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Minerals
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Submarine Volcanism, Related Hydrothermal Systems and Mineralizations
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Submarine Volcanism, Related Hydrothermal Systems and Mineralizations

A special issue of Minerals (ISSN 2075-163X). This special issue belongs to the section "Mineral Deposits".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 31 January 2025 | Viewed by 7607

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Gabriella B. Kiss

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Guest Editor
Department of Mineralogy, Institute of Geography and Earth Sciences, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, 1117 Budapest, Hungary
Interests: hydrothermal fluid–rock interactions; submarine ore forming processes; fluid inclusion studies; submarine volcanism; hydrothermal ore deposits
Dr. Tamás Sági

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Petrology and Geochemistry, Institute of Geography and Earth Sciences, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, 1117 Budapest, Hungary
Interests: alkaline basaltic monogenetic volcanic fields; melt generation and ascent history; archaeometry of polished and chipped stone tools; tephrochronology; pyrometamorphism
Prof. Dr. Federica Zaccarini

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Guest Editor
Geosciences Programme, Faculty of Science, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Jalan Tungku Link, Gadong BE 1410, Brunei Darussalam
Interests: mineralogy; electron microprobe analyses; ultramafic rocks; ore minerals; geochemistry; ophiolite
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Detailed studies of the past few decades resulted in robust genetic and descriptive models of submarine hydrothermal ore deposits. Our knowledge developed a lot regarding the understanding of hydrothermal fluid characteristics, sources, and metal content as well as the controlling factors and driving force of the submarine hydrothermal systems. However, several new questions arose during these studies, which could be answered with the help of modern analytical methodology as well as a system-based approach.

Regarding the volcanogenic massive sulfide deposits, the following topics are the focus of recent studies and thus the related results are welcome in this Special Issue: formation conditions and indicators of supergiant ore deposits, localization of the ore deposits, identification of the magmatic body which serves as a heat source and possible fluid source, modelling the fluid circulation system, tracing the possible magmatic fluid source, as well as tracing the hidden ore deposits.

However, magmatic rocks not only play a role as heat and possible fluid providers but also act as hosts of these hydrothermal processes. Therefore, their detailed petrological and geochemical characterisation as well as their primary, sea-floor hydrothermal alteration are also worth studying and can result in important conclusions regarding the evaluation of the economic potential of a region. This aspect is rarely involved in studies focusing on VMS deposits; therefore, in this Special Issue, we would like to give space for related manuscripts also.

As submarine volcanic rocks (incl. pillow basalts) can occur at several geotectonic situations (e.g., advanced rifting stage, oceanic stage, subduction-related arc volcanism), distinguishing them in an efficient way (even on the field) is of crucial importance to be able to localise potential ore deposit-bearing formations. Hence, studies addressing this topic are also welcome in this Special Issue.

To sum up, this Special Issue focuses not only on the VMS ore deposits but also on the investigation of submarine lava flows and magmatic rocks, with special regard to their petrogenetic significance.

Dr. Gabriella B. Kiss
Prof. Dr. Federica Zaccarini
Dr. Tamás Sági
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Minerals is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2400 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • geochemistry of submarine fluid-rock interaction processes
  • hydrothermal mineral paragenesis of submarine fluid-rock interaction processes
  • advances in understanding VMS ore formation processes
  • petrology and geochemistry of submarine volcanites
  • alteration of mineral assemblages in submarine volcanites
  • petrology and geochemistry of low- to medium-grade metamorphic rocks of ocean floor origin
  • petrogenetic significance of submarine lava flows
  • methods to find hidden VMS deposits

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Published Papers (5 papers)

