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Electrochemical Biosensors: From Design to Application
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Electrochemical Biosensors: From Design to Application

A special issue of Molecules (ISSN 1420-3049). This special issue belongs to the section "Electrochemistry".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 October 2024) | Viewed by 7750

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Jiao Zhai

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
Interests: electrical-based microfluidic for biological analysis; nanomaterials; nanomedicine
Dr. Yanwei Jia

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
State Key Laboratory of Analog and Mixed-Signal VLSI, Institute of Microelectronics, University of Macau, Macau SAR, China
Interests: digital microfluidics; DNA identification; drug screening; precision medicine
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The electrochemical biosensor is a typical sensor device based on converting biochemical data such as concentrations of analyte into detectable electrical signals (e.g., voltage, current.) The electrochemical biosensors typically include three integrated components: a biorecognition element (interacts with analytes, specifically); a transducer (generates a measurable signal from the analyte–biomolecular specific interactions); and an electronic system for data management. Due to their small size, portability, ease of use, the requirement of a small sample volume, and cost effectiveness, electrochemical biosensors are very useful tools for detecting low levels of target cancer biomarkers in biological fluids. In recent years, electrochemical biosensors have been integrated into a Point of Care Testing Device for pathogen detection, food detection, environment monitoring, and healthcare monitoring.

The main topic of this Special Issue is the study of electrochemical biosensors technology from the innovative sensor design for biochemical applications (e.g., biochemical analysis, healthcare monitoring, food detection, pathogen detection.). This Special Issue seeks to gather original articles and reviews that demonstrate the latest research advances, innovative sensor fabrication and biochemical applications, new challenges, and future perspectives of the electrochemical biosensor technology, in terms of both sensor design and biochemical application.

Dr. Jiao Zhai
Dr. Yanwei Jia
Guest Editors

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Keywords

  • electrochemical sensor
  • bioanalysis
  • pathogen detection
  • healthcare monitoring
  • food detection

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Published Papers (5 papers)

