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Microorganisms
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Oral Microbiota and Candidiasis
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Oral Microbiota and Candidiasis

A special issue of Microorganisms (ISSN 2076-2607). This special issue belongs to the section "Medical Microbiology".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 15 May 2025 | Viewed by 3773

Special Issue Editor

Dr. Maria Contaldo

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Multidisciplinary Department of Medical-Surgical and Odontostomatological Specialties, University of Campania L. Vanvitelli, Naples, Italy
Interests: oral microbiome; oral microbiota; disbiosis; oral pathology and medicine; pediatric dentistry; dentistry; oral cancer; oral infections; oral mycology
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

As is known, oropharyngeal candidiasis is an opportunistic infection that can recur in susceptible patients due to systemic and local factors. The weapons to eradicate it have not changed during the past decades, and the literature and clinical practice report that from the mouth, it can dangerously disseminate severe health issues in fragile subjects. The recent omics sciences allowed us to begin specific studies on the fungal composition of the oral microbiota and the identification of species-specific clusters of morbidity-related presentation. Hence, the aim of this Special Issue is to offer the possibility of reporting original observations related to oropharyngeal candidiasis species characterization, diagnosis, and unconventional therapies to fight the recurrence of the infection, especially in particular conditions when co-morbidities and drug resistance derail the complete healing and allow the recurrences.

We invite you to submit research papers or review articles to this Special Issue to increase and share knowledge and future perspectives against these subtle and difficult-to-combat infections.

Dr. Maria Contaldo
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Microorganisms is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2700 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • oral candidiasis
  • Candida spp.
  • oral microbiota
  • antifungal resistance
  • recurrent infections

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Published Papers (4 papers)

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Research

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14 pages, 3754 KiB  
Article
Effects of Sucrose and Farnesol on Biofilm Formation by Streptococcus mutans and Candida albicans
by Wit Yee Wint, Mayu Miyanohara, Chika Terada-Ito, Hidenori Yamada, Koufuchi Ryo and Takatoshi Murata
Microorganisms 2024, 12(8), 1737; https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms12081737 - 22 Aug 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 824
Abstract
Candida albicans (C. albicans) and Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) are frequently detected in the plaque biofilms of children with early childhood caries. This study investigated the effects of sucrose and farnesol on biofilm formation by the oral pathogens S. [...] Read more.
Candida albicans (C. albicans) and Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) are frequently detected in the plaque biofilms of children with early childhood caries. This study investigated the effects of sucrose and farnesol on biofilm formation by the oral pathogens S. mutans and C. albicans, including their synergistic interactions. Biofilm formation dynamics were monitored using the Cell Index (CI). The CI for S. mutans increased in the brain–heart infusion medium, peaking at 10 h; however, the addition of sucrose reduced the CI. For C. albicans yeast cells, the CI increased at sucrose concentrations > 0.5%, peaking at 2 h. Mixed cultures of S. mutans and C. albicans yeast cells showed significantly higher CI values in the presence of sucrose, suggesting a synergistic effect on biofilm formation. Farnesol consistently suppressed biofilm formation by C. albicans yeast cells, even in the presence of sucrose, and higher farnesol concentrations resulted in greater inhibition. Regarding C. albicans hyphal cells, sucrose did not enhance biofilm formation, whereas farnesol significantly reduced biofilm formation at all concentrations tested. These findings elucidate the complex roles of sucrose and farnesol in biofilm formation by S. mutans and C. albicans and emphasize the potential of farnesol as an effective oral biofilm inhibitor. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Oral Microbiota and Candidiasis)
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10 pages, 245 KiB  
Article
Antimicrobial Activity of Olive Leaf Extract to Oral Candida Isolates
by Maja Kinkela Devčić, Igor Pasković, Zoran Kovač, Petra Tariba Knežević, Luka Morelato, Irena Glažar and Sunčana Simonić-Kocijan
Microorganisms 2024, 12(8), 1726; https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms12081726 - 21 Aug 2024
Viewed by 884
Abstract
Objectives: The aim of this study was to determine the antifungal activity of olive leaf extract (OLE) and the synergistic effect of standard antifungal therapy and OLE against clinical oral Candida species’ isolates. Materials and Method: The susceptibility of 60 clinical isolates of [...] Read more.
Objectives: The aim of this study was to determine the antifungal activity of olive leaf extract (OLE) and the synergistic effect of standard antifungal therapy and OLE against clinical oral Candida species’ isolates. Materials and Method: The susceptibility of 60 clinical isolates of the Candida species (36 C. albicans, 16 C. krusei, 5 C. glabrata and 3 C. tropicalis) was tested with four concentrations of OLE (60 µg/µL, 120 µg/µL, 240 µg/µL and 333 µg/µL) and the synergistic effect of standard antifungal therapy and OLE (miconazole (MIC) + 333 µg/µL OLE and nystatin (NYS) + 333 µg/µL OLE). The antimicrobial activity was tested using the disk diffusion method. Results: All concentrations (60 µg/µL, 120 µg/µL, 240 µg/µL and 333 µg/µL) of OLE showed a statistically significant effect on all Candida species compared to the control (DMSO) except for the lowest concentration (60 µg/µL) tested on C. glabrata. There was a dose-dependent effect of OLE on tested samples. Concentrations of 240 µg/µL and 333 µg/µL showed statistically significant higher antifungal activity compared to the lowest concentration of 60 µg/µL. No statistically significant synergistic effect of OLE and standard antifungal therapy was found compared with standard therapy alone. Conclusions: The results of this study present the significant antimicrobial effect of OLE against all tested Candida species except for the lowest concentration on C. glabrata. Increasing the concentration of OLE also increases its effect on Candida species. This indicates the possible potential effect of OLE in the treatment of Candida-related oral diseases. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Oral Microbiota and Candidiasis)
19 pages, 947 KiB  
Article
Impact of Malocclusions on Periodontopathogenic Bacterial Load and Progression of Periodontal Disease: A Quantitative Analysis
by Ştefan-Dimitrie Albu, Ioana Suciu, Cristina-Crenguţa Albu, Anca-Oana Dragomirescu and Ecaterina Ionescu
Microorganisms 2024, 12(8), 1553; https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms12081553 - 29 Jul 2024
Viewed by 860
Abstract
Background: (1) Periodontal disease (PD) is a globally prevalent chronic inflammatory condition, exacerbated by the dysbiosis of the oral microbiota. This study aims to evaluate the bacterial load of specific periodontopathogenic bacteria in patients with malocclusions (MAL) compared to those without. (2) Methods: [...] Read more.
Background: (1) Periodontal disease (PD) is a globally prevalent chronic inflammatory condition, exacerbated by the dysbiosis of the oral microbiota. This study aims to evaluate the bacterial load of specific periodontopathogenic bacteria in patients with malocclusions (MAL) compared to those without. (2) Methods: Conducted at the “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania, this pilot study involved two groups: patients with MAL and PD, and patients with PD but without MAL. We included 20 patients: 10 with MAL (9 with crowding and 1 with an open bite) and 10 without MAL. Gingival crevicular fluid was collected for bacterial DNA extraction and quantified bacterial load using real-time PCR, focusing on 12 periodontopathogenic bacteria across different complexity classes. (3) Results: The study identified significantly higher concentrations of Treponema denticola (p = 0.023, median = 4.32, IQR = 2.76–5.53 vs. median = 1.93, IQR = 0–3.19), Tannerella forsythia (p = 0.020, mean = 6.04 ± 0.72 vs. mean = 4.4 ± 1.89) and Porphyromonas gingivalis (p = 0.002, median = 5.64, IQR = 4.94–5.98 vs. median = 2.48, IQR = 0–4.05) in patients with MAL compared to those without. This suggests that MAL contributes to an environment conducive to the proliferation of specific pathogens, potentially accelerating PD progression. Additionally, Eikenella corrodens (p = 0.040, mean = 4.55 ± 1.02 vs. mean = 3.23 ± 1.56), Campylobacter rectus (p < 0.001, mean = 4.2 ± 0.56 vs. mean = 1.8 ± 1.51), Prevotella intermedia (p = 0.043, median = 5.04, IQR = 0–5.49 vs. median = 0, IQR = 0–3.39), Capnocytophaga sputigena (p = 0.011, median = 5.91, IQR = 5.47–6.17 vs. median = 4.63, IQR = 3.83–5.64), and Capnocytophaga gingivalis (p = 0.007, median = 5.87, IQR = 5.34–6.03 vs. median = 4.4, IQR = 3.5–5.71) also showed elevated concentrations, indicating the broad impacts of MAL on oral microbial profiles. (4) Conclusions: The findings demonstrate a significant relationship between MAL and increased bacterial loads, underscoring the need for its integration in managing PD. Future research should expand demographic diversity and employ longitudinal designs to better understand the causative mechanisms at play. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Oral Microbiota and Candidiasis)
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Review