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Research

20 pages, 7095 KiB  
Article
Petrography of Ophiolitic Detritus from a Miocene Conglomerate Formation on Darnó Hill, SW Bükk Mts (N Hungary): A Unique Tool to Trace Covered Ophiolitic Sequences
by Sándor Józsa
Minerals 2024, 14(10), 983; https://doi.org/10.3390/min14100983 - 29 Sep 2024
Viewed by 480
Abstract
Petrographic studies have been carried out on the Early Miocene Darnó Conglomerate Formation, which consists only of debris of ophiolitic mélange and is found today on Darnó Hill in SW Bükk, NE Hungary. The studied sediments are bounded by the Darnó line from [...] Read more.
Petrographic studies have been carried out on the Early Miocene Darnó Conglomerate Formation, which consists only of debris of ophiolitic mélange and is found today on Darnó Hill in SW Bükk, NE Hungary. The studied sediments are bounded by the Darnó line from Darnó Hill. The aim of this work was to show if it is possible to reconstruct the petrographic composition of the source area only from its debris. The rock types were determined in thin sections using a polarizing microscope, and a quantitative analysis of the different rock types was carried out using the grain counting method, the results of which were interpreted as volume ratios. The main rock types observed in the studied samples (textural varieties of basalt, dolerite/microgabbro, claystone, siltstone, and radiolarite) are similar to the rock types of the mélange assemblage of Darnó Hill. Based on the volume calculations of basaltic detrital grains with different textures characteristic for pillow basalts, it could be established that pillow basalts dominated the igneous rocks in the source area of the Darnó Conglomerate on Darnó Hill already in the Miocene. Thus, this work shows that the lithological composition of a source area can be precisely outlined by a detailed petrographic analysis of the debris eroded from the immediate vicinity. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Submarine Volcanism, Related Hydrothermal Systems and Mineralizations)
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26 pages, 9058 KiB  
Article
Trace Element and Sulfur Isotope Signatures of Volcanogenic Massive Sulfide (VMS) Mineralization: A Case Study from the Sunnhordland Area in SW Norway
by Sabina Strmic Palinkas, Trond Fjellet, Håvard Hallås Stubseid, Xuan Liu, Jorge Enrique Spangenberg, Andrea Čobić and Rolf Birger Pedersen
Minerals 2024, 14(4), 384; https://doi.org/10.3390/min14040384 - 7 Apr 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1839
Abstract
The Sunnhordland area in SW Norway hosts more than 100 known mineral occurrences, mostly of volcanogenic massive sulfide (VMS) and orogeny Au types. The VMS mineralization is hosted by plutonic, volcanic and sedimentary lithologies of the Lower Ordovician ophiolitic complexes. This study presents [...] Read more.
The Sunnhordland area in SW Norway hosts more than 100 known mineral occurrences, mostly of volcanogenic massive sulfide (VMS) and orogeny Au types. The VMS mineralization is hosted by plutonic, volcanic and sedimentary lithologies of the Lower Ordovician ophiolitic complexes. This study presents new trace element and δ34S data from VMS deposits hosted by gabbro and basalt of the Lykling Ophiolite Complex and organic-rich sediments of the Langevåg Group. The Alsvågen gabbro-hosted VMS mineralization exhibits a significant Cu content (1.2 to >10 wt.%), with chalcopyrite and cubanite being the main Cu-bearing minerals. The enrichment of pyrite in Co, Se, and Te and the high Se/As and Se/Tl ratios indicate elevated formation temperatures, while the high Se/S ratio indicates a contribution of magmatic volatiles. The δ34S values of the sulfide phases also support a substantial influx of magmatic sulfur. Chalcopyrite from the Alsvågen VMS mineralization shows significant enrichment in Se, Ag, Zn, Cd and In, while pyrrhotite concentrates Ni and Co. The Lindøya basalt-hosted VMS mineralization consists mainly of pyrite and pyrrhotite. Pyrite is enriched in As, Mn, Pb, Sb, V, and Tl. The δ34S values of sulfides and the Se/S ratio in pyrite suggest that sulfur was predominantly sourced from the host basalt. The Litlabø sediment-hosted VMS mineralization is also dominated by pyrite and pyrrhotite. Pyrite is enriched in As, Mn, Pb, Sb, V and Tl. The δ34S values, which range from −19.7 to −15.7 ‰ VCDT, point to the bacterial reduction of marine sulfate as the main source of sulfur. Trace element characteristics of pyrite, especially the Tl, Sb, Se, As, Co and Ni concentrations, together with their mutual ratios, provide a solid basis for distinguishing gabbro-hosted VMS mineralization from basalt- and sediment-hosted types of VMS mineralization in the study area. The distinctive trace element features of pyrite, in conjunction with its sulfur isotope signature, have been identified as a robust tool for the discrimination of gabbro-, basalt- and sediment-hosted VMS mineralization. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Submarine Volcanism, Related Hydrothermal Systems and Mineralizations)
