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Minerals
Special Issues
Kaolinite, Saponite and Other Layered Natural and Synthetic Clay Minerals
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Kaolinite, Saponite and Other Layered Natural and Synthetic Clay Minerals

A special issue of Minerals (ISSN 2075-163X). This special issue belongs to the section "Crystallography and Physical Chemistry of Minerals & Nanominerals".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (15 October 2020) | Viewed by 11187

Special Issue Editor

Prof. Dr. Emerson H. De Faria

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Núcleo de Pesquisa em Ciências Exatas e Tecnológicas, Universidade de Franca, Franca, Brazil
Interests: clay minerals; kaolinite; saponite; bentonite; montmorillonite; layered materials; hybrid materials; adsorbents; sensors; catalysts and photocatalysts; controlled release systhems

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The clay minerals deposits around the world are extremely large. Among the various types of clays, kaolin is the clay mined in the largest amounts. However, the industrial applications of this type of clay are limited to traditional applications in ceramics, tiles, and paper coating. Kaolinite presents many other interesting possibilities, as is the goal to demonstrate it in this Special Issue, showing considerable potential for use in non‐traditional and high value‐added applications.

Recently, different experimental techniques have been applied to prepare various clay minerals, especially from the smectite type group. This type of material is most commonly used as catalyst supports and adsorbents. Saponite-type clays are receiving attention due to their potential use as catalysts or catalysts supports. The specific characteristics of each clay are directly related to their composition and physical and chemical properties, which promote their uses in many non-traditional applications such as adsorbents, sensors, drug delivery systems, catalysts, and others.

This Special Issue welcomes contributions focusing on modified natural and synthetic clay minerals and their applications in different non-conventional fields such as adsorbents, catalysts and photocatalysts, sensors, hybrid, and biohybrid materials, bionanocomposites, polymer–clay composites and nanocomposites, and drug delivery systems.

Prof. Dr. Emerson H. De Faria
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Minerals is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2400 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • Clay minerals
  • Layered double hydroxides
  • Intercalated
  • Grafted
  • Hybrid and biohybrid materials
  • Composites and bionanocomposites
  • Adsorbents
  • Sensors
  • Catalysts, photocatalysts
  • Controlled release systems

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Published Papers (3 papers)

