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Micromachines
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Biosensors for Biomedical and Environmental Applications, Third Edition
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Biosensors for Biomedical and Environmental Applications, Third Edition

A special issue of Micromachines (ISSN 2072-666X). This special issue belongs to the section "B1: Biosensors".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 30 November 2024 | Viewed by 7966

Special Issue Editor

Dr. Antonella Battisti

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
NEST, Istituto Nanoscienze-CNR and Scuola Normale Superiore, I-56127 Pisa, Italy
Interests: sensors and biosensors; intracellular measurements; environmental analysis; development of new sensing platforms; smart materials and biomaterials; responsive materials; smart packaging; biocompatible materials; bioactive materials
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

We are pleased to announce a Special Issue of Micromachines focusing on "Biosensors for Biomedical and Environmental Applications, Third Edition".

Biosensors are powerful tools in the detection of biomarkers, pollutants, xenobiotics and contaminants, and their evolution has the power to significantly improve medical diagnosis processes as well as environmental health monitoring. The last two years witnessed a boost in interest towards biosensing technologies, mostly due to the pandemic’s effects, but also due to ecological concerns related to the global environmental emergency.

Biosensors can be categorized depending on their sensing element, the relevant support, the transduction mechanism, or their intended application, and great scientific effort has been devoted to improving and optimizing all these aspects in order to enhance the selectivity and sensitivity of existing sensors, while exploring the way to novel devices. Contributions stemming from chemistry, biology, physics, engineering, computation and medicine intertwine and complement one another, making research in this multidisciplinary field vibrant and dynamic.

This Special Issue aims to provide an overview regarding recent advances in the design and production of novel biosensors, with special focus on novel sensing elements, immobilization techniques, detection strategies and miniaturization. Emphasis is placed on aspects related to the micro- and nano-conception of these devices.

Dr. Antonella Battisti
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Micromachines is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • sensors
  • biosensors
  • environmental sensors
  • biomedical sensors
  • food sensors
  • quality control
  • nanosystems
  • nanomaterials
  • immobilization technologies
  • aptamer-based biosensors
  • enzyme-based biosensors
  • cell-based biosensors
  • DNA-based biosensors
  • immunosensors
  • lab on a chip (LOC)
  • miniaturization
  • microstructured sensors
  • nanostructured sensors
  • biomarkers detection
  • pollutants detection
  • contaminants detection
  • xenobiotics detection

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Related Special Issue

Published Papers (5 papers)