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21 pages, 10477 KiB  
Article
Experimental Hydrothermal Alteration of Rhyolite and Andesite at 325 °C and 300 Bar: Implications for a Potential Role of Volcanic Glass in the Fluid Composition in the Okinawa Trough
by Masafumi Saitoh, Takazo Shibuya, Takuya Saito, Junji Torimoto, Hisahiro Ueda, Tomoki Sato and Katsuhiko Suzuki
Minerals 2024, 14(3), 259; https://doi.org/10.3390/min14030259 - 29 Feb 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1346
Abstract
The experimental study of water–rock reactions under high-temperature and -pressure conditions is a useful approach to constrain controlling factors of the fluid composition in a natural hydrothermal system. Previous studies have focused mainly on the mid-ocean ridge fields, and the hydrothermal alteration of [...] Read more.
The experimental study of water–rock reactions under high-temperature and -pressure conditions is a useful approach to constrain controlling factors of the fluid composition in a natural hydrothermal system. Previous studies have focused mainly on the mid-ocean ridge fields, and the hydrothermal alteration of intermediate-to-felsic rocks has been less emphasized despite its potential importance in the fluid chemistry in an arc/back-arc basin setting. We examined the alteration processes of fresh rhyolite and andesite rocks collected from the middle and southern Okinawa Trough, respectively, at 325 °C and 300 bar (the estimated condition at the reaction zone in the fields), especially focusing on the behavior of silica between the solid and liquid phases. The experimental fluids are characterized by the high Si concentration up to 30 mM, indicating the substantial dissolution of volcanic glass in the analyzed rocks. The high Si concentration in the fluids was presumably buffered by amorphous silica, precipitated from the fluids as a precursor of hydrothermal quartz, during the experiments. Our results emphasize a previously overlooked role of volcanic glass/amorphous silica in the fluid composition in the Okinawa Trough and are consistent with the previous model of pumice replacement mineralization for the SMS deposit formation in the trough. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Submarine Volcanism, Related Hydrothermal Systems and Mineralizations)
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25 pages, 8742 KiB  
Article
Genesis of Gabbroic Hosted Copper Mineralisations in the Albanian Mirdita Zone (Kçira, Thirra)
by Anikó Váczi-Lovász, Zoltán Kovács and Gabriella B. Kiss
Minerals 2024, 14(2), 195; https://doi.org/10.3390/min14020195 - 13 Feb 2024
Viewed by 1225
Abstract
There is a wide variety of ore deposits in Albania, where 20% of the Cu resources belong to a deposit type of unknown genesis (sulphide-bearing quartz veins in gabbroic rocks). The focus of this paper is on two mineralisations of this type (Kçira [...] Read more.
There is a wide variety of ore deposits in Albania, where 20% of the Cu resources belong to a deposit type of unknown genesis (sulphide-bearing quartz veins in gabbroic rocks). The focus of this paper is on two mineralisations of this type (Kçira and Thirra) in the Mirdita Zone, an ophiolite zone representing the Mesozoic Neotethys Ocean in the Dinarides. Our aim is to understand the ore-forming processes and the genesis of these deposits, which can be used in future exploration projects. According to the petrographical analysis, the host rock suffered propylitic alteration or subgreenschist facies metamorphism. Mineral chemistry of pyrite and epidote suggests a VMS related origin, more precisely, the deeper part of its stockwork feeder zone. The bulk rock geochemical analyses confirms that the mineralisations are classified as mafic-, Cyprus-type VMS deposits. Differences in the geochemical compositions and the corresponding mineralogical observations are attributed to the distinct original geotectonic positions: higher amount of compatible elements (Cr, Ni, V and Cu) occur in Kçira, which formed in a mid-oceanic ridge environment, while incompatible elements (Ag, As, Co and Zn) are more abundant in the Thirra deposit, which formed in a supra-subduction zone setting. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Submarine Volcanism, Related Hydrothermal Systems and Mineralizations)