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Research

16 pages, 3855 KiB  
Article
Adsorption and Separation of Crystal Violet, Cerium(III) and Lead(II) by Means of a Multi-Step Strategy Based on K10-Montmorillonite
by Filippo Parisi
Minerals 2020, 10(5), 466; https://doi.org/10.3390/min10050466 - 20 May 2020
Cited by 22 | Viewed by 3862
Abstract
A multi-step procedure, based on the employment of K10-Montmorillonite, is proposed for the selective removal of metal ions and dyes from a multicomponent solution. The objective is twofold: decontaminate the effluents and separate and recover the valuable byproducts present in wastewaters. Three common [...] Read more.
A multi-step procedure, based on the employment of K10-Montmorillonite, is proposed for the selective removal of metal ions and dyes from a multicomponent solution. The objective is twofold: decontaminate the effluents and separate and recover the valuable byproducts present in wastewaters. Three common contaminants, i.e., crystal violet dye (CV), Ce(III) and Pb(II) were chosen as “model” pollutants. The main factors affecting the pollutants’ sorption were investigated. The experimental data were correlated with adsorption isotherms and kinetic models to obtain a deeper insight into the adsorption processes. The affinity of the clay toward the pollutants is favored by an increasing pH and follows the order CV > Pb(II) > Ce(III). Whereas Ce(III) metal ions do not adsorb onto clay under strongly acidic conditions, both Pb(II) and CV can adsorb under all the investigated pH conditions. The analysis of isotherms and kinetic profiles revealed that CV adsorbs onto clay through a mechanism consisting of two parallel processes, namely cation exchange on the external mineral surface and in the interlayer and surface complexation at the edge sites, while metal ion uptake is due solely to cation exchange processes involving mineral surfaces. The time required for the complete removal of pollutants follows the order CV > Ce(III) >> Pb(II). The possibility to modulate the adsorption features by changing experimental conditions was successfully employed to propose the best strategy for the progressive removal of different components from aqueous solutions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Kaolinite, Saponite and Other Layered Natural and Synthetic Clay Minerals)
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22 pages, 4820 KiB  
Article
Layered Double Hydroxides with Intercalated Permanganate and Peroxydisulphate Anions for Oxidative Removal of Chlorinated Organic Solvents Contaminated Water
by Karen Maria Dietmann, Tobias Linke, Miguel del Nogal Sánchez, José Luis Pérez Pavón and Vicente Rives
Minerals 2020, 10(5), 462; https://doi.org/10.3390/min10050462 - 20 May 2020
Cited by 14 | Viewed by 3242
Abstract
The contamination by chlorinated organic solvents is a worldwide problem as they can deeply penetrate aquifers, accumulating in the sub-surface as lenses of highly hazardous pollutants. In recent years, so called in situ oxidation processes have been developed to remediate chlorinated organic solvents [...] Read more.
The contamination by chlorinated organic solvents is a worldwide problem as they can deeply penetrate aquifers, accumulating in the sub-surface as lenses of highly hazardous pollutants. In recent years, so called in situ oxidation processes have been developed to remediate chlorinated organic solvents from groundwater and soil by injecting solutions of oxidising agents such as permanganate or peroxydisulphate. We here present modified layered double hydroxides (LDHs) with intercalated oxidising agents that might serve as new reactants for these remediation strategies. LDHs might serve as support and stabiliser materials for selected oxidising agents during injection, as the uncontrolled reaction and consumption might be inhibited, and guarantee that the selected oxidants persist in the subsurface after injection. In this study, LDHs with hydrotalcite- and hydrocalumite-like structures intercalated with permanganate and peroxydisulphate anions were synthesised and their efficiency was tested in batch experiments using trichloroethene or 1,1,2-trichloroethane as the target contaminants. All samples were characterised using powder X-ray diffraction, thermal analysis coupled with mass spectrometry to directly analyse evolving gases, and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. Additionally, particle size distribution measurements were carried out on the synthesised materials. Results of the batch experiments confirmed the hypothesis that oxidising agents keep their properties after intercalation. Permanganate intercalated LDHs proved to be most efficient at degrading trichloroethene while peroxydisulphate intercalated Ca,Al-LDHs were the most promising studied reactants degrading 1,1,2-trichloroethane. The detection of dichloroethene as well as the transformation of the studied reactants into new LDH phases confirmed the successful degradation of the target contaminant by oxidation processes generated from the intercalated oxidising agent. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Kaolinite, Saponite and Other Layered Natural and Synthetic Clay Minerals)
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11 pages, 1595 KiB  
Article
Effect of Mg(II) and Na(I) Doping on the Electronic Structure and Mechanical Properties of Kaolinite
by Jian Zhao, Xinzhan Qin, Jiamin Wang and Manchao He
Minerals 2020, 10(4), 368; https://doi.org/10.3390/min10040368 - 20 Apr 2020
Cited by 23 | Viewed by 3267
Abstract
Because kaolinite has multiple defects, it is very important to study the effect of different doped cations on the electronic structure and mechanical properties of kaolinite (Al4Si4O18H8) from the microscopic point of view with the [...] Read more.
Because kaolinite has multiple defects, it is very important to study the effect of different doped cations on the electronic structure and mechanical properties of kaolinite (Al4Si4O18H8) from the microscopic point of view with the first-principle calculation method. The results exhibited that the doping of Mg(II) and Na(I) makes the ion bond and layer spacing of kaolinite crystal change, and the bond length of the chemical bond between the doped and O atom is positively related to the atomic radius of the doped cations. Compared with undoped kaolinite crystal, the band gap width of the Mg-doped and Na-doped kaolinite crystal was larger, but the typical insulator characteristics were still maintained. Compared with undoped kaolinite crystal, Mg-doped and Na-doped kaolinite crystal had more electron transfer to O, while the Mg–O bond and Na–O bond had more ionic bond properties and less covalent bond composition than the Al–O bond. Finally, the elastic properties of undoped, Mg-doped, and Na-doped kaolinite crystal were further analyzed by calculating the elastic constant matrix. The influence of doping Mg(II) and Na(I) on C11 and C22 was greater than that on C33, indicating that doping had a greater influence on the stiffness in the direction of the parallel crystal plane. The doping of Mg(II) and Na(I) weakened the rigidity of kaolinite crystal materials and improved the plasticity and ductility of the materials. The atom-scale information provided a basis for explaining the mechanical behavior of kaolinite and is expected to provide guidance for solving the deformation problems in soft rock roadways. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Kaolinite, Saponite and Other Layered Natural and Synthetic Clay Minerals)
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