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Research

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26 pages, 3502 KiB  
Article
Development of a Low-Cost Sensor System for Accurate Soil Assessment and Biological Activity Profiling
by Antonio Ruiz-Gonzalez, Harriet Kempson and Jim Haseloff
Micromachines 2024, 15(11), 1293; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi15111293 - 24 Oct 2024
Viewed by 785
Abstract
The development of low-cost tools for rapid soil assessment has become a crucial field due to the increasing demands in food production and carbon storage. However, current methods for soil evaluation are costly and cannot provide enough information about the quality of samples. [...] Read more.
The development of low-cost tools for rapid soil assessment has become a crucial field due to the increasing demands in food production and carbon storage. However, current methods for soil evaluation are costly and cannot provide enough information about the quality of samples. This work reports for the first time a low-cost 3D printed device that can be used for soil classification as well as the study of biological activity. The system incorporated multiple physical and gas sensors for the characterisation of sample types and profiling of soil volatilome. Sensing data were obtained from 31 variables, including 18 individual light wavelengths that could be used to determine seed germination rates of tomato plants. A machine learning algorithm was trained using the data obtained by characterising 75 different soil samples. The algorithm could predict seed germination rates with high accuracy (RSMLE = 0.01, and R2 = 0.99), enabling an objective and non-invasive study of the impact of multiple environmental parameters in soil quality. To allow for a more complete profiling of soil biological activity, molecular imprinted-based fine particles were designed to quantify tryptophol, a quorum-sensing signalling molecule commonly used by fungal populations. This device could quantify the concentration of tryptophol down to 10 nM, offering the possibility of studying the interactions between fungi and bacterial populations. The final device could monitor the growth of microbial populations in soil, and offering an accurate assessment of quality at a low cost, impacting germination rates by incorporating hybrid data from the microsensors. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biosensors for Biomedical and Environmental Applications, Third Edition)
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21 pages, 7140 KiB  
Article
Deep Learning-Assisted Smartphone-Based Electrochemiluminescence Visual Monitoring Biosensor: A Fully Integrated Portable Platform
by Manish Bhaiyya, Prakash Rewatkar, Amit Pimpalkar, Dravyansh Jain, Sanjeet Kumar Srivastava, Jitendra Zalke, Jayu Kalambe, Suresh Balpande, Pawan Kale, Yogesh Kalantri and Madhusudan B. Kulkarni
Micromachines 2024, 15(8), 1059; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi15081059 - 22 Aug 2024
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 3927
Abstract
A novel, portable deep learning-assisted smartphone-based electrochemiluminescence (ECL) cost-effective (~10$) sensing platform was developed and used for selective detection of lactate. Low-cost, fast prototyping screen printing and wax printing methods with paper-based substrate were used to fabricate miniaturized single-pair electrode ECL platforms. The [...] Read more.
A novel, portable deep learning-assisted smartphone-based electrochemiluminescence (ECL) cost-effective (~10$) sensing platform was developed and used for selective detection of lactate. Low-cost, fast prototyping screen printing and wax printing methods with paper-based substrate were used to fabricate miniaturized single-pair electrode ECL platforms. The lab-made 3D-printed portable black box served as a reaction chamber. This portable platform was integrated with a smartphone and a buck-boost converter, eliminating the need for expensive CCD cameras, photomultiplier tubes, and bulky power supplies. This advancement makes this platform ideal for point-of-care testing applications. Foremost, the integration of a deep learning approach served to enhance not just the accuracy of the ECL sensors, but also to expedite the diagnostic procedure. The deep learning models were trained (3600 ECL images) and tested (900 ECL images) using ECL images obtained from experimentation. Herein, for user convenience, an Android application with a graphical user interface was developed. This app performs several tasks, which include capturing real-time images, cropping them, and predicting the concentration of required bioanalytes through deep learning. The device’s capability to work in a real environment was tested by performing lactate sensing. The fabricated ECL device shows a good liner range (from 50 µM to 2000 µM) with an acceptable limit of detection value of 5.14 µM. Finally, various rigorous analyses, including stability, reproducibility, and unknown sample analysis, were conducted to check device durability and stability. Therefore, the developed platform becomes versatile and applicable across various domains by harnessing deep learning as a cutting-edge technology and integrating it with a smartphone. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biosensors for Biomedical and Environmental Applications, Third Edition)
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14 pages, 4787 KiB  
Article
Design and Fabrication of Tryptophan Sensor Using Voltammetric Method
by Mohd Quasim Khan, Khursheed Ahmad and Rais Ahmad Khan
Micromachines 2024, 15(8), 1047; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi15081047 - 18 Aug 2024
Viewed by 794
Abstract
L-tryptophan is an amino acid that significantly impacts metabolic activity in both humans and herbivorous animals. It is also known as a precursor for melatonin and serotonin, and its levels must be regulated in the human body. Therefore, there is a need to [...] Read more.
L-tryptophan is an amino acid that significantly impacts metabolic activity in both humans and herbivorous animals. It is also known as a precursor for melatonin and serotonin, and its levels must be regulated in the human body. Therefore, there is a need to develop a cost-effective, simple, sensitive, and selective method for detecting L-tryptophan. Herein, we report the fabrication of an L-tryptophan sensor using a nickel-doped tungsten oxide ceramic-modified electrode. The Ni-WO3 was synthesized using simple strategies and characterized by various advanced techniques such as powder X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and photoelectron X-ray spectroscopy. Furthermore, a glassy carbon electrode was modified with the synthesized Ni-WO3 and explored as the L-tryptophan (L-TRP) sensor. Cyclic voltammetry and differential pulse voltammetry were used to investigate the sensing ability of the modified electrode (Ni-WO3/GC). The Ni-WO3/GC exhibited an excellent limit of detection of 0.4 µM with a good dynamic linear range. The Ni-WO3/GC also demonstrated excellent selectivity in the presence of various electroactive molecules. The Ni-WO3/GC also showed decent reproducibility, repeatability, stability, and storage stability. This work proposes the fabrication of novel Ni-WO3/GC for the sensing of L-tryptophan. So far, no report is available on the use of Ni-WO3/GC for the sensing of L-TRP. This is the first report on the use of Ni-WO3/GC for the sensing of L-TRP sensing applications. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biosensors for Biomedical and Environmental Applications, Third Edition)
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15 pages, 4414 KiB  
Article
Ti3AlC2 MAX Phase Modified Screen-Printed Electrode for the Fabrication of Hydrazine Sensor
by Khursheed Ahmad, Waseem Raza and Rais Ahmad Khan
Micromachines 2024, 15(5), 633; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi15050633 - 9 May 2024
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1100
Abstract
Hydrazine is considered a powerful reducing agent and catalyst, showing diverse applications in agricultural industries, toxic degradation research, and wastewater management. Additionally, hydrazine can trigger some specific reactions when combined with suitable oxidants. Due to its highly polar nature, hydrazine can easily dissolve [...] Read more.
Hydrazine is considered a powerful reducing agent and catalyst, showing diverse applications in agricultural industries, toxic degradation research, and wastewater management. Additionally, hydrazine can trigger some specific reactions when combined with suitable oxidants. Due to its highly polar nature, hydrazine can easily dissolve in alcohol, water, and various other polar solvents. Therefore, it can be extensively utilized in different areas of application and industries such as rocketry and various chemical applications. Despite its beneficial properties, hydrazine is unstable, posing significant risk due to its highly toxic nature. It is extremely hazardous to both human health and the environment. It can cause various illnesses and symptoms such as dizziness, temporary blindness, damage to the central nervous system, and even death when inhaled in sufficient quantities. Therefore, it is highly important to monitor the level of hydrazine to prevent its toxic and hazardous effects on human beings and the environment. In the present study, we discuss the simple fabrication of a disposable cost-effective and eco-friendly hydrazine sensor. We used a screen-printed carbon electrode, i.e., SPCE, as a base for the construction of a hydrazine sensor. The Ti3AlC2 MAX has been used as a suitable and efficient electrode material for the fabrication of disposable hydrazine sensors. We modified the active surface of the SPCE using a drop-casting approach. The resulting Ti3AlC2 MAX modified SPCE (Ti3AlC2@SPCE) has been utilized as an efficient and low-cost hydrazine sensor. Cyclic voltammetry, i.e., CV, and linear sweep voltammetry, viz., LSV, was employed as a sensing technique in this study. The optimization of pH and electrode material loading was conducted. The Ti3AlC2@SPCE exhibited excellent sensing performance toward hydrazine oxidation. A reasonable detection limit (0.01 µM) was achieved for hydrazine sensing. The fabricated sensor also demonstrated a reasonable linear range of 1–50 µM. This work provides the design and fabrication of simple disposable Ti3AlC2@SPCE as a suitable electrode for the determination of hydrazine using LSV technology. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biosensors for Biomedical and Environmental Applications, Third Edition)
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Review