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22 pages, 6645 KiB  
Article
Mineral Chemistry of Olivine, Oxy-Spinel, and Clinopyroxene in Lavas and Xenoliths from the Canary, Azores, and Cape Verde Islands (Macaronesia, North Atlantic Ocean): New Data and Comparisons with the Literature
by Federica Zaccarini, Giorgio Garuti, Reinhard Moser, Constantinos Mavrogonatos, Panagiotis Voudouris, Adriano Pimentel and Sabrina Nazzareni
Minerals 2024, 14(2), 161; https://doi.org/10.3390/min14020161 - 1 Feb 2024
Viewed by 2023
Abstract
An electron microprobe study was carried out on olivine, clinopyroxene, and oxy-spinel occurring in basalts and dunite xenoliths from the archipelagos of the Azores, the Canary Islands, and Cape Verde. By comparing our results with previously published data from the volcanic islands of [...] Read more.
An electron microprobe study was carried out on olivine, clinopyroxene, and oxy-spinel occurring in basalts and dunite xenoliths from the archipelagos of the Azores, the Canary Islands, and Cape Verde. By comparing our results with previously published data from the volcanic islands of Macaronesia, we confirmed the validity of the compositions of olivine, clinopyroxene, and oxy-spinel as geochemical tracers. The origin of olivine, i.e., crystallized in the lithospheric mantle or in volcanic rocks, was successfully discriminated. Olivine from Lanzarote dunite xenoliths, which represent fragments of the mantle transported to the surface by host magmas, exhibited higher Fo% values (Fo91.02 to Fo91.94) and a different distribution of minor elements Ca, Ni, and Mn (CaO up to 0.42 wt%, NiO 0.07–0.41 wt%, MnO 0.06–0.3 wt%) when compared with olivine occurring as phenocrysts in basaltic lavas from the Macaronesian islands. The highly variable forsterite contents (Fo75.1 to Fo94.4) in olivine from gabbro and peridotite xenoliths found across the islands of Macaronesia were attributed to fractional crystallization that started in a deep magma reservoir, suggesting that these xenoliths represent cumulate rocks and not mantle fragments. Alternatively, these xenoliths may have been affected by the interaction with metasomatic fluids. The composition of clinopyroxene phenocrysts was used to decipher formation conditions under extensional tectonics. Their composition suggests that the host lavas have an alkaline to calc-alkaline signature. Furthermore, clinopyroxene euhedral shapes and compositions suggest an origin by fractional crystallization in a closed magmatic system. The composition alone of oxy-spinel from Macaronesian basalts and xenoliths was not sufficient to draw conclusions about the geodynamic environment where they were formed. Nevertheless, the relationship between oxy-spinel and olivine crystallized in equilibrium was successfully used as oxybarometers and geothermometers. The oxy-spinel–olivine pairs show evidence that the basaltic lavas were crystallized from melts with higher oxygen fugacity and different cooling histories than those of the mantle xenoliths, as the latter crystallized and re-equilibrated much slower than the basalts. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Submarine Volcanism, Related Hydrothermal Systems and Mineralizations)
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Planned Papers

The below list represents only planned manuscripts. Some of these manuscripts have not been received by the Editorial Office yet. Papers submitted to MDPI journals are subject to peer-review.

Title: Submarine volcanic rocks in New-Zealand: a geoeducation, geoheritage and geoconservation perspective

Authors: Tamás Sági (Eötvös Loránd University, Institute of Geography and Earth Sciences, Department of Petrology and Geochemistry), Károly Németh (Massey University, School of Agriculture and Environment; Palmerston North, New Zealand), Vladyslav Zakharovskyi (Massey University), Sándor Józsa (Eötvös Loránd University, Institute of Geography and Earth Sciences, Department of Petrology and Geochemistry).

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