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Research

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14 pages, 3285 KiB  
Article
Assessment of Bitterness in Non-Charged Pharmaceuticals with a Taste Sensor: A Study on Substances with Xanthine Scaffold and Allopurinol
by Zeyu Zhao, Fang Song, Shunsuke Kimura, Takeshi Onodera, Takahiro Uchida and Kiyoshi Toko
Molecules 2024, 29(11), 2452; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29112452 - 23 May 2024
Viewed by 947
Abstract
Taste sensors with an allostery approach have been studied to detect non-charged bitter substances, such as xanthine derivatives, used in foods (e.g., caffeine) or pharmaceuticals (e.g., etofylline). In this study, the authors modified a taste sensor with 3-bromo-2,6-dihydroxybenzoic acid and used it in [...] Read more.
Taste sensors with an allostery approach have been studied to detect non-charged bitter substances, such as xanthine derivatives, used in foods (e.g., caffeine) or pharmaceuticals (e.g., etofylline). In this study, the authors modified a taste sensor with 3-bromo-2,6-dihydroxybenzoic acid and used it in conjunction with sensory tests to assess the bitterness of non-charged pharmaceuticals with xanthine scaffolds (i.e., acefylline and doxofylline), as well as allopurinol, an analogue of hypoxanthine. The results show that the sensor was able to differentiate between different levels of sample bitterness. For instance, when assessing a 30 mM sample solution, the sensor response to acefylline was 34.24 mV, which corresponded to the highest level of bitterness (τ = 3.50), while the response to allopurinol was lowest at 2.72 mV, corresponding to relatively weaker bitterness (τ = 0.50). Additionally, this study extended the application of the sensor to detect pentoxifylline, an active pharmaceutical ingredient in pediatric medicines. These results underscore the taste sensor’s value as an additional tool for early-stage assessment and prediction of bitterness in non-charged pharmaceuticals. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electrochemical Biosensors: From Design to Application)
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13 pages, 1851 KiB  
Article
Green Synthesis of a Molecularly Imprinted Polymer Based on a Novel Thiophene-Derivative for Electrochemical Sensing
by Francesco Gagliani, Tiziano Di Giulio, Sara Grecchi, Tiziana Benincori, Serena Arnaboldi, Cosimino Malitesta and Elisabetta Mazzotta
Molecules 2024, 29(7), 1632; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29071632 - 5 Apr 2024
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1661
Abstract
An environmentally friendly and sustainable approach was adopted to produce a molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) via electropolymerization, with remarkable electrochemical sensing properties, tested in tyrosine (tyr) detection. The 2,2′-bis(2,2′-bithiophene-5-yl)-3,3′-bithianaphtene (BT2-T4) was chosen as functional monomer and MIP electrosynthesis was [...] Read more.
An environmentally friendly and sustainable approach was adopted to produce a molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) via electropolymerization, with remarkable electrochemical sensing properties, tested in tyrosine (tyr) detection. The 2,2′-bis(2,2′-bithiophene-5-yl)-3,3′-bithianaphtene (BT2-T4) was chosen as functional monomer and MIP electrosynthesis was carried out via cyclic voltammetry on low-volume (20 μL) screen-printed carbon electrodes (C-SPE) in ionic liquid 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide ((BMIM) TFSI). An easy and rapid washing treatment allowed us to obtain the resulting MIP film, directly used for tyr electrochemical detection, carried out amperometrically. The sensor showed a linear response in the concentration range of 15–200 μM, with LOD of 1.04 µM, LOQ of 3.17 μM and good performance in selectivity, stability, and reproducibility. Tyrosine amperometric detection was also carried out in human plasma, resulting in a satisfactory recovery estimation. The work represents the first use of BT2-T4 as a functional monomer for the production of a molecularly imprinted polymer, with a green approach afforded by using a few microliters of a room temperature ionic liquid as an alternative to common organic solvents on screen-printed carbon electrodes, resulting in a valuable system that meets the green chemistry guidelines, which is today an essential criterion in both research and application field. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electrochemical Biosensors: From Design to Application)
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13 pages, 1795 KiB  
Article
A Study of the Drift Phenomena of Gate-Functionalized Biosensors and Dual-Gate-Functionalized Biosensors in Human Serum
by Yunjia Song, Nan Chen, Tine Curk and Howard E. Katz
Molecules 2024, 29(7), 1459; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29071459 - 25 Mar 2024
Viewed by 1241
Abstract
In this paper, we study the drift behavior of organic electrochemical transistor (OECT) biosensors in a phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) buffer solution and human serum. Theoretical and experimental methods are illustrated in this paper to understand the origin of the drift phenomenon and the [...] Read more.
In this paper, we study the drift behavior of organic electrochemical transistor (OECT) biosensors in a phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) buffer solution and human serum. Theoretical and experimental methods are illustrated in this paper to understand the origin of the drift phenomenon and the mechanism of ion diffusion in the sensing layer. The drift phenomenon is explained using a first-order kinetic model of ion adsorption into the gate material and shows very good agreement with experimental data on drift in OECTs. We show that the temporal current drift can be largely mitigated using a dual-gate OECT architecture and that dual-gate-based biosensors can increase the accuracy and sensitivity of immuno-biosensors compared to a standard single-gate design. Specific binding can be detected at a relatively low limit of detection, even in human serum. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electrochemical Biosensors: From Design to Application)
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12 pages, 2856 KiB  
Article
Study on the Relationship between Particulate Methane Monooxygenase and Methanobactin on Gold-Nanoparticles-Modified Electrodes
by Boxin Dou, Mingyu Li, Lirui Sun, Jiaying Xin and Chungu Xia
Molecules 2024, 29(6), 1270; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29061270 - 13 Mar 2024
Viewed by 1077
Abstract
(1) Background: Particulate methane monooxygenase (pMMO) has a strong dependence on the natural electron transfer path and is prone to denaturation, which results in its redox activity centers being unable to transfer electrons with bare electrodes directly and making it challenging to observe [...] Read more.
(1) Background: Particulate methane monooxygenase (pMMO) has a strong dependence on the natural electron transfer path and is prone to denaturation, which results in its redox activity centers being unable to transfer electrons with bare electrodes directly and making it challenging to observe an electrochemical response; (2) Methods: Using methanobactin (Mb) as the electron transporter between gold electrodes and pMMO, a bionic interface with high biocompatibility and stability was created. The Mb-AuNPs-modified functionalized gold net electrode as a working electrode, the kinetic behaviors of pMMO bioelectrocatalysis, and the effect of Mb on pMMO were analyzed. The CV tests were performed at different scanning rates to obtain electrochemical kinetics parameters. (3) Results: The values of the electron transfer coefficient (α) and electron transfer rate constant (ks) are relatively large in test environments containing only CH4 or O2. In contrast, in the test environment containing both CH4 and O2, the bioelectrocatalysis of pMMO is a two-electron transfer process with a relatively small α and ks; (4) Conclusions: It was inferred that Mb formed the complex with pMMO. More importantly, Mb not only played a role in electron transfer but also in stabilizing the enzyme structure of pMMO and maintaining a specific redox state. Furthermore, the continuous catalytic oxidation of natural substrate methane was realized. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electrochemical Biosensors: From Design to Application)
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Review

Jump to: Research

18 pages, 2994 KiB  
Review
Design and Construction of Enzyme-Based Electrochemical Gas Sensors
by Wenjian Zhang, Xinyi Chen, Yingying Xing, Jingqiu Chen, Lanpeng Guo, Qing Huang, Huayao Li and Huan Liu
Molecules 2024, 29(1), 5; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29010005 - 19 Dec 2023
Viewed by 1739
Abstract
The demand for the ubiquitous detection of gases in complex environments is driving the design of highly specific gas sensors for the development of the Internet of Things, such as indoor air quality testing, human exhaled disease detection, monitoring gas emissions, etc. The [...] Read more.
The demand for the ubiquitous detection of gases in complex environments is driving the design of highly specific gas sensors for the development of the Internet of Things, such as indoor air quality testing, human exhaled disease detection, monitoring gas emissions, etc. The interaction between analytes and bioreceptors can described as a “lock-and-key”, in which the specific catalysis between enzymes and gas molecules provides a new paradigm for the construction of high-sensitivity and -specificity gas sensors. The electrochemical method has been widely used in gas detection and in the design and construction of enzyme-based electrochemical gas sensors, in which the specificity of an enzyme to a substrate is determined by a specific functional domain or recognition interface, which is the active site of the enzyme that can specifically catalyze the gas reaction, and the electrode–solution interface, where the chemical reaction occurs, respectively. As a result, the engineering design of the enzyme electrode interface is crucial in the process of designing and constructing enzyme-based electrochemical gas sensors. In this review, we summarize the design of enzyme-based electrochemical gas sensors. We particularly focus on the main concepts of enzyme electrodes and the selection and design of materials, as well as the immobilization of enzymes and construction methods. Furthermore, we discuss the fundamental factors that affect electron transfer at the enzyme electrode interface for electrochemical gas sensors and the challenges and opportunities related to the design and construction of these sensors. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electrochemical Biosensors: From Design to Application)
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