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16 pages, 1041 KiB  
Review
Candida albicans Induces Oral Microbial Dysbiosis and Promotes Oral Diseases
by Bina Kashyap, Sridhar Reddy Padala, Gaganjot Kaur and Arja Kullaa
Microorganisms 2024, 12(11), 2138; https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms12112138 - 24 Oct 2024
Viewed by 724
Abstract
Candida albicans are ubiquitous fungal organisms that colonize the oral cavity of healthy individuals without causing disease. C. albicans is an opportunistic microorganism with several virulent factors that influence the inflammatory process and allow it to invade tissues, evade host defense mechanisms, and [...] Read more.
Candida albicans are ubiquitous fungal organisms that colonize the oral cavity of healthy individuals without causing disease. C. albicans is an opportunistic microorganism with several virulent factors that influence the inflammatory process and allow it to invade tissues, evade host defense mechanisms, and release toxins, facilitating proliferation and degradation. At present, increasing emphasis is placed on polymicrobial interactions between C. albicans and various bacterial pathogens. Such interaction is mutually beneficial for both parties: it is competitive and antagonistic. Their complex interaction and colonization in the oral cavity serve as the basis for several oral diseases. The dispersion of C. albicans in saliva and the systemic circulation is noted in association with other bacterial populations, suggesting their virulence in causing disease. Hence, it is necessary to understand fungal–bacterial interactions for early detection and the development of novel therapeutic strategies to treat oral diseases. In this paper, we review the mutualistic interaction of C. albicans in oral biofilm formation and polymicrobial interactions in oral diseases. In addition, C. albicans virulence in causing biofilm-related oral diseases and its presence in saliva are discussed. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Oral Microbiota and Candidiasis)
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