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19 pages, 10930 KiB  
Review
Recent Advances in Phthalocyanine-Based Hybrid Composites for Electrochemical Biosensors
by Keshavananda Prabhu Channabasavana Hundi Puttaningaiah and Jaehyun Hur
Micromachines 2024, 15(9), 1061; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi15091061 - 23 Aug 2024
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 918
Abstract
Biosensors are smart devices that convert biochemical responses to electrical signals. Designing biosensor devices with high sensitivity and selectivity is of great interest because of their wide range of functional operations. However, the major obstacles in the practical application of biosensors are their [...] Read more.
Biosensors are smart devices that convert biochemical responses to electrical signals. Designing biosensor devices with high sensitivity and selectivity is of great interest because of their wide range of functional operations. However, the major obstacles in the practical application of biosensors are their binding affinity toward biomolecules and the conversion and amplification of the interaction to various signals such as electrical, optical, gravimetric, and electrochemical signals. Additionally, the enhancement of sensitivity, limit of detection, time of response, reproducibility, and stability are considerable challenges when designing an efficient biosensor. In this regard, hybrid composites have high sensitivity, selectivity, thermal stability, and tunable electrical conductivities. The integration of phthalocyanines (Pcs) with conductive materials such as carbon nanomaterials or metal nanoparticles (MNPs) improves the electrochemical response, signal amplification, and stability of biosensors. This review explores recent advancements in hybrid Pcs for biomolecule detection. Herein, we discuss the synthetic strategies, material properties, working mechanisms, and integration methods for designing electrochemical biosensors. Finally, the challenges and future directions of hybrid Pc composites for biosensor applications are discussed. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biosensors for Biomedical and Environmental Applications, Third Edition)
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