabolites obtained by RLMs incubation and the microbial transformation of C. elegans bio-110930 and their structures were exactly determined through analysis of NMR spectroscopic data. In addition, the metabolic pathways of euphorbiasteroid were then clarified, mainly including hydroxylation, hydrolysis, oxygenation, sulfonation, and glycosylation. Finally, three metabolites, M3 (20-hydroxyl euphorbiasteroid), M24 (epoxylathyrol) and M25 (15-deacetyl euphorbiasteroid), showed significant cytotoxicity against four human cell lines with IC50 values from 3.60 μM to 40.74 μM. This is the first systematic investigation into the in vivo metabolic pathways of euphorbiasteroid and the cytotoxicity of its metabolites, which will be beneficial for better predicting the metabolism profile of euphorbiasteroid in humans and understanding its possible toxic material basis. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Drug Discovery Metabolism and Biotransformation)
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19 pages, 3333 KiB  
Article
Metabolite Identification of HIV-1 Capsid Modulators PF74 and 11L in Human Liver Microsomes
by Shujing Xu, Lin Sun, Dang Ding, Xujie Zhang, Xinyong Liu and Peng Zhan
Metabolites 2022, 12(8), 752; https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo12080752 - 16 Aug 2022
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1679
Abstract
PF74 and 11L, as potent modulators of the HIV-1 capsid protein, have been demonstrated to act at both early and late stages in the HIV-1 life cycle. However, their clearance is high in human liver microsomes (HLMs). The main goal of this [...] Read more.
PF74 and 11L, as potent modulators of the HIV-1 capsid protein, have been demonstrated to act at both early and late stages in the HIV-1 life cycle. However, their clearance is high in human liver microsomes (HLMs). The main goal of this study was to clarify the metabolism of PF74 and 11L in HLMs, and provide guidance for future structural optimization. To accomplish this, the phase-I metabolites of PF74 and 11L, resulting from in vitro incubation with HLMs, were investigated via ultra-performance liquid chromatography–ultraviolet–high-resolution mass spectrometry (UPLC–UV–HRMS). The results show that 17 phase-I metabolites were putatively annotated for PF74, whereas 16 phase-I metabolites were found for 11L. The main metabolic pathways of PF74 in HLMs were oxidation and demethylation, and the secondary metabolic pathway was hydrolysis; thus, the di-oxidation and demethylation products (M7, M9, M11, and M14) were found to be major metabolites of PF74 in HLMs. In comparison, the main metabolic pathways of 11L in HLMs were oxidation, demethylation, dehydrogenation, and oxidative deamination, with M6′, M11′, M15′, and M16′ as the main metabolites. We suggest that the indole ring and N-methyl group of PF74, and the aniline group, benzene ring R1′, N-methyl, and methoxy group of 11L, were the main metabolic soft spots. Therefore, our research illuminates structural optimization options in seeking improved HIV-1 CA modulators. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Drug Discovery Metabolism and Biotransformation)
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